Input
The number that goes into a machine.
4→+ 3→7
Output
The output is the number you get after using the rule.
Rule
The exact instructions a machine uses every time.
Test every row
A rule you guess must work for every example.
Run backward
Undo the last step first. “× 4, then + 3” runs backward as “− 3, then ÷ 4.”
Order matters
“× 2, then + 3” usually gives a different answer from “+ 3, then × 2.”
Graphs
Each dot shows an input and its output. The x spot shows the input. The y spot shows the output.
Fractions
A function is a rule. It can give an exact decimal or fraction. Try 0.75 or 3/4.
Nonlinear rules
Squaring means a number times itself. Absolute value means how far from zero. Compare both.
Ambiguity
A few examples may fit many rules. Try more examples. State the pattern as a clear function rule.
Debugging
Run each input through the stated rule. The first row whose output disagrees contains a bug.
x, y, and f(x)
x names the input. y or f(x) names the output. So f(x) = 2x + 1 means “multiply the input by 2, then add 1.”