{"schemaVersion":1,"contentVersion":"2026.09.04.14","reviewedOn":"2026-09-04","adventureCoverage":{"schemaVersion":1,"referenceYear":2026,"basis":"2026 UN World Population Prospects-based population rankings; full-country populations, UN M49 regions. Reviewed snapshot, not a live ranking.","sources":["https://population.un.org/wpp/","https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/","https://www.worldometers.info/population/countries-in-europe-by-population/","https://www.worldometers.info/population/countries-in-asia-by-population/","https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/"],"groups":{"worldTop12":["IND","CHN","USA","IDN","PAK","NGA","BRA","BGD","RUS","ETH","MEX","JPN"],"europeTop10":["RUS","DEU","GBR","FRA","ITA","ESP","UKR","POL","ROU","NLD"],"asiaTop10":["IND","CHN","IDN","PAK","BGD","JPN","PHL","VNM","IRN","TUR"]},"retained":["CAN","MEX","BRA","PER","GBR","ITA","MAR","KEN","IND","JPN","AUS","NZL"],"additionalDestinations":["CHE","IRL","SGP","MYS","ISR","ARE","NPL","PRT","KOR","TWN"]},"coverage":"196 discovery destinations: the 193 UN members, Palestine, the Holy See (represented geographically by Vatican City), and Taiwan as its own destination. This is an educational collection, not a ruling about diplomatic recognition or sovereignty. Other areas remain explorable.","places":[{"id":"AFG","name":"Afghanistan","aliases":["Afghanistan","افغانستان"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[66.496586,34.164262],"capitals":["Kabul"],"languages":["Pashto","Dari","Balochi","Nuristani","Pamir","Pashayi","Uzbek","Arabic","Turkmen"],"currencies":["afghani"],"landscape":"Find Afghanistan in Southern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-AFG","natural-earth","ref-Q5838","ref-Q58680","ref-Q178440","ref-Q33049","ref-Q161804","ref-Q1772864","ref-Q36670","ref-Q9264","ref-Q13955","ref-Q9267","ref-Q199471"],"discoveries":[{"id":"AFG-languages","title":"Two languages side by side","text":"Pashto and Dari are both official in Afghanistan, and many people use both. Dari is a variety of Persian, so a speaker can follow much of what is said in Iran or Tajikistan. Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi and Nuristani languages are also spoken.","sources":["wd-AFG","natural-earth","ref-Q5838","ref-Q58680","ref-Q178440","ref-Q33049","ref-Q161804","ref-Q1772864","ref-Q36670","ref-Q9264","ref-Q13955","ref-Q9267","ref-Q199471"]},{"id":"AFG-money","title":"The afghani","text":"The afghani has been Afghanistan's currency since the 1920s, and its name is the same word as the country's. Money changers work in open markets as well as in banks.","sources":["wd-AFG","natural-earth","ref-Q5838","ref-Q58680","ref-Q178440","ref-Q33049","ref-Q161804","ref-Q1772864","ref-Q36670","ref-Q9264","ref-Q13955","ref-Q9267","ref-Q199471"]}]},{"id":"ALB","name":"Albania","aliases":["Albania","Republika e Shqipërisë"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[20.11384,40.654855],"capitals":["Tirana"],"languages":["Albanian"],"currencies":["Albanian lek"],"landscape":"Find Albania in Southern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ALB","natural-earth","ref-Q19689","ref-Q8748","ref-Q125999","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","ref-Q37495"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ALB-languages","title":"A branch on its own","text":"Albanian is the official language, and it forms its own branch of the Indo-European family with no close living relatives. It has two main varieties, Gheg in the north and Tosk in the south, and the written standard draws mostly on Tosk.","sources":["wd-ALB","natural-earth","ref-Q19689","ref-Q8748","ref-Q125999","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","ref-Q37495"]},{"id":"ALB-money","title":"The lek","text":"Albania's currency is the lek, named after Alexander the Great as he is known in Albanian. Many people still quote prices in old lek, ten times the number actually written, which catches visitors out.","sources":["wd-ALB","natural-earth","ref-Q19689","ref-Q8748","ref-Q125999","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","ref-Q37495"]}]},{"id":"DZA","name":"Algeria","aliases":["Algeria","الجزائر","الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","coordinate":[2.808241,27.397406],"capitals":["Algiers"],"languages":["Arabic","Standard Algerian Berber"],"currencies":["Algerian dinar"],"landscape":"Find Algeria in Northern Africa. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-DZA","natural-earth","ref-Q3561","ref-Q13955","ref-Q61053330","ref-Q199674","ref-Q4918"],"discoveries":[{"id":"DZA-languages","title":"Arabic and Tamazight","text":"Arabic and Tamazight are both official in Algeria, Tamazight having gained that status in 2016 after a long campaign. Algerian Arabic as spoken differs a good deal from the written standard, and French is widely used.","sources":["wd-DZA","natural-earth","ref-Q3561","ref-Q13955","ref-Q61053330","ref-Q199674","ref-Q4918"]},{"id":"DZA-money","title":"The dinar","text":"The Algerian dinar takes its name, like several currencies in the region, from the Roman denarius by way of Arabic. Algeria is the largest country in Africa by area.","sources":["wd-DZA","natural-earth","ref-Q3561","ref-Q13955","ref-Q61053330","ref-Q199674","ref-Q4918"]}]},{"id":"ASM","name":"American Samoa","aliases":["American Samoa","Amerika Sāmoa"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[-170.747153,-14.32671],"capitals":["Pago Pago"],"languages":["English","Samoan"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find American Samoa in Polynesia. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ASM","natural-earth","ref-Q51678","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34011","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ASM-languages","title":"Samoan and English","text":"Samoan and English are both official in American Samoa. Samoan is a Polynesian language related to Māori, Tongan and Hawaiian, and most people speak it at home.","sources":["wd-ASM","natural-earth","ref-Q51678","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34011","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]},{"id":"ASM-money","title":"Using another country's money","text":"American Samoa uses the United States dollar, since it is a United States territory. That means its prices move with decisions taken a very long way away.","sources":["wd-ASM","natural-earth","ref-Q51678","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34011","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]}]},{"id":"AND","name":"Andorra","aliases":["Andorra"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[1.539409,42.547643],"capitals":["Andorra la Vella"],"languages":["Catalan"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Andorra in Southern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-AND","natural-earth","ref-Q1863","ref-Q7026","check-AND"],"discoveries":[{"id":"AND-languages","title":"Catalan as a state language","text":"Andorra is the only country where Catalan is the sole official language. Spanish, French and Portuguese are also widely spoken, because many residents came from those countries to work.","sources":["wd-AND","natural-earth","ref-Q1863","ref-Q7026","check-AND"]},{"id":"AND-money","title":"Using money it does not issue","text":"Andorra uses the euro although it is not in the European Union, under an agreement that also lets it mint a small number of its own euro coins. A country can use money it does not control.","sources":["wd-AND","natural-earth","ref-Q1863","ref-Q7026","check-AND"]}]},{"id":"AGO","name":"Angola","aliases":["Angola","República de Angola"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[17.984249,-12.182762],"capitals":["Luanda"],"languages":["Portuguese"],"currencies":["kwanza"],"landscape":"Find Angola in Middle Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-AGO","natural-earth","ref-Q3897","ref-Q5146","ref-Q200337","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"AGO-languages","title":"Portuguese among older neighbours","text":"Portuguese is Angola's official language and the one most used in cities. Umbundu, Kimbundu and Kikongo are Bantu languages spoken by millions here, and their words for places, plants and foods turn up inside Angolan Portuguese.","sources":["wd-AGO","natural-earth","ref-Q3897","ref-Q5146","ref-Q200337","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"AGO-money","title":"Named after a river","text":"The kwanza takes its name from the Cuanza, the longest river lying entirely within Angola. The currency has been reissued more than once, so old notes carrying the same name are no longer worth anything.","sources":["wd-AGO","natural-earth","ref-Q3897","ref-Q5146","ref-Q200337","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"AIA","name":"Anguilla","aliases":["Aangwila","Anguilla"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-63.026361,18.242979],"capitals":["The Valley"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Eastern Caribbean dollar"],"landscape":"Find Anguilla in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-AIA","natural-earth","ref-Q30994","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"],"discoveries":[{"id":"AIA-languages","title":"English and Anguillian","text":"English is the language of government and school in Anguilla, and many people speak an Anguillian creole at home. The two are related but not the same, and which one is used depends on who is listening.","sources":["wd-AIA","natural-earth","ref-Q30994","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]},{"id":"AIA-money","title":"A dollar shared by eight","text":"Anguilla uses the East Caribbean dollar, shared with seven other places and issued by a single central bank for all of them. Sharing a currency means none of them sets its value alone.","sources":["wd-AIA","natural-earth","ref-Q30994","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]}]},{"id":"ATA","name":"Antarctica","aliases":["Antarctica"],"region":"Antarctica","subregion":"Antarctica","coordinate":[35.885455,-79.843222],"capitals":[],"languages":[],"currencies":[],"landscape":"Find Antarctica in Antarctica. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Antarctica is a continent, not a country. Research stations bring people from many countries together. Territorial claims are not scored in this atlas.","scored":false,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ATA","natural-earth","check-ATA"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ATA-names","title":"A name on the map","text":"This map labels the place Antarctica. Map labels help us connect a name with a location. They do not tell us everything about the people who live in or visit a place.","sources":["wd-ATA","natural-earth","check-ATA"]},{"id":"ATA-perspectives","title":"More than a map label","text":"A map can show land and water, but it cannot show every story connected to a place. Names and boundaries can change. Ask who made a map, when they made it, and which details they chose to include.","sources":["map-skills","natural-earth"]}]},{"id":"ATG","name":"Antigua and Barbuda","aliases":["Aanteega an' Baabyuuda","Antigua and Barbuda"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-61.790612,17.352249],"capitals":["St. John's"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Eastern Caribbean dollar"],"landscape":"Find Antigua and Barbuda in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ATG","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1321","ref-Q26365","check-ATG"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ATG-languages","title":"English and creole","text":"English is official in Antigua and Barbuda, and an English-based creole is widely spoken beside it. Speakers move between the two depending on the situation, which is normal rather than a sign of speaking either one poorly.","sources":["wd-ATG","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1321","ref-Q26365","check-ATG"]},{"id":"ATG-money","title":"One bank for eight places","text":"Antigua and Barbuda uses the East Caribbean dollar, issued for eight territories by one central bank based in Saint Kitts. Eight governments therefore share the decisions about one currency.","sources":["wd-ATG","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1321","ref-Q26365","check-ATG"]}]},{"id":"ARG","name":"Argentina","aliases":["Argentina","República Argentina"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-64.173331,-33.501159],"capitals":["Buenos Aires"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Argentine peso"],"landscape":"Find Argentina in South America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ARG","natural-earth","ref-Q1486","ref-Q1321","ref-Q199578","check-ARG"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ARG-languages","title":"Spanish with a difference","text":"Spanish in Argentina uses vos rather than tú for you, with its own verb endings, and ll is said like the s in measure. Italian immigration shaped the accent, and Guaraní, Quechua and Mapudungun are spoken in parts of the country.","sources":["wd-ARG","natural-earth","ref-Q1486","ref-Q1321","ref-Q199578","check-ARG"]},{"id":"ARG-money","title":"A peso that keeps changing","text":"The Argentine peso has been reissued several times as prices climbed, so an older note may carry several more zeros for the same value. People often follow a second, unofficial exchange rate alongside the official one.","sources":["wd-ARG","natural-earth","ref-Q1486","ref-Q1321","ref-Q199578","check-ARG"]}]},{"id":"ARM","name":"Armenia","aliases":["Armenia","Հայաստան"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[44.800564,40.459077],"capitals":["Yerevan"],"languages":["Armenian"],"currencies":["Armenian dram"],"landscape":"Find Armenia in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ARM","natural-earth","ref-Q1953","ref-Q8785","ref-Q130498"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ARM-languages","title":"An alphabet made on purpose","text":"Armenian has its own alphabet, created in the early 400s by a scholar so the language could be written down. It has thirty-nine letters, is used for no other language, and Armenian forms its own branch of the Indo-European family.","sources":["wd-ARM","natural-earth","ref-Q1953","ref-Q8785","ref-Q130498"]},{"id":"ARM-money","title":"The dram","text":"Armenia's currency is the dram, a word meaning money and related to the Greek drachma. It replaced the rouble in 1993, soon after independence.","sources":["wd-ARM","natural-earth","ref-Q1953","ref-Q8785","ref-Q130498"]}]},{"id":"ABW","name":"Aruba","aliases":["Aruba"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-69.972795,12.5174],"capitals":["Oranjestad"],"languages":["Dutch","Papiamento"],"currencies":["Aruban florin"],"landscape":"Find Aruba in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ABW","natural-earth","ref-Q131243","ref-Q7411","ref-Q33856","ref-Q232270"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ABW-languages","title":"A language of its own","text":"Papiamento is spoken by most people in Aruba and grew out of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English and African languages meeting on these islands. Dutch is used in government and schools, and many residents also speak English and Spanish.","sources":["wd-ABW","natural-earth","ref-Q131243","ref-Q7411","ref-Q33856","ref-Q232270"]},{"id":"ABW-money","title":"The florin","text":"Aruba uses the Aruban florin, which it kept when it began governing itself separately from the other Dutch Caribbean islands. Its fifty-cent coin is square, which is unusual for money anywhere.","sources":["wd-ABW","natural-earth","ref-Q131243","ref-Q7411","ref-Q33856","ref-Q232270"]}]},{"id":"ATC","name":"Ashmore and Cartier Islands","aliases":["Ashmore and Cartier Islands"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Australia and New Zealand","coordinate":[123.586368,-12.432571],"capitals":[],"languages":["English"],"currencies":[],"landscape":"Find Ashmore and Cartier Islands in Australia and New Zealand. Water features linked to this place include Indian Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ATC","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1239"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ATC-languages","title":"Islands with no residents","text":"Ashmore and Cartier are small uninhabited Australian islands in the Timor Sea, so no language is spoken there day to day. Indonesian fishers have visited these reefs for centuries under a long-standing arrangement.","sources":["wd-ATC","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1239"]},{"id":"ATC-perspectives","title":"More than a map label","text":"A map can show land and water, but it cannot show every story connected to a place. Names and boundaries can change. Ask who made a map, when they made it, and which details they chose to include.","sources":["map-skills","natural-earth"]}]},{"id":"AUS","name":"Australia","aliases":["Australia"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Australia and New Zealand","coordinate":[134.04972,-24.129522],"capitals":["Canberra"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Australian dollar"],"landscape":"Australia lies south of the Equator. It includes dry inland regions, tropical areas in the north, and long coastlines.