{ "schemaVersion": 1, "contentVersion": "history-sources-2026.09.14.2", "reviewedOn": "2026-09-14", "policy": "Institutional and primary sources establish core claims. Each source note identifies its useful scope; no single source is treated as a complete account.", "sources": [ { "id": "src-india-constitution-language", "title": "The Constitution of India, Part XVII: Official Language", "publisher": "Legislative Department, Government of India", "url": "https://www.legislative.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/07/359f70a69695affb9d72f8393102bd2e.pdf", "kind": "primary law", "scope": "Articles 343–351 establish the constitutional language framework, including continued uses of English.", "lessonIds": [ "history-india-english-institutions" ] }, { "id": "src-ukna-partition", "title": "Partition of British India", "publisher": "The National Archives, United Kingdom", "url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/partition-of-british-india/", "kind": "archive and teaching collection", "scope": "Contemporary records, maps, and oral testimony illuminate the hurried 1947 boundary process and displacement; British records require viewpoint critique.", "lessonIds": [ "history-india-borders" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-delhi", "title": "Delhi — A Heritage City", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre / Permanent Delegation of India", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5743/", "kind": "heritage nomination", "scope": "Documents Delhi’s successive urban centers, regional routes, Shahjahanabad, and the construction of New Delhi; nomination claims remain the submitting state’s responsibility.", "lessonIds": [ "history-delhi-capitals" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-angkor", "title": "Angkor", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/668", "kind": "heritage synthesis", "scope": "Describes successive Khmer capitals, hydraulic structures, routes, monuments, and the living archaeological landscape.", "lessonIds": [ "history-angkor-water-and-power" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-grand-canal", "title": "The Grand Canal", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1443", "kind": "heritage synthesis", "scope": "Supports the role of transport, grain supply, taxation, and communication in imperial administration across successive dynasties.", "lessonIds": [ "history-china-central-administration" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-istanbul", "title": "Historic Areas of Istanbul", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356", "kind": "heritage synthesis", "scope": "Explains the Bosphorus setting and the city’s Eastern Roman and Ottoman capital layers through surviving urban evidence.", "lessonIds": [ "history-istanbul-crossroads" ] }, { "id": "src-loc-siberia", "title": "The Russian Discovery of Siberia", "publisher": "Library of Congress", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/collections/meeting-of-frontiers/articles-and-essays/exploration/russian-discovery-of-siberia/", "kind": "curated collection essay", "scope": "Introduces eastward Russian expansion from the late sixteenth century; its exploration framing must be balanced with Indigenous histories and conquest.", "lessonIds": [ "history-russia-eurasia" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-qhapaq-nan", "title": "Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1459", "kind": "heritage synthesis", "scope": "Documents the trans-Andean communication, trade, defense, and administrative road network developed from earlier Andean infrastructure.", "lessonIds": [ "history-inca-roads-and-administration" ] }, { "id": "src-brazil-constitution-language", "title": "Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, Article 13", "publisher": "Presidency of the Republic of Brazil", "url": "https://www4.planalto.gov.br/legislacao/legis-federal/constituicao", "kind": "primary law", "scope": "Establishes Portuguese as the republic’s official language; it does not describe Brazil’s full linguistic diversity or colonial history.", "lessonIds": [ "history-portuguese-brazil" ] }, { "id": "src-singapore-maritime-history", "title": "Singapore’s Past as a Trading Post", "publisher": "Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore", "url": "https://www.mpa.gov.sg/docs/mpalibraries/mpa-documents-files/comms-and-community/education-series/mpa-mses_theme-1-issue-1_singapore%27s-past-as-a-trading-post-pdf_safe.pdf?sfvrsn=c9bebabe_2", "kind": "government education resource", "scope": "Connects strategic location, precolonial trade, the 1819 free port, the Suez Canal, migration, and port growth.", "lessonIds": [ "history-singapore-port" ] }, { "id": "src-met-achaemenid", "title": "The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE)", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-achaemenid-persian-empire-550-330-b-c", "kind": "museum synthesis", "scope": "Supports the use of roads and governors under Darius while locating those mechanisms within a larger imperial history.", "lessonIds": [ "history-iran-roads-governance" ] }, { "id": "src-nigeria-constitution-language", "title": "Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Section 55", "publisher": "National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria", "url": "https://nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/constitution.pdf", "kind": "primary