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-AUS","natural-earth","ref-Q3114","ref-Q1860","ref-Q259502","ref-Q1239","ref-Q12355425","ref-Q186733","ref-Q171846","ref-Q33254","ref-Q82931","ref-Q128880","ref-Q131418","wiki-AUS-0","wiki-AUS-1","voyage-AUS"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Many First Nations","text":"Aboriginal peoples belong to many distinct nations with their own languages and connections to Country, among them Wiradjuri, Yolŋu, Arrernte and Noongar. More than 250 languages were spoken across the continent before 1788, and many are still used or are being revived. Torres Strait Islander peoples, from the islands north of Cape York, have distinct identities and languages of their own, including Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir. One story or artwork cannot stand for every First Nations community in Australia.","question":"A class reads one story from one Aboriginal community. What can they fairly say afterwards?","answer":"They have learned about one community among many.","others":["They have learned what Aboriginal peoples across Australia believe.","They have learned the language used everywhere in Australia.","They have learned a story Torres Strait Islander peoples share."],"id":"AUS-culture-0","sources":["wiki-AUS-0","wiki-AUS-1","voyage-AUS"]},{"title":"Country means more than a border","text":"For many Aboriginal peoples, Country expresses relationships with ancestral lands, waters and living things, and with responsibilities to care for them. That knowledge covers seasons, fire, water and animals, and is carried in song, story, dance and art across generations. It means more than a coloured shape on a political map, whose borders were drawn far more recently. The people connected to a place can help us understand meanings a map cannot show.","question":"A political map of Australia shows coloured states and borders. Which of these can it not show?","answer":"People's ties to ancestral lands and waters.","others":["The names of the states.","Which state covers the most area.","Where one state ends and the next begins."],"id":"AUS-culture-1","sources":["wiki-AUS-0","wiki-AUS-1","voyage-AUS"]}]},{"id":"IOA","name":"Australian Indian Ocean Territories","aliases":["Australian Indian Ocean Territories","Indian Ocean Territories"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Seven seas (open ocean)","coordinate":[105.67259,-10.490789],"capitals":[],"languages":[],"currencies":[],"landscape":"Find Australian Indian Ocean Territories in Seven seas (open ocean). Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-IOA","natural-earth"],"discoveries":[{"id":"IOA-names","title":"A name on the map","text":"This map labels the place Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Map labels help us connect a name with a location. They do not tell us everything about the people who live in or visit a place.","sources":["wd-IOA","natural-earth"]},{"id":"IOA-perspectives","title":"More than a map label","text":"A map can show land and water, but it cannot show every story connected to a place. Names and boundaries can change. Ask who made a map, when they made it, and which details they chose to include.","sources":["map-skills","natural-earth"]}]},{"id":"AUT","name":"Austria","aliases":["Austria","Republik Österreich","Österreich"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[14.130515,47.518859],"capitals":["Vienna"],"languages":["German","Austrian Sign Language"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Austria in Western Europe. Water features linked to this place include Lake Constance, Neusiedl Lake, Rhine.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-AUT","natural-earth","ref-Q1741","ref-Q188","ref-Q36668","ref-Q4127","ref-Q6396","ref-Q584","ref-Q1653","ref-Q14369","ref-Q152661","ref-Q660208","ref-Q179251","check-AUT"],"discoveries":[{"id":"AUT-languages","title":"German, said differently","text":"German is Austria's official language, but Austrian German has words of its own: a bread roll, a tomato and a potato all have names here that a speaker in Germany may not use. Some of those words are written into European Union documents.","sources":["wd-AUT","natural-earth","ref-Q1741","ref-Q188","ref-Q36668","ref-Q4127","ref-Q6396","ref-Q584","ref-Q1653","ref-Q14369","ref-Q152661","ref-Q660208","ref-Q179251","check-AUT"]},{"id":"AUT-money","title":"From schilling to euro","text":"Austria used the schilling until the euro replaced it in 2002. Austrian euro coins show buildings, flowers and people from Austria, so coins from many countries end up mixed in one pocket.","sources":["wd-AUT","natural-earth","ref-Q1741","ref-Q188","ref-Q36668","ref-Q4127","ref-Q6396","ref-Q584","ref-Q1653","ref-Q14369","ref-Q152661","ref-Q660208","ref-Q179251","check-AUT"]}]},{"id":"AZE","name":"Azerbaijan","aliases":["Azerbaijan","Azərbaycan","Azərbaycan Respublikası"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[47.210994,40.402387],"capitals":["Baku"],"languages":["Azerbaijani","Azerbaijani Sign Language"],"currencies":["Azerbaijani manat"],"landscape":"Find Azerbaijan in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-AZE","natural-earth","ref-Q9248","ref-Q9292","ref-Q55698568","ref-Q483725"],"discoveries":[{"id":"AZE-languages","title":"One language, three alphabets","text":"Azerbaijani is a Turkic language, close enough to Turkish that speakers can often follow one another. It has been written in Arabic script, then Latin, then Cyrillic, and since the 1990s in Latin letters again.","sources":["wd-AZE","natural-earth","ref-Q9248","ref-Q9292","ref-Q55698568","ref-Q483725"]},{"id":"AZE-money","title":"The manat","text":"The manat takes its name from a word for coin. Azerbaijan revalued it in 2006, when one new manat replaced five thousand old ones.","sources":["wd-AZE","natural-earth","ref-Q9248","ref-Q9292","ref-Q55698568","ref-Q483725"]}]},{"id":"BHR","name":"Bahrain","aliases":["Bahrain"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[50.554816,26.055972],"capitals":["Manama"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Bahraini dinar"],"landscape":"Find Bahrain in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BHR","natural-earth","ref-Q3882","ref-Q13955","ref-Q201871"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BHR-languages","title":"Arabic on an island","text":"Arabic is Bahrain's official language, and Bahraini Arabic has a sound of its own. Many residents came from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Philippines to work, so Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam and Tagalog are widely heard.","sources":["wd-BHR","natural-earth","ref-Q3882","ref-Q13955","ref-Q201871"]},{"id":"BHR-money","title":"A dinar in thousandths","text":"The Bahraini dinar divides into a thousand fils rather than a hundred, so prices carry three figures after the decimal point instead of two. It is one of the highest-valued currencies in the world.","sources":["wd-BHR","natural-earth","ref-Q3882","ref-Q13955","ref-Q201871"]}]},{"id":"BGD","name":"Bangladesh","aliases":["Bangladesh","গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ","বাংলাদেশ"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[89.684963,24.214956],"capitals":["Dhaka"],"languages":["Bangla"],"currencies":["Bangladeshi taka"],"landscape":"The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river systems help form a large delta. In Bangladesh, rivers branch and join as they approach the Bay of Bengal. These markers show the broad north-to-south relationship.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-BGD","natural-earth","ref-Q1354","ref-Q9610","ref-Q194453","ref-Q38684","wiki-BGD-0","wiki-BGD-1","voyage-BGD","institution-BGD"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A name in another script","text":"Bangla uses its own script, in which letters hang from a horizontal line running along the top. The same script is used for Assamese and some other languages. Bangla is among the most widely spoken languages in the world, used in Bangladesh and in West Bengal in India. The country's name joins Bangla with desh, a word for country. An English label and a Bangla label can identify the same place, but learning one written name does not mean we have learned the whole language.","question":"You match বাংলাদেশ to Bangladesh on a map. What have you actually worked out?","answer":"That two written labels name the same country.","others":["How the name is pronounced in Bangla.","What each Bangla letter means on its own.","Which language every family in the country uses."],"id":"BGD-culture-0","sources":["wiki-BGD-0","wiki-BGD-1","voyage-BGD","institution-BGD"]},{"title":"Boats with different jobs","text":"Bangladesh sits on one of the world's largest deltas, where the Padma, Jamuna and Meghna rivers meet before reaching the Bay of Bengal, and hundreds of smaller rivers and channels cross the land. Boats carry people and goods, support fishing, and take part in races: small country boats work narrow channels, large ferries cross wide water, and long, slender nouka are rowed by big crews in monsoon-season races. Their shapes and sizes reflect different jobs and waters. River transport is part of everyday life for many communities, alongside roads and other transport.","question":"Two boats on the same Bangladeshi river are built quite differently. What does that suggest?","answer":"They may be built for different jobs or waters.","others":["One of them must have been built wrongly.","The wider boat must be the older one.","A boat's shape is decided by the river's name."],"id":"BGD-culture-1","sources":["wiki-BGD-0","wiki-BGD-1","voyage-BGD","institution-BGD"]}]},{"id":"BRB","name":"Barbados","aliases":["Barbados"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-59.568966,13.163709],"capitals":["Bridgetown"],"languages":["English","Bajan Creole"],"currencies":["Barbadian dollar"],"landscape":"Find Barbados in Caribbean. Water features linked to this place include North Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BRB","natural-earth","ref-Q36168","ref-Q1860","ref-Q2524014","ref-Q194351","ref-Q350134"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BRB-languages","title":"English and Bajan","text":"English is official in Barbados, and Bajan, an English-based creole, is what most people speak among themselves. Bajan has its own grammar rather than being simply an accent.","sources":["wd-BRB","natural-earth","ref-Q36168","ref-Q1860","ref-Q2524014","ref-Q194351","ref-Q350134"]},{"id":"BRB-money","title":"Two to one","text":"The Barbadian dollar is fixed at two to one against the United States dollar. Barbados changed the portrait on its money after becoming a republic in 2021.","sources":["wd-BRB","natural-earth","ref-Q36168","ref-Q1860","ref-Q2524014","ref-Q194351","ref-Q350134"]}]},{"id":"BLR","name":"Belarus","aliases":["Belarus","Беларусь","Рэспубліка Беларусь"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[28.417701,53.821888],"capitals":["Minsk"],"languages":["Belarusian","Russian"],"currencies":["Belarusian ruble"],"landscape":"Find Belarus in Eastern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BLR","natural-earth","ref-Q2280","ref-Q9091","ref-Q7737","ref-Q21531507"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BLR-languages","title":"Two official languages","text":"Belarusian and Russian are both official, and Russian is the more widely used in cities and daily life. Belarusian has two competing spelling systems, and which one a writer picks is itself a choice with meaning.","sources":["wd-BLR","natural-earth","ref-Q2280","ref-Q9091","ref-Q7737","ref-Q21531507"]},{"id":"BLR-money","title":"Zeros removed","text":"Belarus struck four zeros off its currency in 2016, so ten thousand old roubles became one new one. Coins returned to use after years when only banknotes circulated.","sources":["wd-BLR","natural-earth","ref-Q2280","ref-Q9091","ref-Q7737","ref-Q21531507"]}]},{"id":"BEL","name":"Belgium","aliases":["Belgium","Koninkrijk België","Königreich Belgien","Royaume de Belgique"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[4.800448,50.785392],"capitals":["Brussels"],"languages":["Dutch","French","German"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Belgium in Western Europe. Water features linked to this place include North Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BEL","natural-earth","ref-Q239","ref-Q7411","ref-Q150","ref-Q188","ref-Q1693","check-BEL"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BEL-languages","title":"Three languages drawn on the map","text":"Belgium has three official languages: Dutch in the north, French in the south and German in a small eastern area. The boundary between them is fixed by law, and Brussels is officially both Dutch and French.","sources":["wd-BEL","natural-earth","ref-Q239","ref-Q7411","ref-Q150","ref-Q188","ref-Q1693","check-BEL"]},{"id":"BEL-money","title":"An early euro country","text":"Belgium was among the first countries to use the euro, for banking in 1999 and for cash in 2002. Before that it used the Belgian franc, and Luxembourg's francs could be spent here too.","sources":["wd-BEL","natural-earth","ref-Q239","ref-Q7411","ref-Q150","ref-Q188","ref-Q1693","check-BEL"]}]},{"id":"BLZ","name":"Belize","aliases":["Belize"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Central America","coordinate":[-88.712962,17.202068],"capitals":["Belmopan"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Belize dollar"],"landscape":"Find Belize in Central America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BLZ","natural-earth","ref-Q3043","ref-Q1860","ref-Q275112"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BLZ-languages","title":"English, Spanish and Kriol","text":"Belize is the only country in Central America with English as its official language, a result of British rule. More than half the population speaks Spanish, Belize Kriol is used across communities, and Maya languages and Garifuna are spoken too.","sources":["wd-BLZ","natural-earth","ref-Q3043","ref-Q1860","ref-Q275112"]},{"id":"BLZ-money","title":"A dollar at two to one","text":"The Belize dollar is fixed at two to one against the United States dollar, so converting a price is easy to do in your head. American dollars are widely accepted alongside it.","sources":["wd-BLZ","natural-earth","ref-Q3043","ref-Q1860","ref-Q275112"]}]},{"id":"BEN","name":"Benin","aliases":["Benin"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[2.352018,10.324775],"capitals":["Porto-Novo"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["West African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Benin in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"Porto-Novo is the official capital; many government offices are in Cotonou.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BEN","natural-earth","ref-Q3799","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97","check-BEN"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BEN-languages","title":"French and Fon","text":"French is Benin's official language, while Fon, Yoruba, Bariba and others are spoken at home and in markets. Radio broadcasts in many of these languages, because not everyone uses French.","sources":["wd-BEN","natural-earth","ref-Q3799","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97","check-BEN"]},{"id":"BEN-money","title":"A franc shared by eight","text":"Benin uses the West African CFA franc, shared with seven neighbours and held at a fixed rate against the euro. A shared currency means no one country can change its value alone.","sources":["wd-BEN","natural-earth","ref-Q3799","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97","check-BEN"]}]},{"id":"BMU","name":"Bermuda","aliases":["Bermuda"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Northern America","coordinate":[-64.763573,32.296592],"capitals":["Hamilton"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Bermudian dollar"],"landscape":"Find Bermuda in Northern America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BMU","natural-earth","ref-Q30985","ref-Q1860","ref-Q210478"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BMU-languages","title":"English in the Atlantic","text":"English is Bermuda's language, spoken with a local accent that visitors often find hard to place. Portuguese is used by a long-established community whose families came from the Azores.","sources":["wd-BMU","natural-earth","ref-Q30985","ref-Q1860","ref-Q210478"]},{"id":"BMU-money","title":"Equal but not interchangeable","text":"The Bermudian dollar is fixed one to one with the United States dollar and both circulate here, but only one of the two can be spent anywhere else. Bermuda's own notes show its fish, birds and buildings.","sources":["wd-BMU","natural-earth","ref-Q30985","ref-Q1860","ref-Q210478"]}]},{"id":"BTN","name":"Bhutan","aliases":["Bhutan"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[90.040294,27.536685],"capitals":["Thimphu"],"languages":["Dzongkha"],"currencies":["ngultrum"],"landscape":"Find Bhutan in Southern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BTN","natural-earth","ref-Q9270","ref-Q33081","ref-Q201799"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BTN-languages","title":"The language of the fortress","text":"Dzongkha is Bhutan's national language, written in Tibetan script, and its name means the language of the dzong, or fortress. Nepali, Tshangla and other languages are spoken in different valleys.","sources":["wd-BTN","natural-earth","ref-Q9270","ref-Q33081","ref-Q201799"]},{"id":"BTN-money","title":"The ngultrum","text":"The ngultrum is fixed equal to the Indian rupee, and rupees are accepted in Bhutan, though ngultrum are not usually accepted in India. The arrangement runs one way in practice.","sources":["wd-BTN","natural-earth","ref-Q9270","ref-Q33081","ref-Q201799"]}]},{"id":"BOL","name":"Bolivia","aliases":["Bolivia","Buliwya Achka nasyunkunap Mama llaqta","Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia","Tetã Volívia","Wuliwya Suyu"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-64.593433,-16.666015],"capitals":["Sucre","La Paz"],"languages":["Spanish","Aymara","Quechua","Guarani"],"currencies":["boliviano"],"landscape":"Find Bolivia in South America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Sucre is the constitutional capital. La Paz is the seat of government.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BOL","natural-earth","ref-Q2907","ref-Q1491","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4627","ref-Q5218","ref-Q35876","ref-Q200737","check-BOL"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BOL-languages","title":"Thirty-seven official languages","text":"Bolivia recognises thirty-seven official languages: Spanish and thirty-six Indigenous ones, including Quechua, Aymara and Guaraní. That is more official languages than almost any other country in the world.","sources":["wd-BOL","natural-earth","ref-Q2907","ref-Q1491","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4627","ref-Q5218","ref-Q35876","ref-Q200737","check-BOL"]},{"id":"BOL-money","title":"The boliviano","text":"The currency is the boliviano, named after the country, which is itself named after Simón Bolívar. It replaced an earlier peso in 1987, after a period when prices had risen very steeply.","sources":["wd-BOL","natural-earth","ref-Q2907","ref-Q1491","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4627","ref-Q5218","ref-Q35876","ref-Q200737","check-BOL"]}]},{"id":"BIH","name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","aliases":["Bosna i Hercegovina","Bosnia and Herzegovina"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[18.06841,44.091051],"capitals":["Sarajevo"],"languages":["Bosnian","Croatian","Serbian"],"currencies":["convertible mark"],"landscape":"Find Bosnia and Herzegovina in Southern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BIH","natural-earth","ref-Q11194","ref-Q9303","ref-Q6654","ref-Q9299","ref-Q179620","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BIH-languages","title":"Three names, one shared speech","text":"Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian are all official here and are close enough that speakers understand one another completely. Both Latin and Cyrillic scripts are in use, and the choice of script or name carries meaning.","sources":["wd-BIH","natural-earth","ref-Q11194","ref-Q9303","ref-Q6654","ref-Q9299","ref-Q179620","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918"]},{"id":"BIH-money","title":"The convertible mark","text":"The currency is the convertible mark, so called because it was first fixed to the German mark and is now fixed to the euro. Its notes carry writing in both Latin and Cyrillic letters.","sources":["wd-BIH","natural-earth","ref-Q11194","ref-Q9303","ref-Q6654","ref-Q9299","ref-Q179620","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918"]}]},{"id":"BWA","name":"Botswana","aliases":["Botswana"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","coordinate":[24.179216,-22.102634],"capitals":["Gaborone"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Botswana pula"],"landscape":"Find Botswana in Southern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BWA","natural-earth","ref-Q3919","ref-Q1860","ref-Q186794"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BWA-languages","title":"Setswana and English","text":"Setswana is spoken by most people in Botswana, and English is used in government and secondary school. Kalanga and other languages are spoken in particular districts.","sources":["wd-BWA","natural-earth","ref-Q3919","ref-Q1860","ref-Q186794"]},{"id":"BWA-money","title":"Money named after rain","text":"The pula means rain in Setswana, and the smaller unit, the thebe, means shield. In a country covered largely by desert, naming the money after rain says something about what is valued.","sources":["wd-BWA","natural-earth","ref-Q3919","ref-Q1860","ref-Q186794"]}]},{"id":"BRA","name":"Brazil","aliases":["Brasil","Brazil","República Federativa do Brasil"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-49.55945,-12.098687],"capitals":["Brasília"],"languages":["Portuguese"],"currencies":["Brazilian real"],"landscape":"Brazil includes part of the Amazon basin, Atlantic coastline, grasslands, and many cities. The Equator crosses its northern part.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-BRA","natural-earth","ref-Q2844","ref-Q5146","ref-Q173117","ref-Q97","ref-Q3783","ref-Q127892","ref-Q142148","wiki-BRA-0","wiki-BRA-1","voyage-BRA"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A language clue","text":"Portuguese is used in Brazil's public life, schools and media, and Brazil has more Portuguese speakers than any other country. The language arrived through Portuguese colonisation from the 1500s. Spanish is widely used in many nearby countries, but a country's neighbours do not determine its language. More than 150 Indigenous languages are still spoken in Brazil, and communities who came from Italy, Germany, Japan, Lebanon and elsewhere brought languages too.","question":"Many countries near Brazil use Spanish in public life. What does that tell us about Brazil?","answer":"Nothing on its own, since Brazil's public life uses Portuguese.","others":["That Brazil must use Spanish as well.","That Brazil's neighbours copied their language from Brazil.","That Brazil uses no European language at all."],"id":"BRA-culture-0","sources":["wiki-BRA-0","wiki-BRA-1","voyage-BRA"]},{"title":"Movement with music","text":"Capoeira developed among Afro-Brazilian communities, drawing on traditions carried from Africa. During a roda, participants form a circle around two players, and music guides what happens inside it: a berimbau, a bow strung over a hollow gourd, sets the rhythm, often with a pandeiro tambourine and an atabaque drum, while the circle sings and claps in answer to a leader. Players take turns entering, and the speed and mood of the music can change how they move. Capoeira connects physical skill with music and shared participation.","question":"At a roda, why does the circle of people matter as much as the two players?","answer":"The circle takes part, and its music shapes the event.","others":["The circle decides which player wins.","The circle keeps the players from hearing the berimbau.","The circle counts how many instruments are allowed."],"id":"BRA-culture-1","sources":["wiki-BRA-0","wiki-BRA-1","voyage-BRA"]}]},{"id":"IOT","name":"British Indian Ocean Territory","aliases":["British Indian Ocean Territory"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Seven seas (open ocean)","coordinate":[71.348349,-6.190826],"capitals":["Diego Garcia"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["United States dollar","pound sterling"],"landscape":"Find British Indian Ocean Territory in Seven seas (open ocean). Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"The Chagos Islands’ sovereignty arrangements have been changing. This map uses a 2022 geographic dataset and does not assert current administrative control.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-IOT","natural-earth","ref-Q184851","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q25224","check-IOT"],"discoveries":[{"id":"IOT-languages","title":"English on a distant atoll","text":"English is used on Diego Garcia, the only inhabited island. The Chagossian people were removed from the islands in the 1960s and 1970s and speak Chagossian Creole. The territory's status is disputed and this atlas does not settle it.","sources":["wd-IOT","natural-earth","ref-Q184851","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q25224","check-IOT"]},{"id":"IOT-money","title":"The dollar in the Indian Ocean","text":"The United States dollar is used at the base on Diego Garcia, even though the territory is British. Which money is used does not always match who governs.","sources":["wd-IOT","natural-earth","ref-Q184851","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q25224","check-IOT"]}]},{"id":"VGB","name":"British Virgin Islands","aliases":["British Virgin Islands"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-64.63661,18.426606],"capitals":["Road Town"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find British Virgin Islands in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-VGB","natural-earth","ref-Q179431","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917"],"discoveries":[{"id":"VGB-languages","title":"English in the Virgin Islands","text":"English is the language of the British Virgin Islands, with a local creole spoken alongside it. Spanish is used by many residents who came from the Dominican Republic and elsewhere.","sources":["wd-VGB","natural-earth","ref-Q179431","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917"]},{"id":"VGB-money","title":"American money, British territory","text":"The islands use the United States dollar, adopted because of close links with the nearby United States Virgin Islands. A territory can use money that has nothing to do with who governs it.","sources":["wd-VGB","natural-earth","ref-Q179431","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917"]}]},{"id":"BRN","name":"Brunei","aliases":["Brunei","Brunei Darussalam","Negara Brunei Darussalam"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[114.551943,4.448298],"capitals":["Bandar Seri Begawan"],"languages":["Malay","British English"],"currencies":["Brunei dollar"],"landscape":"Find Brunei in South-Eastern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BRN","natural-earth","ref-Q9279","ref-Q9237","ref-Q7979","ref-Q206319"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BRN-languages","title":"Malay in two scripts","text":"Malay is Brunei's official language, written both in Latin letters and in the Arabic-based Jawi script, which appears on signs and official documents. English and Chinese varieties are also widely used.","sources":["wd-BRN","natural-earth","ref-Q9279","ref-Q9237","ref-Q7979","ref-Q206319"]},{"id":"BRN-money","title":"Two currencies, one value","text":"The Brunei dollar and the Singapore dollar are interchangeable at par under an agreement dating from 1967, so each is accepted in the other country. Very few pairs of countries do this.","sources":["wd-BRN","natural-earth","ref-Q9279","ref-Q9237","ref-Q7979","ref-Q206319"]}]},{"id":"BGR","name":"Bulgaria","aliases":["Bulgaria","България"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[25.15709,42.508785],"capitals":["Sofia"],"languages":["Bulgarian"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Bulgaria in Eastern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Black Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BGR","natural-earth","ref-Q472","ref-Q7918","ref-Q166","check-BGR"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BGR-languages","title":"Where Cyrillic began","text":"Bulgarian is written in Cyrillic, and the script was developed in the Bulgarian Empire in the ninth and tenth centuries before spreading to other Slavic languages. Bulgarian has dropped the noun cases that most of its relatives kept.","sources":["wd-BGR","natural-earth","ref-Q472","ref-Q7918","ref-Q166","check-BGR"]},{"id":"BGR-money","title":"From lev to euro","text":"The lev meant lion in older Bulgarian, and one lev divided into a hundred stotinki. Bulgaria held it at a fixed rate against the euro for many years, then adopted the euro itself at the start of 2026, becoming the twenty-first country to use it.","sources":["wd-BGR","natural-earth","ref-Q472","ref-Q7918","ref-Q166","check-BGR"]}]},{"id":"BFA","name":"Burkina Faso","aliases":["Burkina Faso"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-1.36388,12.673048],"capitals":["Ouagadougou"],"languages":["Mooré","Bissa","Dioula"],"currencies":["West African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Burkina Faso in Western Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BFA","natural-earth","ref-Q3777","ref-Q36096","ref-Q32934","ref-Q32706","ref-Q861690"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BFA-languages","title":"A name from two languages","text":"The country's name joins two languages: Burkina is Mooré for upright or honest, and Faso is Dioula for homeland. French is official, and Mooré, Dioula and Fulfulde are widely spoken.","sources":["wd-BFA","natural-earth","ref-Q3777","ref-Q36096","ref-Q32934","ref-Q32706","ref-Q861690"]},{"id":"BFA-money","title":"Two CFA francs, not one","text":"Burkina Faso uses the West African CFA franc. There is a second CFA franc in Central Africa worth exactly the same amount, but the two sets of notes are not accepted in each other's area.","sources":["wd-BFA","natural-earth","ref-Q3777","ref-Q36096","ref-Q32934","ref-Q32706","ref-Q861690"]}]},{"id":"BDI","name":"Burundi","aliases":["Burundi","Uburundi"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[29.917086,-3.332836],"capitals":["Gitega"],"languages":["Kirundi","French","English"],"currencies":["Burundian franc"],"landscape":"Find Burundi in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BDI","natural-earth","ref-Q167551","ref-Q33583","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q238007"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BDI-languages","title":"One language for almost everyone","text":"Kirundi is spoken by nearly the whole population of Burundi, which is unusual in Africa, where most countries hold many languages. French and English are also official and are used in schooling and government.","sources":["wd-BDI","natural-earth","ref-Q167551","ref-Q33583","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q238007"]},{"id":"BDI-money","title":"The Burundian franc","text":"Burundi uses a franc, a name that arrived with Belgian administration and stayed after independence. Several African countries kept the name while running entirely separate currencies.","sources":["wd-BDI","natural-earth","ref-Q167551","ref-Q33583","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q238007"]}]},{"id":"CPV","name":"Cabo Verde","aliases":["Cape Verde","Republic of Cabo Verde","República de Cabo Verde"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-23.639434,15.074761],"capitals":["Praia"],"languages":["Portuguese","Cape Verdean Creole"],"currencies":["Cape Verdean escudo"],"landscape":"Find Cabo Verde in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CPV","natural-earth","ref-Q3751","ref-Q5146","ref-Q35963","ref-Q4591","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CPV-languages","title":"Portuguese and Kriolu","text":"Portuguese is the official language, used in writing and school, while Cape Verdean Creole is what people speak every day and sing in. Each island has its own variety of the creole.","sources":["wd-CPV","natural-earth","ref-Q3751","ref-Q5146","ref-Q35963","ref-Q4591","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"CPV-money","title":"A sign