law", "scope": "Provides the constitutional rule for language in National Assembly business; it is narrower than language use across all Nigerian public life.", "lessonIds": [ "history-nigeria-english-state" ] }, { "id": "src-ukna-nigeria-records", "title": "Colonial Administration Records: Nigeria", "publisher": "The National Archives, United Kingdom", "url": "https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/migrated-archives-5-guidance.pdf", "kind": "archive guide", "scope": "Traces Lagos colony, Royal Niger Company influence, protectorates, 1914 amalgamation, and independence; colonial archive categories require viewpoint critique.", "lessonIds": [ "history-nigeria-english-state" ] }, { "id": "src-un-korea-armistice", "title": "Korean Armistice Agreement, 27 July 1953", "publisher": "United Nations Digital Library", "url": "https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/605832/files/S_SUPP_1953_3--%5EOR_SC_1953_3%5E-EN.pdf", "kind": "primary agreement", "scope": "The military agreement establishes the armistice and demilitarized zone; it is not a peace treaty or a complete history of division.", "lessonIds": [ "history-korea-division" ] }, { "id": "src-tokyo-history", "title": "Tokyo’s History, Geography, and Population", "publisher": "Tokyo Metropolitan Government", "url": "https://www.english.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/w/000-101-007591", "kind": "government history overview", "scope": "Covers Edo’s growth under the Tokugawa shogunate, the emperor’s residence in Kyoto, the 1868 renaming, and later urban infrastructure.", "lessonIds": [ "history-tokyo-capital" ] }, { "id": "src-morocco-constitution-language", "title": "Constitution of Morocco, Article 5", "publisher": "Constitute Project", "url": "https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011", "kind": "constitutional text repository", "scope": "Records Arabic and Tamazight as official languages; it does not by itself explain French, Spanish, or regional everyday use.", "lessonIds": [ "history-morocco-languages-borders" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-essaouira", "title": "Medina of Essaouira", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/753", "kind": "heritage synthesis", "scope": "Provides evidence for Morocco’s Atlantic, Saharan, European, Amazigh, Arab, African, Muslim, Jewish, and Christian connections through one port city.", "lessonIds": [ "history-morocco-languages-borders" ] }, { "id": "src-smithsonian-monsoon-dhows", "title": "Monsoon Dhows", "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution", "url": "https://indian-ocean.africa.si.edu/monsoon-dhows/", "kind": "museum collection essay", "scope": "Connects seasonal winds, dhow routes, migration, family ties, and East African port communities; individual date claims should be independently checked before reuse.", "lessonIds": [ "history-indian-ocean-networks" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-indian-ocean-routes", "title": "Prevailing Winds and Monsoon Cycle in the Indian Ocean", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/document/167414", "kind": "heritage nomination evidence", "scope": "Shows how monsoon timing shaped regular sailing routes; the nomination’s regional framing and historical claims require comparison with specialist scholarship.", "lessonIds": [ "history-indian-ocean-networks", "history-singapore-port" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-hyderabad-qutb-shahi", "title": "The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad: Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre / Government of India", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/", "kind": "heritage nomination", "scope": "Documents Qutb Shahi rule, Golconda, Hyderabad’s 1591 founding around Charminar, planning, water systems, and later heritage-management pressures; nomination claims remain the submitting state’s responsibility.", "lessonIds": [ "history-hyderabad-old-city-tech-corridor" ] }, { "id": "src-telangana-hyderabad", "title": "Hyderabad", "publisher": "Telangana Tourism", "url": "https://tourism.telangana.gov.in/page/hyderabad", "kind": "state tourism overview", "scope": "Confirms Hyderabad’s founding date, landmark layers, and present technology-sector role; it is not a complete social or economic history of the city.", "lessonIds": [ "history-hyderabad-old-city-tech-corridor" ] }, { "id": "src-loc-early-americas-languages", "title": "Languages and Religion: Exploring the Early Americas", "publisher": "Library of Congress", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/exploring-the-early-americas/languages-and-religion.html", "kind": "curated collection essay", "scope": "Shows how colonial missionaries studied and transcribed Indigenous languages for conversion, while preserving materials that require careful reading against Indigenous perspectives.", "lessonIds": [ "history-spanish-latin-america" ] }, { "id": "src-unesco-indigenous-language-collection", "title": "Collection of Indigenous Languages", "publisher": "UNESCO Memory of the World", "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/coleccion-de-lenguas-indigenas", "kind": "documentary heritage record", "scope": "Describes colonial and nineteenth-century records in Indigenous languages from Mexico and beyond, including their evangelization context and linguistic value.", "lessonIds": [ "history-spanish-latin-america" ] } ] }