where the point goes","text":"Prices here are written with the escudo sign standing where the decimal point would be, so twenty escudos and fifty centavos appears as 20$50. The currency is fixed to the euro.","sources":["wd-CPV","natural-earth","ref-Q3751","ref-Q5146","ref-Q35963","ref-Q4591","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"KHM","name":"Cambodia","aliases":["Cambodia","កម្ពុជា"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[104.50487,12.647584],"capitals":["Phnom Penh"],"languages":["Khmer"],"currencies":["riel"],"landscape":"Find Cambodia in South-Eastern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-KHM","natural-earth","ref-Q1850","ref-Q9205","ref-Q204737"],"discoveries":[{"id":"KHM-languages","title":"Khmer and its long alphabet","text":"Khmer is Cambodia's official language and has one of the longest alphabets in the world, with over seventy letters. Unlike Thai and Vietnamese around it, Khmer is not a tonal language.","sources":["wd-KHM","natural-earth","ref-Q1850","ref-Q9205","ref-Q204737"]},{"id":"KHM-money","title":"Riels and dollars together","text":"The riel circulates alongside the United States dollar. A shop may take dollars for the price and hand back riel as change, because American coins are not used here.","sources":["wd-KHM","natural-earth","ref-Q1850","ref-Q9205","ref-Q204737"]}]},{"id":"CMR","name":"Cameroon","aliases":["Cameroon","République du Cameroun"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[12.473488,4.585041],"capitals":["Yaoundé"],"languages":["French","English"],"currencies":["Central African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Cameroon in Middle Africa. Water features linked to this place include Lake Chad, Gulf of Guinea, Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CMR","natural-earth","ref-Q3808","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q847739","ref-Q125309","ref-Q41430","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CMR-languages","title":"Two colonial languages, hundreds more","text":"Cameroon has both French and English as official languages, because the territory was once divided between France and Britain. Around 250 other languages are spoken, and Cameroonian Pidgin English is used widely between them.","sources":["wd-CMR","natural-earth","ref-Q3808","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q847739","ref-Q125309","ref-Q41430","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"CMR-money","title":"Six countries, one note","text":"Cameroon uses the Central African CFA franc, whose notes are shared across six countries. A letter or code printed on a note shows which of the six issued it.","sources":["wd-CMR","natural-earth","ref-Q3808","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q847739","ref-Q125309","ref-Q41430","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"CAN","name":"Canada","aliases":["Canada"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Northern America","coordinate":[-101.9107,60.324287],"capitals":["Ottawa"],"languages":["English","French"],"currencies":["Canadian dollar"],"landscape":"Canada reaches the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. Our map simplifies a long coastline and many islands.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-CAN","natural-earth","ref-Q1930","ref-Q1860","ref-Q150","ref-Q1104069","ref-Q97","ref-Q98","ref-Q788","ref-Q7347","ref-Q3040","wiki-CAN-0","wiki-CAN-1","voyage-CAN"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Two languages, many voices","text":"Canada uses English and French in federal public life. French is the majority language in Quebec and is also spoken by Acadian communities in New Brunswick, the one officially bilingual province. These are not the only languages people speak: First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities have distinct cultures and languages, including Cree, Ojibwe, Inuktitut and Michif, and Inuktitut is written with syllabic characters in some regions. Families have also brought many other languages to Canada, among them Mandarin, Punjabi, Tagalog and Arabic.","question":"Canada has two official languages. Which conclusion does that actually support?","answer":"Federal public life uses both English and French.","others":["Only two languages are spoken in Canada.","Every person in Canada speaks both of them.","First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities share one language."],"id":"CAN-culture-0","sources":["wiki-CAN-0","wiki-CAN-1","voyage-CAN"]},{"title":"A canal with changing seasons","text":"The Rideau Canal was built in the 1820s and early 1830s as a protected route between the Ottawa River and Lake Ontario, with locks that raise and lower boats between different water levels. Boats use it in the warmer months. In Ottawa, part of the canal becomes a skateway when the ice grows thick enough to be safe, and staff test it before it opens. Some winters it stays open for weeks, and some winters barely at all. The same waterway supports different activities as the weather changes.","question":"One stretch of the Rideau Canal carries boats in July and skaters in February. Why?","answer":"Cold winters can turn the water into a firm surface.","others":["The canal is drained and refilled each season.","Boats and skates use two canals that share a name.","The canal is only open to the public in winter."],"id":"CAN-culture-1","sources":["wiki-CAN-0","wiki-CAN-1","voyage-CAN"]}]},{"id":"CYM","name":"Cayman Islands","aliases":["Cayman Islands"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-81.24055,19.319862],"capitals":["George Town"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Cayman Islands dollar"],"landscape":"Find Cayman Islands in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CYM","natural-earth","ref-Q172996","ref-Q1860","ref-Q319885"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CYM-languages","title":"English in the Caymans","text":"English is the language of the Cayman Islands, spoken with an accent that mixes Caribbean and older English features. Many residents come from elsewhere for work, so Spanish, Tagalog and Jamaican Patois are also heard.","sources":["wd-CYM","natural-earth","ref-Q172996","ref-Q1860","ref-Q319885"]},{"id":"CYM-money","title":"Worth more than a dollar","text":"The Cayman Islands dollar is fixed above the United States dollar, so one Cayman dollar buys more than one American one. It is among the highest-valued currencies in the world.","sources":["wd-CYM","natural-earth","ref-Q172996","ref-Q1860","ref-Q319885"]}]},{"id":"CAF","name":"Central African Republic","aliases":["Central African Republic","Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka","Republique Centrafricaine"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[20.906897,6.989681],"capitals":["Bangui"],"languages":["French","Sango"],"currencies":["Central African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Central African Republic in Middle Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CAF","natural-earth","ref-Q3832","ref-Q150","ref-Q33954","ref-Q847739"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CAF-languages","title":"Sango for everyone","text":"Sango and French are both official. Sango began as a trading language along the Ubangi river and spread until nearly everyone in the country could use it, which is unusual for a language that started that way.","sources":["wd-CAF","natural-earth","ref-Q3832","ref-Q150","ref-Q33954","ref-Q847739"]},{"id":"CAF-money","title":"The other CFA franc","text":"This country uses the Central African CFA franc, worth exactly the same as the West African one but printed differently and not accepted there. Two currencies can share a value and still not be interchangeable.","sources":["wd-CAF","natural-earth","ref-Q3832","ref-Q150","ref-Q33954","ref-Q847739"]}]},{"id":"TCD","name":"Chad","aliases":["Chad","République du Tchad","جُمْهُورِيَّة تشاد"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[18.645041,15.142959],"capitals":["N'Djamena"],"languages":["French","Arabic"],"currencies":["Central African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Chad in Middle Africa. Water features linked to this place include Lake Chad.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TCD","natural-earth","ref-Q3659","ref-Q150","ref-Q13955","ref-Q847739","ref-Q125309"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TCD-languages","title":"French, Arabic and a hundred more","text":"French and Arabic are both official in Chad, and more than a hundred other languages are spoken, among them Sara, Kanembu and Maba. Chadian Arabic is widely used as a common language.","sources":["wd-TCD","natural-earth","ref-Q3659","ref-Q150","ref-Q13955","ref-Q847739","ref-Q125309"]},{"id":"TCD-money","title":"The Central African franc","text":"Chad uses the Central African CFA franc. Lake Chad, which the country is named after, has shrunk enormously since the 1960s, changing life for everyone who fishes and farms around it.","sources":["wd-TCD","natural-earth","ref-Q3659","ref-Q150","ref-Q13955","ref-Q847739","ref-Q125309"]}]},{"id":"CHL","name":"Chile","aliases":["Chile","República de Chile"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-72.318871,-38.151771],"capitals":["Santiago"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Chilean peso"],"landscape":"Find Chile in South America. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CHL","natural-earth","ref-Q2887","ref-Q1321","ref-Q200050","ref-Q98"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CHL-languages","title":"Spanish said fast","text":"Chilean Spanish is known for being spoken quickly, softening the ends of words and using slang of its own, so other Spanish speakers sometimes have to concentrate. Mapudungun and Rapa Nui are also spoken.","sources":["wd-CHL","natural-earth","ref-Q2887","ref-Q1321","ref-Q200050","ref-Q98"]},{"id":"CHL-money","title":"The peso","text":"The Chilean peso has no decimal part in everyday use, so prices are whole numbers and can look very large to a visitor. Its hundred-peso coin shows a Mapuche woman.","sources":["wd-CHL","natural-earth","ref-Q2887","ref-Q1321","ref-Q200050","ref-Q98"]}]},{"id":"CHN","name":"China","aliases":["China","People's Republic of China","中华人民共和国","中国"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","coordinate":[106.337289,32.498178],"capitals":["Beijing"],"languages":["Standard Mandarin Chinese"],"currencies":["renminbi"],"landscape":"The Yangtze passes through inland Chongqing and Wuhan before reaching the sea near Shanghai. Our numbered markers show these study locations, not every bend of the river. East is toward the right.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-CHN","natural-earth","ref-Q956","ref-Q24841726","ref-Q39099","check-CHN","wiki-CHN-0","wiki-CHN-1","voyage-CHN","institution-CHN"],"discoveries":[{"title":"One country, several labels","text":"Pinyin helps readers represent Mandarin sounds with Latin letters, and has been the standard system since the 1950s. The marks in Zhōngguó carry tone information: Mandarin has four tones plus a neutral one, and changing the tone changes the word. Chinese characters are another writing system, with simplified forms standard in mainland China and traditional forms used in some other places. Mandarin is the most widely spoken language in China, alongside Cantonese, Wu, Hokkien and many others, so a Latin-letter map is not the only way to label a place.","question":"Zhōngguó is written with Latin letters and tone marks. What is pinyin doing here?","answer":"Showing how the Mandarin name sounds.","others":["Translating the meaning of the name into English.","Replacing Chinese characters in everyday writing.","Showing which characters are the oldest."],"id":"CHN-culture-0","sources":["wiki-CHN-0","wiki-CHN-1","voyage-CHN","institution-CHN"]},{"title":"A garden in a small space","text":"In Suzhou, garden designers arranged water, rocks, plants and buildings to suggest a landscape much larger than the walls around it. Winding paths, moon gates and latticed windows frame a view, then hide it and offer another, so a visitor notices something different after only a few steps. Designers also borrowed scenery from beyond the garden, letting a distant tree or pagoda become part of the picture. Many of these gardens were made by scholars and officials between the eleventh and nineteenth centuries. This is one garden tradition, not a picture of every home in China.","question":"A Suzhou garden is small, yet it can feel much larger. Which design choice helps?","answer":"Features are arranged so a path reveals new views.","others":["Every wall is removed so visitors can see out.","One identical view is repeated along the path.","The garden is built to the same shape as the city."],"id":"CHN-culture-1","sources":["wiki-CHN-0","wiki-CHN-1","voyage-CHN","institution-CHN"]}]},{"id":"COL","name":"Colombia","aliases":["Colombia"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-73.174347,3.373111],"capitals":["Bogotá"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Colombian peso"],"landscape":"Find Colombia in South America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-COL","natural-earth","ref-Q2841","ref-Q1321","ref-Q244819"],"discoveries":[{"id":"COL-languages","title":"Spanish and sixty-five more","text":"Spanish is official across Colombia, and around sixty-five Indigenous languages are official within their own territories, among them Wayuu and Nasa Yuwe. Creoles are spoken on the Caribbean islands and at San Basilio de Palenque.","sources":["wd-COL","natural-earth","ref-Q2841","ref-Q1321","ref-Q244819"]},{"id":"COL-money","title":"Prices with many zeros","text":"The Colombian peso's smallest units are worth very little, so prices are written with several zeros and people often say the number without them. Its banknotes show writers, scientists and landscapes.","sources":["wd-COL","natural-earth","ref-Q2841","ref-Q1321","ref-Q244819"]}]},{"id":"COM","name":"Comoros","aliases":["Comoros","Union des Comores","الاتحاد القمري"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[43.318094,-11.727683],"capitals":["Moroni"],"languages":["Comorian","Arabic","French"],"currencies":["Comorian franc"],"landscape":"Find Comoros in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-COM","natural-earth","ref-Q3901","ref-Q33077","ref-Q13955","ref-Q150","ref-Q267264"],"discoveries":[{"id":"COM-languages","title":"Comorian and its neighbours","text":"Shikomori, the Comorian language, is related to Swahili and has a different variety on each island. Arabic and French are also official, and many people move between all three depending on the setting.","sources":["wd-COM","natural-earth","ref-Q3901","ref-Q33077","ref-Q13955","ref-Q150","ref-Q267264"]},{"id":"COM-money","title":"The Comorian franc","text":"The Comorian franc is fixed to the euro, a link left over from French administration. Its coins carry fish and plants rather than portraits of people.","sources":["wd-COM","natural-earth","ref-Q3901","ref-Q33077","ref-Q13955","ref-Q150","ref-Q267264"]}]},{"id":"COK","name":"Cook Islands","aliases":["Cook Islands","Kūki 'Āirani"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[-159.785675,-21.215993],"capitals":["Avarua"],"languages":["English","Cook Islands Maori"],"currencies":["New Zealand dollar","Cook Islands dollar"],"landscape":"Find Cook Islands in Polynesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-COK","natural-earth","ref-Q170482","ref-Q1860","ref-Q36745","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q507737"],"discoveries":[{"id":"COK-languages","title":"Māori of the Cook Islands","text":"Cook Islands Māori and English are both official. Cook Islands Māori is closely related to New Zealand Māori and to Tahitian, and each island has its own way of speaking it.","sources":["wd-COK","natural-earth","ref-Q170482","ref-Q1860","ref-Q36745","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q507737"]},{"id":"COK-money","title":"Their own coins","text":"The Cook Islands use the New Zealand dollar and also mint coins of their own, including a triangular two-dollar piece. Those coins are not usually accepted back in New Zealand.","sources":["wd-COK","natural-earth","ref-Q170482","ref-Q1860","ref-Q36745","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q507737"]}]},{"id":"CRI","name":"Costa Rica","aliases":["Costa Rica","República de Costa Rica"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Central America","coordinate":[-84.077922,10.0651],"capitals":["San José"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Costa Rican colón"],"landscape":"Find Costa Rica in Central America. Water features linked to this place include Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CRI","natural-earth","ref-Q3070","ref-Q1321","ref-Q242915","ref-Q1247","ref-Q98"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CRI-languages","title":"Spanish and Bribri","text":"Spanish is Costa Rica's official language, and Bribri, Cabécar and other Indigenous languages are spoken in their territories. An English-based creole is used along the Caribbean coast.","sources":["wd-CRI","natural-earth","ref-Q3070","ref-Q1321","ref-Q242915","ref-Q1247","ref-Q98"]},{"id":"CRI-money","title":"The colón","text":"The colón is named after Christopher Columbus, Cristóbal Colón in Spanish. Its notes are printed on plastic, and each one shows a different Costa Rican habitat with the animals that live there.","sources":["wd-CRI","natural-earth","ref-Q3070","ref-Q1321","ref-Q242915","ref-Q1247","ref-Q98"]}]},{"id":"HRV","name":"Croatia","aliases":["Croatia","Hrvatska"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[16.37241,45.805799],"capitals":["Zagreb"],"languages":["Croatian"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Croatia in Southern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Adriatic Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-HRV","natural-earth","ref-Q1435","ref-Q6654","ref-Q13924","check-HRV"],"discoveries":[{"id":"HRV-languages","title":"Croatian and its relatives","text":"Croatian is written in Latin letters and is close enough to Bosnian, Serbian and Montenegrin that speakers understand one another. Croatia has three main dialect groups, named after their different words for what.","sources":["wd-HRV","natural-earth","ref-Q1435","ref-Q6654","ref-Q13924","check-HRV"]},{"id":"HRV-money","title":"From kuna to euro","text":"Croatia used the kuna, meaning marten, after a fur once traded as money, and adopted the euro in 2023. It joined the euro later than most, so its coins are still new to people's hands.","sources":["wd-HRV","natural-earth","ref-Q1435","ref-Q6654","ref-Q13924","check-HRV"]}]},{"id":"CUB","name":"Cuba","aliases":["Cuba","República de Cuba"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-77.975855,21.334024],"capitals":["Havana"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Cuban peso"],"landscape":"Find Cuba in Caribbean. Water features linked to this place include Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CUB","natural-earth","ref-Q1563","ref-Q1321","ref-Q201505","ref-Q1247","ref-Q12630"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CUB-languages","title":"Spanish with Taíno words","text":"Spanish is Cuba's language, spoken with an accent that softens the s at the end of syllables. Words from Taíno, the language of the island's earlier people, survive inside it and travelled onward into other languages, hamaca and huracán among them.","sources":["wd-CUB","natural-earth","ref-Q1563","ref-Q1321","ref-Q201505","ref-Q1247","ref-Q12630"]},{"id":"CUB-money","title":"One peso after two","text":"Cuba ran two national currencies at once for years, one used mainly by residents and one mainly by visitors, and ended that in 2021 so only the Cuban peso remains. Very few countries have ever done this.","sources":["wd-CUB","natural-earth","ref-Q1563","ref-Q1321","ref-Q201505","ref-Q1247","ref-Q12630"]}]},{"id":"CUW","name":"Curaçao","aliases":["Curaçao","Kòrsou"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-68.920578,12.145039],"capitals":["Willemstad"],"languages":["Dutch","Papiamento","English"],"currencies":["Caribbean guilder"],"landscape":"Find Curaçao in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CUW","natural-earth","ref-Q132679","ref-Q7411","ref-Q33856","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737779"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CUW-languages","title":"Papiamentu","text":"Papiamentu is spoken by most people on Curaçao and is official alongside Dutch and English. It grew from Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and African languages, and it is written here with its own spelling rules.","sources":["wd-CUW","natural-earth","ref-Q132679","ref-Q7411","ref-Q33856","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737779"]},{"id":"CUW-money","title":"A currency that outlived its country","text":"Curaçao shares a currency with Sint Maarten. In 2025 the two replaced the Netherlands Antillean guilder, named after a country that was dissolved back in 2010, with a new Caribbean guilder. A currency can outlast the state that created it.","sources":["wd-CUW","natural-earth","ref-Q132679","ref-Q7411","ref-Q33856","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737779"]}]},{"id":"CYP","name":"Cyprus","aliases":["Cyprus","Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti","Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[33.084182,34.913329],"capitals":["Nicosia"],"languages":["Modern Greek","Turkish"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Cyprus in Western Asia. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CYP","natural-earth","ref-Q3856","ref-Q36510","ref-Q256","ref-Q4918","check-CYP"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CYP-languages","title":"Two official languages","text":"Greek and Turkish are both official languages of Cyprus. Cypriot Greek differs noticeably from the Greek of Greece, and English is widely used, left over from a period of British rule.","sources":["wd-CYP","natural-earth","ref-Q3856","ref-Q36510","ref-Q256","ref-Q4918","check-CYP"]},{"id":"CYP-money","title":"The euro on Cyprus","text":"Cyprus replaced its own pound with the euro in 2008. Its euro coins show a figure carved thousands of years ago and a ship, with the country's name written in both Greek and Turkish.","sources":["wd-CYP","natural-earth","ref-Q3856","ref-Q36510","ref-Q256","ref-Q4918","check-CYP"]}]},{"id":"CZE","name":"Czechia","aliases":["Czech Republic","Česko","Česká republika"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[15.377555,49.882364],"capitals":["Prague"],"languages":["Czech"],"currencies":["Czech koruna"],"landscape":"Find Czechia in Eastern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Morava, Thaya, Olza.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CZE","natural-earth","ref-Q1085","ref-Q9056","ref-Q131016","ref-Q179251","ref-Q660208","ref-Q1331973","ref-Q552","ref-Q577026","ref-Q582675","ref-Q131574","ref-Q1644"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CZE-languages","title":"Czech and Slovak","text":"Czech is the official language and is close enough to Slovak that speakers of each usually follow the other without ever studying it. Czech is known for words that can be written with no vowels at all.","sources":["wd-CZE","natural-earth","ref-Q1085","ref-Q9056","ref-Q131016","ref-Q179251","ref-Q660208","ref-Q1331973","ref-Q552","ref-Q577026","ref-Q582675","ref-Q131574","ref-Q1644"]},{"id":"CZE-money","title":"The koruna, not the euro","text":"Czechia uses the koruna, meaning crown, rather than the euro, although it is in the European Union. Several other European Union countries have kept their own currency in the same way.","sources":["wd-CZE","natural-earth","ref-Q1085","ref-Q9056","ref-Q131016","ref-Q179251","ref-Q660208","ref-Q1331973","ref-Q552","ref-Q577026","ref-Q582675","ref-Q131574","ref-Q1644"]}]},{"id":"CIV","name":"Côte d’Ivoire","aliases":["Côte d'Ivoire","Ivory Coast","République de Côte d'Ivoire"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-5.568618,7.49139],"capitals":["Yamoussoukro"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["West African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Côte d’Ivoire in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"Yamoussoukro is the political capital. Abidjan remains an important administrative and commercial centre.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CIV","natural-earth","ref-Q3768","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97","check-CIV"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CIV-languages","title":"A name kept in French","text":"Côte d'Ivoire asks to be called by its French name in every language rather than translated as Ivory Coast. French is official, and Baoulé, Dioula, Bété and many other languages are spoken.","sources":["wd-CIV","natural-earth","ref-Q3768","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97","check-CIV"]},{"id":"CIV-money","title":"The CFA franc here","text":"Côte d'Ivoire uses the West African CFA franc and is the largest economy in that currency zone. Cocoa, which this country grows more of than any other, is bought and sold in it.","sources":["wd-CIV","natural-earth","ref-Q3768","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97","check-CIV"]}]},{"id":"COD","name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","aliases":["Democratic Republic of the Congo","République démocratique du Congo"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[23.458829,-1.858167],"capitals":["Kinshasa"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["Congolese franc"],"landscape":"Find Democratic Republic of the Congo in Middle Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-COD","natural-earth","ref-Q3838","ref-Q150","ref-Q4734","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"COD-languages","title":"Four national languages","text":"French is official, and Lingala, Kikongo, Swahili and Tshiluba are national languages used in different parts of a very large country. Lingala spread along the Congo river and, later, through music.","sources":["wd-COD","natural-earth","ref-Q3838","ref-Q150","ref-Q4734","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"COD-money","title":"Two currencies in one market","text":"The Congolese franc circulates alongside the United States dollar, which many people prefer for larger amounts. Two currencies at once is common where prices have risen steeply in the past.","sources":["wd-COD","natural-earth","ref-Q3838","ref-Q150","ref-Q4734","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"DNK","name":"Denmark","aliases":["Danmark","Denmark"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[9.018163,55.966965],"capitals":["Copenhagen"],"languages":["Danish"],"currencies":["Danish krone"],"landscape":"Find Denmark in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include North Sea, Baltic Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-DNK","natural-earth","ref-Q1748","ref-Q9035","ref-Q25417","ref-Q1693","ref-Q545"],"discoveries":[{"id":"DNK-languages","title":"Danish and its neighbours","text":"Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are close enough that speakers can usually read one another, though Danish is harder to follow by ear because so many sounds are softened. Faroese and Greenlandic are used elsewhere in the kingdom.","sources":["wd-DNK","natural-earth","ref-Q1748","ref-Q9035","ref-Q25417","ref-Q1693","ref-Q545"]},{"id":"DNK-money","title":"The krone, by choice","text":"Denmark uses the krone and has chosen not to adopt the euro, while holding the krone at a steady rate against it. Some Danish coins have a hole through the middle, which is unusual in Europe.","sources":["wd-DNK","natural-earth","ref-Q1748","ref-Q9035","ref-Q25417","ref-Q1693","ref-Q545"]}]},{"id":"DJI","name":"Djibouti","aliases":["Djibouti","Jabuuti","République de Djibouti","جمهورية جيبوتي"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[42.498825,11.976343],"capitals":["Djibouti"],"languages":["French","Arabic"],"currencies":["Djiboutian franc"],"landscape":"Find Djibouti in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-DJI","natural-earth","ref-Q3604","ref-Q150","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4594"],"discoveries":[{"id":"DJI-languages","title":"Four languages in a small country","text":"French and Arabic are official in Djibouti, while Somali and Afar are the languages most people speak at home. Its position between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden has long brought languages together here.","sources":["wd-DJI","natural-earth","ref-Q3604","ref-Q150","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4594"]},{"id":"DJI-money","title":"Fixed to the dollar","text":"Djibouti's franc is fixed to the United States dollar rather than to the euro, unlike most former French territories. Its port handles much of the trade for landlocked Ethiopia next door.","sources":["wd-DJI","natural-earth","ref-Q3604","ref-Q150","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4594"]}]},{"id":"DMA","name":"Dominica","aliases":["Commonwealth Dominica","Commonwealth of Dominica","Dominica"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-61.344958,15.458829],"capitals":["Roseau"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Eastern Caribbean dollar"],"landscape":"Find Dominica in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-DMA","natural-earth","ref-Q36281","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"],"discoveries":[{"id":"DMA-languages","title":"English with a French creole","text":"English is Dominica's official language, but the creole most widely spoken here, Kwéyòl, is based on French rather than English, because France governed the island before Britain did. Kalinago communities also live on the island.","sources":["wd-DMA","natural-earth","ref-Q36281","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]},{"id":"DMA-money","title":"The East Caribbean dollar","text":"Dominica uses the East Caribbean dollar, shared with seven other places. It is often confused with the Dominican Republic, which is a different country with a different currency.","sources":["wd-DMA","natural-earth","ref-Q36281","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]}]},{"id":"DOM","name":"Dominican Republic","aliases":["Dominican Republic","República Dominicana"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-70.653998,19.104137],"capitals":["Santo Domingo"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Dominican peso"],"landscape":"Find Dominican Republic in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-DOM","natural-earth","ref-Q34820","ref-Q1321","ref-Q242922"],"discoveries":[{"id":"DOM-languages","title":"Spanish on Hispaniola","text":"Spanish is the language of the Dominican Republic, which shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti, where Haitian Creole and French are used. One island, two countries, two sets of languages.","sources":["wd-DOM","natural-earth","ref-Q34820","ref-Q1321","ref-Q242922"]},{"id":"DOM-money","title":"A sign that looks familiar","text":"The Dominican peso is written with the same sign as the dollar, so a price can easily be misread by a visitor. Its notes show buildings and people from the country's history.","sources":["wd-DOM","natural-earth","ref-Q34820","ref-Q1321","ref-Q242922"]}]},{"id":"ECU","name":"Ecuador","aliases":["Ecuador","República del Ecuador"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-78.188375,-1.259076],"capitals":["Quito"],"languages":["Spanish","Northern Quichua","Shuar"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Ecuador in South America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ECU","natural-earth","ref-Q2900","ref-Q1321","ref-Q1740805","ref-Q617291","ref-Q4917"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ECU-languages","title":"Spanish, Kichwa and Shuar","text":"Spanish is official in Ecuador, with Kichwa and Shuar official for the peoples who speak them. Kichwa is the Ecuadorian form of Quechua and differs from the varieties used further south.","sources":["wd-ECU","natural-earth","ref-Q2900","ref-Q1321","ref-Q1740805","ref-Q617291","ref-Q4917"]},{"id":"ECU-money","title":"Giving up its own money","text":"Ecuador abandoned its own currency, the sucre, in 2000 and adopted the United States dollar, though it still mints its own coins. Using another country's money means giving up control over it.","sources":["wd-ECU","natural-earth","ref-Q2900","ref-Q1321","ref-Q1740805","ref-Q617291","ref-Q4917"]}]},{"id":"EGY","name":"Egypt","aliases":["Arab Republic of Egypt","Egypt","Mesir","Republik Arab Mesir","جُمهورِيّةُ مِصرَ العَرَبيّةِ","مصر"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","coordinate":[29.445837,26.186173],"capitals":["Cairo"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Egyptian pound"],"landscape":"Find Egypt in Northern Africa. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea, Nile, Red Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-EGY","natural-earth","ref-Q85","ref-Q13955","ref-Q199462","ref-Q4918","ref-Q3392","ref-Q23406"],"discoveries":[{"id":"EGY-languages","title":"Arabic heard everywhere","text":"Arabic is official, and Egyptian Arabic is understood across the Arabic-speaking world because so many films and songs have been made in it. Coptic, descended from the language of ancient Egypt, survives in church services.","sources":["wd-EGY","natural-earth","ref-Q85","ref-Q13955","ref-Q199462","ref-Q4918","ref-Q3392","ref-Q23406"]},{"id":"EGY-money","title":"A pound in piastres","text":"The Egyptian pound divides into a hundred piastres, and its notes carry Arabic on one side and English on the other, with a different picture on each face.","sources":["wd-EGY","natural-earth","ref-Q85","ref-Q13955","ref-Q199462","ref-Q4918","ref-Q3392","ref-Q23406"]}]},{"id":"SLV","name":"El Salvador","aliases":["El Salvador","República de El Salvador"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Central America","coordinate":[-88.890124,13.685371],"capitals":["San Salvador"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find El Salvador in Central America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SLV","natural-earth","ref-Q3110","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4917","ref-Q131723","check-SLV"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SLV-languages","title":"Spanish and Nawat","text":"Spanish is El Salvador's language. Nawat, related to Nahuatl in Mexico, has only a very small number of first-language speakers left, and classes have been set up to teach it to children again.","sources":["wd-SLV","natural-earth","ref-Q3110","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4917","ref-Q131723","check-SLV"]},{"id":"SLV-money","title":"Dollars, and a short experiment","text":"El Salvador replaced its colón with the United States dollar in 2001. In 2021 it became the first country to make bitcoin legal tender, then reversed course in 2025 under an agreement with the International Monetary Fund, so accepting it is now voluntary.","sources":["wd-SLV","natural-earth","ref-Q3110","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4917","ref-Q131723","check-SLV"]}]},{"id":"GNQ","name":"Equatorial Guinea","aliases":["Equatorial Guinea","República da Guiné Equatorial","República de Guinea Ecuatorial","République de Guinée équatoriale"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[8.9902,2.333],"capitals":["Ciudad de la Paz"],"languages":["Spanish","French","Portuguese"],"currencies":["Central African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Equatorial Guinea in Middle Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"Ciudad de la Paz was declared the capital in January 2026. Malabo is the former capital; this recent change is excluded from scored recall.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GNQ","natural-earth","ref-Q1140136","ref-Q1321","ref-Q150","ref-Q5146","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97","check-GNQ"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GNQ-languages","title":"Spanish in Africa","text":"Equatorial Guinea is the only African country with Spanish as an official language, alongside French and Portuguese. Fang and Bubi are widely spoken, and the country is split between a mainland area and several islands.","sources":["wd-GNQ","natural-earth","ref-Q1140136","ref-Q1321","ref-Q150","ref-Q5146","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97","check-GNQ"]},{"id":"GNQ-money","title":"The Central African franc","text":"It uses the Central African CFA franc. Its capital sits on an island rather than on the mainland part of the country, which very few countries do.","sources":["wd-GNQ","natural-earth","ref-Q1140136","ref-Q1321","ref-Q150","ref-Q5146","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97","check-GNQ"]}]},{"id":"ERI","name":"Eritrea","aliases":["Eritrea","إرترة","ኤርትራ"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[38.285566,15.787401],"capitals":["Asmara"],"languages":["Tigrinya","Arabic","English"],"currencies":["nakfa"],"landscape":"Find Eritrea in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ERI","natural-earth","ref-Q3642","ref-Q34124","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q171503"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ERI-languages","title":"Three working languages","text":"Eritrea has no single official language: Tigrinya, Arabic and English are all used in government, and nine languages are recognised, among them Tigre, Afar and Kunama. Tigrinya is written in Ethiopic script.","sources":["wd-ERI","natural-earth","ref-Q3642","ref-Q34124","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q171503"]},{"id":"ERI-money","title":"The nakfa","text":"The nakfa is named after a town in the mountains that mattered during the independence war. Eritrea became independent from Ethiopia in 1993 and introduced the currency in 1997.","sources":["wd-ERI","natural-earth","ref-Q3642","ref-Q34124","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q171503"]}]},{"id":"EST","name":"Estonia","aliases":["Eesti Vabariik","Estonia"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[25.867126,58.724865],"capitals":["Tallinn"],"languages":["Estonian"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Estonia in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Baltic Sea, Lake Peipus.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-EST","natural-earth","ref-Q1770","ref-Q9072","ref-Q545","ref-Q19253","check-EST"],"discoveries":[{"id":"EST-languages","title":"Not related to its neighbours","text":"Estonian is a Finno-Ugric language, related to Finnish and distantly to Hungarian, but not to Latvian, Lithuanian or Russian. It has fourteen noun cases, no future tense and no grammatical gender.","sources":["wd-EST","natural-earth","ref-Q1770","ref-Q9072","ref-Q545","ref-Q19253","check-EST"]},{"id":"EST-money","title":"From kroon to euro","text":"Estonia used the kroon after independence and adopted the euro in 2011. Its euro coins show an outline of the country itself rather than a person or a building.","sources":["wd-EST","natural-earth","ref-Q1770","ref-Q9072","ref-Q545","ref-Q19253","check-EST"]}]},{"id":"SWZ","name":"Eswatini","aliases":["Eswatini","Kingdom of eSwatini","Swaziland","Umbuso weSwatini"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","coordinate":[31.467264,-26.533676],"capitals":["Lobamba","Mbabane"],"languages":["English","Swazi"],"currencies":["lilangeni"],"landscape":"Find Eswatini in Southern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Mbabane is the administrative capital; Lobamba is the royal and legislative centre.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SWZ","natural-earth","ref-Q101418","ref-Q3904","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34014","ref-Q4823","check-SWZ"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SWZ-languages","title":"siSwati and English","text":"siSwati and English are both official in Eswatini. siSwati is a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, and the country changed its English name from Swaziland in 2018.","sources":["wd-SWZ","natural-earth","ref-Q101418","ref-Q3904","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34014","ref-Q4823","check-SWZ"]},{"id":"SWZ-money","title":"One value, two currencies","text":"The lilangeni is fixed one to one with the South African rand and rand are accepted here. Its plural is emalangeni, so the whole shape of the word changes rather than an s being added.","sources":["wd-SWZ","natural-earth","ref-Q101418","ref-Q3904","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34014","ref-Q4823","check-SWZ"]}]},{"id":"ETH","name":"Ethiopia","aliases":["Ethiopia","Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Repabliikii Itoophiyaa","Toophphiya Federaalle Dimokkiraatike Ripaabilike","ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ","አዲስ አበባ","የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[39.0886,8.032795],"capitals":["Addis Ababa"],"languages":["Amharic"],"currencies":["bir"],"landscape":"Ethiopia has high mountain areas and much lower land. The Simien Mountains are north of Addis Ababa. The Danakil area lies farther northeast and includes very low ground. A position map alone does not show height.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-ETH","natural-earth","ref-Q3624","ref-Q28244","ref-Q206243","wiki-ETH-0","wiki-ETH-1","voyage-ETH","institution-ETH"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A city label is one example","text":"Amharic is one of several languages used in Ethiopia and serves as a working language of the federal government, while Oromo has the largest number of speakers, and Tigrinya, Somali, Afar and many others are widely used. They are written in Ethiopic script, sometimes called fidäl, in which each character stands for a consonant together with a vowel. Knowing a script or one city name does not tell us which language each family uses.","question":"A city in Ethiopia is labelled in Ethiopic script. What does that label not tell us?","answer":"Which language the people there speak at home.","others":["That the label uses Ethiopic script.","That the script can be used for more than one language.","That the city's name has a written form."],"id":"ETH-culture-0","sources":["wiki-ETH-0","wiki-ETH-1","voyage-ETH","institution-ETH"]},{"title":"Time for guests","text":"Coffee plants grow wild in Ethiopia's highlands, and coffee has been part of life there for a very long time. In an Ethiopian coffee ceremony, hosts may wash and roast green beans in a pan, carry the aroma around the room, grind them, and brew the coffee in a clay pot called a jebena before pouring it from a height into small cups. Guests are often served several rounds, and incense, popcorn or other snacks may be shared alongside. Sharing time with guests matters as much as the drink. Practices differ among households and communities; related traditions also exist in Eritrea.","question":"The host roasts and grinds the beans while the guests are already there. What does that add?","answer":"Time spent together becomes part of the gathering.","others":["It makes the coffee cool down faster.","It shows every household uses one method.","It removes the need for a jebena."],"id":"ETH-culture-1","sources":["wiki-ETH-0","wiki-ETH-1","voyage-ETH","institution-ETH"]}]},{"id":"FLK","name":"Falkland Islands","aliases":["Falkland Islands","Falkland Islands / Malvinas","Islas Malvinas"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-58.738602,-51.608913],"capitals":["Stanley"],"languages":["British English"],"currencies":["Falkland Islands pound"],"landscape":"Find Falkland Islands in South America. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"The Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) are administered by the UK and claimed by Argentina. Sovereignty is not scored.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-FLK","natural-earth","ref-Q12245","ref-Q7979","ref-Q330044","ref-Q97","check-FLK"],"discoveries":[{"id":"FLK-languages","title":"English in the South Atlantic","text":"English is the language of the Falkland Islands. Sovereignty over the islands is disputed between the United Kingdom and Argentina, and this atlas does not settle that.","sources":["wd-FLK","natural-earth","ref-Q12245","ref-Q7979","ref-Q330044","ref-Q97","check-FLK"]},{"id":"FLK-money","title":"A pound that stays home","text":"The Falkland Islands pound is fixed equal to the British pound and both circulate here, but Falkland notes cannot be spent in Britain. The notes and coins show penguins, sheep and ships.","sources":["wd-FLK","natural-earth","ref-Q12245","ref-Q7979","ref-Q330044","ref-Q97","check-FLK"]}]},{"id":"FRO","name":"Faroe Islands","aliases":["Faeroe Islands","Faroe Islands","Føroyar"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[-7.058429,62.185604],"capitals":["Tórshavn"],"languages":["Faroese","Danish"],"currencies":["Faroese króna"],"landscape":"Find Faroe Islands in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Norwegian Sea.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-FRO","natural-earth","ref-Q10704","ref-Q25258","ref-Q9035","ref-Q191068","ref-Q47545"],"discoveries":[{"id":"FRO-languages","title":"Faroese","text":"Faroese is the language of the Faroe Islands and is closest to Icelandic: a written text is fairly clear to an Icelander, though the spoken language is not. Danish is also taught and used officially.","sources":["wd-FRO","natural-earth","ref-Q10704","ref-Q25258","ref-Q9035","ref-Q191068","ref-Q47545"]},{"id":"FRO-money","title":"Their notes, Danish coins","text":"The Faroes use the Danish krone but print banknotes of their own, showing close-up paintings of Faroese landscapes and animals. The coins are Danish, so a purse here holds both.","sources":["wd-FRO","natural-earth","ref-Q10704","ref-Q25258","ref-Q9035","ref-Q191068","ref-Q47545"]}]},{"id":"FSM","name":"Federated States of Micronesia","aliases":["Federated States of Micronesia","Mikronesia"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Micronesia","coordinate":[158.234019,6.887553],"capitals":["Palikir"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Federated States of Micronesia in Micronesia. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-FSM","natural-earth","ref-Q42751","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"],"discoveries":[{"id":"FSM-languages","title":"Many islands, many languages","text":"English is the official language of the Federated States of Micronesia, and each state has its own: Chuukese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean and Yapese are the main ones, and speakers of them cannot understand each other.","sources":["wd-FSM","natural-earth","ref-Q42751","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]},{"id":"FSM-money","title":"Dollars, and stone money","text":"The country uses the United States dollar. On Yap, very large carved stone discs are still recognised as valuable and change owners without being moved, because everyone knows which one belongs to whom.","sources":["wd-FSM","natural-earth","ref-Q42751","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]}]},{"id":"FJI","name":"Fiji","aliases":["Fidźi Ganaradźja","Fiji","Matanitu Tugalala o Viti","Republic of Fiji","Viti"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Melanesia","coordinate":[177.975427,-17.826099],"capitals":["Suva"],"languages":["English","Fijian","Fiji Hindi"],"currencies":["Fijian dollar"],"landscape":"Find Fiji in Melanesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-FJI","natural-earth","ref-Q38807","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33295","ref-Q46728","ref-Q4592"],"discoveries":[{"id":"FJI-languages","title":"Three official languages","text":"Fijian, Fiji Hindi and English are all official. Fiji Hindi grew from the speech of workers brought from India in the 1800s and has changed enough to count as its own variety. Rotuman is spoken on the island of Rotuma.","sources":["wd-FJI","natural-earth","ref-Q38807","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33295","ref-Q46728","ref-Q4592"]},{"id":"FJI-money","title":"Plants and animals on the money","text":"Fiji's dollar replaced a pound in 1969. Its notes and coins now show Fijian plants and animals, after the British monarch's portrait was taken off them in the 2010s.","sources":["wd-FJI","natural-earth","ref-Q38807","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33295","ref-Q46728","ref-Q4592"]}]},{"id":"FIN","name":"Finland","aliases":["Finland","Suomi"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[27.276449,63.252361],"capitals":["Helsinki"],"languages":["Finnish","Swedish"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Finland in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Baltic Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-FIN","natural-earth","ref-Q1757","ref-Q1412","ref-Q9027","ref-Q545","check-FIN"],"discoveries":[{"id":"FIN-languages","title":"Two national languages","text":"Finnish and Swedish are both national languages, and a town counts as officially bilingual if enough residents use the smaller one. Finnish is not related to Swedish at all; it belongs with Estonian and, distantly, Hungarian. Sámi languages are used in the north.","sources":["wd-FIN","natural-earth","ref-Q1757","ref-Q1412","ref-Q9027","ref-Q545","check-FIN"]},{"id":"FIN-money","title":"Coins nobody sees","text":"Finland is the only Nordic country using the euro. Shops round cash prices to the nearest five cents, so one- and two-cent coins are almost never handled here even though they legally exist.","sources":["wd-FIN","natural-earth","ref-Q1757","ref-Q1412","ref-Q9027","ref-Q545","check-FIN"]}]},{"id":"FRA","name":"France","aliases":["France","République française"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[2.552275,46.696113],"capitals":["Paris"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"The Seine passes through Paris and Rouen before reaching the English Channel near Le Havre. The numbered study points help us compare inland cities with a coastal location.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-FRA","natural-earth","ref-Q90","ref-Q150","ref-Q214393","ref-Q34640","ref-Q97","ref-Q1693","ref-Q4918","check-FRA","wiki-FRA-0","wiki-FRA-1","voyage-FRA","institution-FRA"],"discoveries":[{"title":"One spelling, different voices","text":"France is spelled alike in English and French, but the two languages say it differently: French uses nasal vowels that English does not have, and its r is made further back in the mouth. French is spoken in many countries beyond France, and inside France people also use regional languages including Breton, Occitan, Alsatian, Corsican and Basque. Reading a label is useful; it does not teach us every pronunciation or every language used in the country.","question":"France is spelled the same way in English and in French. What can still differ?","answer":"How the name is said aloud.","others":["Which country the name points to.","The letters used to write it.","Whether it can be printed on a map."],"id":"FRA-culture-0","sources":["wiki-FRA-0","wiki-FRA-1","voyage-FRA","institution-FRA"]},{"title":"A baker’s daily decisions","text":"A baguette is a long loaf associated with French baking, made from just flour, water, salt and yeast. Bakers work with dough, fermentation, shaping and baking time, and a slow rise gives more flavour than a fast one. Before baking, the baker slashes the top so the loaf can expand in a controlled way, and steam in the oven helps form the crisp crust. A French rule sets out what a traditional baguette may contain, and UNESCO has listed the craft and culture around it. Skills pass through practice and teaching. This bread is one part of a varied food culture, not everyone's entire meal.","question":"Two bakers follow the same baguette recipe and get different loaves. Which explanation fits?","answer":"Handling, fermentation and baking time can differ.","others":["A recipe decides the finished loaf completely.","Only the shape of the oven can matter.","Bread cannot vary once we know the country."],"id":"FRA-culture-1","sources":["wiki-FRA-0","wiki-FRA-1","voyage-FRA","institution-FRA"]}]},{"id":"PYF","name":"French Polynesia","aliases":["French Polynesia","Polynésie française","Pōrīnetia Farāni"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[-149.46157,-17.628081],"capitals":["Papeete"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["CFP Franc"],"landscape":"Find French Polynesia in Polynesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PYF","natural-earth","ref-Q130800","ref-Q150","ref-Q214393"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PYF-languages","title":"French and Tahitian","text":"French is official in French Polynesia, and Tahitian is widely spoken and taught, along with Marquesan, Paumotu and Austral languages. Tahitian is Polynesian, related to Māori and Hawaiian.","sources":["wd-PYF","natural-earth","ref-Q130800","ref-Q150","ref-Q214393"]},{"id":"PYF-money","title":"The Pacific franc","text":"French Polynesia uses the CFP franc, shared with New Caledonia and with Wallis and Futuna. Its islands are scattered across an area of ocean roughly the size of Europe.","sources":["wd-PYF","natural-earth","ref-Q130800","ref-Q150","ref-Q214393"]}]},{"id":"ATF","name":"French Southern and Antarctic Lands","aliases":["French Southern and Antarctic Lands","Terres australes et antarctiques françaises"],"region":"Antarctica","subregion":"Seven seas (open ocean)","coordinate":[69.122136,-49.303721],"capitals":["Port-aux-Français"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find French Southern and Antarctic Lands in Seven seas (open ocean). Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ATF","natural-earth","ref-Q839559","ref-Q150","check-ATF"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ATF-languages","title":"French at the far south","text":"French is the working language of these scattered southern islands, which have no permanent population. The people there are scientists, support staff and officials who stay for a season or a year at a time.","sources":["wd-ATF","natural-earth","ref-Q839559","ref-Q150","check-ATF"]},{"id":"ATF-money","title":"Money where there is little to buy","text":"The euro is used at the research bases, though there is very little for sale. Supplies arrive by ship only a few times a year, so most things are ordered many months in advance.","sources":["wd-ATF","natural-earth","ref-Q839559","ref-Q150","check-ATF"]}]},{"id":"GAB","name":"Gabon","aliases":["Gabon","République gabonaise"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[11.835939,-0.437739],"capitals":["Libreville"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["Central African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Gabon in Middle Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GAB","natural-earth","ref-Q3825","ref-Q150","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GAB-languages","title":"French for nearly everyone","text":"French is Gabon's official language and, unusually in Africa, most of the population uses it day to day. Fang, Myene and Punu are among the languages spoken at home.","sources":["wd-GAB","natural-earth","ref-Q3825","ref-Q150","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"GAB-money","title":"The Central African franc","text":"Gabon uses the Central African CFA franc, shared with five neighbours. Most of the country is forest, and much of its income comes from oil and timber rather than farming.","sources":["wd-GAB","natural-earth","ref-Q3825","ref-Q150","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"GEO","name":"Georgia","aliases":["Georgia","საქართველო"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[43.735724,41.870087],"capitals":["Tbilisi"],"languages":["Georgian"],"currencies":["Georgian lari"],"landscape":"Find Georgia in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GEO","natural-earth","ref-Q994","ref-Q8108","ref-Q4608"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GEO-languages","title":"An alphabet of its own","text":"Georgian is written in an alphabet used for no other language except a few close relatives, with rounded letters and no capitals at all. Georgian is not related to Russian, Turkish or Persian; it belongs to a small family found only in the Caucasus.","sources":["wd-GEO","natural-earth","ref-Q994","ref-Q8108","ref-Q4608"]},{"id":"GEO-money","title":"The lari","text":"The lari has its own currency sign, based on a Georgian letter, and was introduced in 1995 after a period when prices rose very steeply.","sources":["wd-GEO","natural-earth","ref-Q994","ref-Q8108","ref-Q4608"]}]},{"id":"DEU","name":"Germany","aliases":["Bundesrepublik Deutschland","Deutschland","Germany"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[9.678348,50.961733],"capitals":["Berlin"],"languages":["German"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"The Rhine connects several European countries. Mainz, Koblenz, and Cologne are German cities beside it. From Mainz the river travels generally north toward Cologne, with many bends between.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-DEU","natural-earth","ref-Q64","ref-Q188","ref-Q545","ref-Q1693","check-DEU","wiki-DEU-0","wiki-DEU-1","voyage-DEU","institution-DEU"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Country, city, river","text":"Deutschland names a country, Mainz names a city, and Rhine names a river. The Rhine rises in the Swiss Alps and flows north to the North Sea through the Netherlands, and Mainz stands where the River Main joins it. Berlin, further east, is Germany's capital. Maps often use different type styles for these different kinds of feature, so sorting labels by feature type helps us understand a map even before we know all its names.","question":"A map shows Deutschland, Mainz and Rhine close together. How do the three labels relate?","answer":"A country, a city in it, and a river.","others":["Three cities of different sizes.","Three names for the same country.","A country and two of its neighbours."],"id":"DEU-culture-0","sources":["wiki-DEU-0","wiki-DEU-1","voyage-DEU","institution-DEU"]},{"title":"Letters you can rearrange","text":"Printing workshops associated with Gutenberg in Mainz, around the 1450s, used separate pieces of metal type to build lines of text, along with oily ink and a screw press. After printing, the pieces could be sorted and used again for a completely different page. Movable type had been invented earlier in East Asia, with ceramic type in China and metal type in Korea. Mainz's Gutenberg Museum explores this work alongside the broader history of printing in different cultures.","question":"Why could a printing workshop set a brand new page without making new letters?","answer":"The separate pieces of type could be rearranged.","others":["Each page was carved as one single block.","The letters were added by hand after printing.","Every page printed used the same words."],"id":"DEU-culture-1","sources":["wiki-DEU-0","wiki-DEU-1","voyage-DEU","institution-DEU"]}]},{"id":"GHA","name":"Ghana","aliases":["Gaana","Gana","Ghana"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-1.036941,7.717639],"capitals":["Accra"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Ghana cedi"],"landscape":"Find Ghana in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GHA","natural-earth","ref-Q3761","ref-Q1860","ref-Q183530","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GHA-languages","title":"English and eleven more","text":"English is Ghana's official language, and around eleven languages are supported by the government for schooling and broadcasting, among them Akan, Ewe, Ga and Dagbani. Akan has the most speakers.","sources":["wd-GHA","natural-earth","ref-Q3761","ref-Q1860","ref-Q183530","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"GHA-money","title":"Named after a shell","text":"The cedi takes its name from a word for the cowrie shell, which was used as money along this coast for centuries before coins arrived. The name records what came before it.","sources":["wd-GHA","natural-earth","ref-Q3761","ref-Q1860","ref-Q183530","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"GRC","name":"Greece","aliases":["Greece","Ελλάδα","Ελλάς","Ελληνική Δημοκρατία"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[21.72568,39.492763],"capitals":["Athens"],"languages":["Greek"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Greece in Southern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GRC","natural-earth","ref-Q1524","ref-Q9129","ref-Q4918","check-GRC"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GRC-languages","title":"A very long written record","text":"Greek has been written for more than three thousand years, longer than any other European language still in use, and its alphabet was the first to give vowels letters of their own. Modern Greek descends directly from it.","sources":["wd-GRC","natural-earth","ref-Q1524","ref-Q9129","ref-Q4918","check-GRC"]},{"id":"GRC-money","title":"From drachma to euro","text":"Greece used the drachma, a name going back to ancient coins, until the euro replaced it in 2002. Greek euro coins are the only ones with the country's name written in Greek letters.","sources":["wd-GRC","natural-earth","ref-Q1524","ref-Q9129","ref-Q4918","check-GRC"]}]},{"id":"GRL","name":"Greenland","aliases":["Greenland","Grønland","Kalaallit Nunaat"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Northern America","coordinate":[-39.335251,74.319387],"capitals":["Nuuk"],"languages":["Greenlandic"],"currencies":["Danish krone"],"landscape":"Find Greenland in Northern America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GRL","natural-earth","ref-Q226","ref-Q25355","ref-Q25417"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GRL-languages","title":"One word can be a sentence","text":"Greenlandic, or Kalaallisut, is the official language, and it builds very long words by stacking endings together, so a single word can carry what English needs a whole sentence for. Danish is also widely used.","sources":["wd-GRL","natural-earth","ref-Q226","ref-Q25355","ref-Q25417"]},{"id":"GRL-money","title":"Danish money, distant prices","text":"Greenland uses the Danish krone. Almost everything in the shops arrives by ship or plane, so prices are higher than in Denmark and depend on when the supply boat can get through.","sources":["wd-GRL","natural-earth","ref-Q226","ref-Q25355","ref-Q25417"]}]},{"id":"GRD","name":"Grenada","aliases":["Grenada","State of Grenada"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-61.680461,12.113156],"capitals":["St. George's"],"languages":["English","Grenadian Creole English"],"currencies":["Eastern Caribbean dollar"],"landscape":"Find Grenada in Caribbean. Water features linked to this place include Caribbean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GRD","natural-earth","ref-Q41547","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4252500","ref-Q26365","ref-Q1247"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GRD-languages","title":"English with a French creole","text":"English is official in Grenada, and older people still use a French-based creole left from a period of French rule before the British. Place names on the island come from both languages.","sources":["wd-GRD","natural-earth","ref-Q41547","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4252500","ref-Q26365","ref-Q1247"]},{"id":"GRD-money","title":"The East Caribbean dollar","text":"Grenada uses the East Caribbean dollar. The island grows so much nutmeg that a nutmeg appears on its national flag.","sources":["wd-GRD","natural-earth","ref-Q41547","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4252500","ref-Q26365","ref-Q1247"]}]},{"id":"GUM","name":"Guam","aliases":["Guam","Guåhan"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Micronesia","coordinate":[144.703614,13.354173],"capitals":["Hagåtña"],"languages":["English","Chamorro"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Guam in Micronesia. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GUM","natural-earth","ref-Q30988","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33262","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GUM-languages","title":"Chamorro and English","text":"English and Chamorro are both official on Guam. Chamorro is an Austronesian language, related to those of the Philippines and Indonesia, and schools now teach it to bring back speakers.","sources":["wd-GUM","natural-earth","ref-Q30988","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33262","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]},{"id":"GUM-money","title":"Dollars far from America","text":"Guam uses the United States dollar, being a United States territory, although it lies far closer to the Philippines than to America and sits a day ahead in the calendar.","sources":["wd-GUM","natural-earth","ref-Q30988","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33262","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]}]},{"id":"GTM","name":"Guatemala","aliases":["Guatemala","República de Guatemala"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Central America","coordinate":[-90.497134,14.982133],"capitals":["Guatemala City"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["quetzal"],"landscape":"Find Guatemala in Central America. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Honduras.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GTM","natural-earth","ref-Q1555","ref-Q1321","ref-Q207396","ref-Q98","ref-Q1247","ref-Q795608"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GTM-languages","title":"Spanish and twenty-two Mayan languages","text":"Spanish is official, and twenty-two Mayan languages are recognised, along with Xinca and Garifuna. K'iche', Q'eqchi' and Kaqchikel have the most speakers, and in some highland towns a Mayan language is what people use all day.","sources":["wd-GTM","natural-earth","ref-Q1555","ref-Q1321","ref-Q207396","ref-Q98","ref-Q1247","ref-Q795608"]},{"id":"GTM-money","title":"Money named after a bird","text":"The quetzal is named after a bird with long green tail feathers, which were traded as valuables long before coins existed here. The bird appears on the flag as well as on the money.","sources":["wd-GTM","natural-earth","ref-Q1555","ref-Q1321","ref-Q207396","ref-Q98","ref-Q1247","ref-Q795608"]}]},{"id":"GGY","name":"Guernsey","aliases":["Guernsey"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[-2.561736,49.463533],"capitals":["Saint Peter Port"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["pound sterling","Guernsey pound"],"landscape":"Find Guernsey in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include English Channel.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GGY","natural-earth","ref-Q174262","ref-Q1860","ref-Q25224","ref-Q255792","ref-Q34640"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GGY-languages","title":"English and Guernésiais","text":"English is the everyday language of Guernsey. Guernésiais, a Norman French variety, is still spoken by a small number of older people and is taught to keep it going. French was official here until the twentieth century.","sources":["wd-GGY","natural-earth","ref-Q174262","ref-Q1860","ref-Q25224","ref-Q255792","ref-Q34640"]},{"id":"GGY-money","title":"A pound beside a pound","text":"Guernsey issues its own pound, equal to the British one, and British money circulates freely. Guernsey notes are not legal tender in Britain, so travellers spend them before they leave.","sources":["wd-GGY","natural-earth","ref-Q174262","ref-Q1860","ref-Q25224","ref-Q255792","ref-Q34640"]}]},{"id":"GIN","name":"Guinea","aliases":["Guinea","République de Guinée"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-10.016402,10.618516],"capitals":["Conakry"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["Guinean franc"],"landscape":"Find Guinea in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GIN","natural-earth","ref-Q3733","ref-Q150","ref-Q1339026","ref-Q213311","ref-Q97","check-GIN"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GIN-languages","title":"An alphabet made for Manding","text":"French is Guinea's official language, while Maninka, Susu and Pular are the most widely spoken. N'Ko, an alphabet created in 1949 to write Manding languages in their own script, is used here and in neighbouring countries.","sources":["wd-GIN","natural-earth","ref-Q3733","ref-Q150","ref-Q1339026","ref-Q213311","ref-Q97","check-GIN"]},{"id":"GIN-money","title":"Its own franc","text":"Guinea uses a franc of its own rather than the CFA franc used by several neighbours, having left that arrangement after independence. It is one of the few currencies in the region not fixed to the euro.","sources":["wd-GIN","natural-earth","ref-Q3733","ref-Q150","ref-Q1339026","ref-Q213311","ref-Q97","check-GIN"]}]},{"id":"GNB","name":"Guinea-Bissau","aliases":["Guinea-Bissau","República da Guiné-Bissau"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-14.52413,12.163712],"capitals":["Bissau"],"languages":["Portuguese"],"currencies":["West African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Guinea-Bissau in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GNB","natural-earth","ref-Q3739","ref-Q5146","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GNB-languages","title":"Portuguese and Kriol","text":"Portuguese is the official language, but Guinea-Bissau Creole is what most people actually use between communities. Balanta, Fula and Mandinka are also widely spoken.","sources":["wd-GNB","natural-earth","ref-Q3739","ref-Q5146","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"GNB-money","title":"Joining a currency later","text":"Guinea-Bissau uses the West African CFA franc, which it adopted in 1997 after having a peso of its own. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in that currency zone.","sources":["wd-GNB","natural-earth","ref-Q3739","ref-Q5146","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"GUY","name":"Guyana","aliases":["Co-operative Republic of Guyana","Guyana"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-58.942643,5.124317],"capitals":["Georgetown"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Guyanese dollar"],"landscape":"Find Guyana in South America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GUY","natural-earth","ref-Q10717","ref-Q1860","ref-Q213005"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GUY-languages","title":"English in South America","text":"Guyana is the only South American country with English as its official language. Guyanese Creole is widely spoken, along with Indian languages, Indigenous languages such as Wapishana, and Dutch place names left from earlier rule.","sources":["wd-GUY","natural-earth","ref-Q10717","ref-Q1860","ref-Q213005"]},{"id":"GUY-money","title":"A dollar sign that misleads","text":"The Guyanese dollar uses a dollar sign but is worth far less than the American one, so prices carry several zeros. Guyana was Dutch before it was British, which is why its counties have Dutch names.","sources":["wd-GUY","natural-earth","ref-Q10717","ref-Q1860","ref-Q213005"]}]},{"id":"HTI","name":"Haiti","aliases":["Ayiti","Haiti"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-72.224051,19.263784],"capitals":["Port-au-Prince"],"languages":["French","Haitian Creole"],"currencies":["gourde"],"landscape":"Find Haiti in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-HTI","natural-earth","ref-Q34261","ref-Q150","ref-Q33491","ref-Q203955"],"discoveries":[{"id":"HTI-languages","title":"Creole for everyone, French for some","text":"Haitian Creole and French are both official, but Creole is what nearly everyone speaks, while French is used by a smaller number in writing and government. Creole grew from French and West African languages and has its own spelling and grammar.","sources":["wd-HTI","natural-earth","ref-Q34261","ref-Q150","ref-Q33491","ref-Q203955"]},{"id":"HTI-money","title":"Counting in money that does not exist","text":"Haiti's currency is the gourde, but people often quote prices in Haitian dollars, a way of counting worth five gourdes each. No such note or coin has ever been printed; the unit exists only in speech.","sources":["wd-HTI","natural-earth","ref-Q34261","ref-Q150","ref-Q33491","ref-Q203955"]}]},{"id":"HMD","name":"Heard Island and McDonald Islands","aliases":["Heard I. and McDonald Islands","Heard Island and McDonald Islands"],"region":"Antarctica","subregion":"Seven seas (open ocean)","coordinate":[73.50521,-53.103462],"capitals":[],"languages":["English"],"currencies":[],"landscape":"Find Heard Island and McDonald Islands in Seven seas (open ocean). Water features linked to this place include Indian Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-HMD","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1239"],"discoveries":[{"id":"HMD-languages","title":"Nobody lives here","text":"Heard Island and the McDonald Islands are uninhabited Australian territory in the far southern Indian Ocean, so no language is spoken there. Visits are rare and closely controlled, and the islands hold Australia's only active volcano.","sources":["wd-HMD","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1239"]},{"id":"HMD-perspectives","title":"More than a map label","text":"A map can show land and water, but it cannot show every story connected to a place. Names and boundaries can change. Ask who made a map, when they made it, and which details they chose to include.","sources":["map-skills","natural-earth"]}]},{"id":"HND","name":"Honduras","aliases":["Honduras","República de Honduras"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Central America","coordinate":[-86.887604,14.794801],"capitals":["Tegucigalpa"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Honduran lempira"],"landscape":"Find Honduras in Central America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-HND","natural-earth","ref-Q3238","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4719"],"discoveries":[{"id":"HND-languages","title":"Spanish and Garifuna","text":"Spanish is Honduras's official language, and Garifuna, Miskito and Lenca are spoken by communities, mainly along the Caribbean coast. An English creole is used on the Bay Islands.","sources":["wd-HND","natural-earth","ref-Q3238","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4719"]},{"id":"HND-money","title":"Named after a leader","text":"The lempira is named after an Indigenous leader who resisted Spanish conquest in the 1530s. Naming the money after someone who fought the colonisers was a deliberate choice.","sources":["wd-HND","natural-earth","ref-Q3238","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4719"]}]},{"id":"HKG","name":"Hong Kong","aliases":["Hong Kong","香港"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","coordinate":[114.097769,22.448829],"capitals":["Hong Kong (special administrative region)"],"languages":["Cantonese","English"],"currencies":["Hong Kong dollar"],"landscape":"Find Hong Kong in Eastern Asia. Water features linked to this place include Shing Mun River, South China Sea.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-HKG","natural-earth","ref-Q727694","ref-Q31015","ref-Q15274","ref-Q37660","check-HKG"],"discoveries":[{"id":"HKG-languages","title":"Cantonese, Mandarin, English","text":"Chinese and English are both official in Hong Kong, and the Chinese normally spoken here is Cantonese rather than Mandarin. Traditional characters are used in writing, and many residents use all three languages in a single week.","sources":["wd-HKG","natural-earth","ref-Q727694","ref-Q31015","ref-Q15274","ref-Q37660","check-HKG"]},{"id":"HKG-money","title":"Three banks, three designs","text":"Hong Kong is unusual in letting three commercial banks issue banknotes, so notes of the same value can look completely different from one another. The dollar is held within a narrow range against the United States dollar.","sources":["wd-HKG","natural-earth","ref-Q727694","ref-Q31015","ref-Q15274","ref-Q37660","check-HKG"]}]},{"id":"HUN","name":"Hungary","aliases":["Hungary","Magyarország"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[19.447867,47.086841],"capitals":["Budapest"],"languages":["Hungarian"],"currencies":["forint"],"landscape":"Find Hungary in Eastern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Neusiedl Lake, Danube, Ipoly.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-HUN","natural-earth","ref-Q1781","ref-Q9067","ref-Q47190","ref-Q6396","ref-Q1653","ref-Q748872","ref-Q134350","ref-Q171009","ref-Q6383","ref-Q182138"],"discoveries":[{"id":"HUN-languages","title":"Not related to its neighbours","text":"Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language, distantly related to Finnish and Estonian and not at all to German, Slovak or Romanian around it. It has around eighteen noun cases and stresses the first syllable of every word.","sources":["wd-HUN","natural-earth","ref-Q1781","ref-Q9067","ref-Q47190","ref-Q6396","ref-Q1653","ref-Q748872","ref-Q134350","ref-Q171009","ref-Q6383","ref-Q182138"]},{"id":"HUN-money","title":"The forint","text":"The forint is named after the florin, a gold coin from Florence used across medieval Europe. Hungary uses it rather than the euro, though it is in the European Union.","sources":["wd-HUN","natural-earth","ref-Q1781","ref-Q9067","ref-Q47190","ref-Q6396","ref-Q1653","ref-Q748872","ref-Q134350","ref-Q171009","ref-Q6383","ref-Q182138"]}]},{"id":"ISL","name":"Iceland","aliases":["Iceland","Ísland"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[-18.673711,64.779286],"capitals":["Reykjavík"],"languages":["Icelandic"],"currencies":["Icelandic króna"],"landscape":"Find Iceland in Northern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ISL","natural-earth","ref-Q1764","ref-Q294","ref-Q131473"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ISL-languages","title":"Making new words on purpose","text":"Icelandic has changed so little that speakers can read texts written eight hundred years ago. Rather than borrow foreign words, Icelanders often build new ones from old roots: the word for computer joins the words for number and prophetess.","sources":["wd-ISL","natural-earth","ref-Q1764","ref-Q294","ref-Q131473"]},{"id":"ISL-money","title":"The króna","text":"Iceland uses its own króna. It stopped minting the smallest coins because they were worth too little to be worth handling, so prices are rounded to whole krónur.","sources":["wd-ISL","natural-earth","ref-Q1764","ref-Q294","ref-Q131473"]}]},{"id":"IND","name":"India","aliases":["India","بھارت","ہندوستان","भारत","ভারত","இந்தியா","ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠤꠀ"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[79.358105,22.686852],"capitals":["New Delhi"],"languages":["Hindi","English"],"currencies":["Indian rupee"],"landscape":"India includes Himalayan mountains in the north, river plains, plateaus, and long coasts facing the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-IND","natural-earth","ref-Q987","ref-Q1568","ref-Q1860","ref-Q80524","ref-Q58705","ref-Q38684","ref-Q1239","wiki-IND-0","wiki-IND-1","voyage-IND"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Many languages in public life","text":"Hindi and English are used by India's Union government, and the Constitution also lists 22 scheduled languages. States and communities use many others, including Tamil, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada and Punjabi, and several states were formed around the language most spoken there. Writing systems differ too, among them Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil and Gurmukhi. Many people use three or more languages in a single day, so a national language list cannot tell us what every child speaks at home.","question":"Why is a list of India's Union government languages not a list of home languages?","answer":"States and communities use many other languages.","others":["Government languages are never spoken at home.","India uses only one writing system.","Every state uses the same two languages."],"id":"IND-culture-0","sources":["wiki-IND-0","wiki-IND-1","voyage-IND"]},{"title":"Railways link everyday journeys","text":"India's railway network is one of the largest in the world, begun in the 1850s and now carrying millions of passengers and large amounts of freight every day. A map can show stations, junctions and which lines connect, but it does not tell us how long a journey takes, how full a train will be, or why a line was built where it is. Cities, villages and different landscapes offer many ways of travelling, and a railway map does not mean that every person travels by train.","question":"A railway map shows stations and lines. Which question can it actually answer?","answer":"Which stations lie along one route.","others":["How long each journey takes.","How crowded each train will be.","Why the line was built where it is."],"id":"IND-culture-1","sources":["wiki-IND-0","wiki-IND-1","voyage-IND"]}]},{"id":"IDN","name":"Indonesia","aliases":["Indonesia","Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia","Republic of Indonesia","Republik Indonesia","Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[101.892949,-0.954404],"capitals":["Jakarta"],"languages":["Indonesian"],"currencies":["rupiah"],"landscape":"Indonesia stretches across many islands. Sumatra lies west of Java, and Sulawesi is northeast of Java. The markers show example locations on these islands; they do not show a ferry route.","note":"Jakarta remains the capital in this reviewed snapshot. Indonesia is developing Nusantara as a new capital; this changing fact is excluded from scored recall.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-IDN","natural-earth","ref-Q3630","ref-Q9240","ref-Q41588","ref-Q1239","ref-Q98","ref-Q37660","ref-Q19270","ref-Q128880","check-IDN","wiki-IDN-0","wiki-IDN-1","voyage-IDN","institution-IDN"],"discoveries":[{"title":"An island is not a country","text":"Java is only part of Indonesia, a country made of thousands of islands including Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and the Indonesian part of New Guinea. Java holds more people than any other island in the world, which is one reason it appears so often in reports. More than 700 languages are used across the country, such as Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese, alongside Indonesian, a form of Malay adopted as a shared national language. One island cannot tell us everything about the country.","question":"A report about Java is offered as a report about Indonesia. What is the problem?","answer":"Java is one island in a country of many.","others":["Java is not part of Indonesia at all.","Indonesia has no shared national language.","An island can never be studied on its own."],"id":"IDN-culture-0","sources":["wiki-IDN-0","wiki-IDN-1","voyage-IDN","institution-IDN"]},{"title":"Patterns protected by wax","text":"In Javanese batik workshops, makers draw hot wax onto cloth with a small spouted tool called a canting, or stamp it on with a copper cap. The wax protects those areas from the next dye, so cloth is usually dyed from the lightest colour to the darkest, with more wax added between dips. At the end the wax is boiled or scraped away to reveal the pattern. Motifs such as parang and kawung carry meanings, and designs vary by maker and community.","question":"A batik maker waxes an area, dyes the cloth, waxes more, then dyes again. Why repeat?","answer":"Each round adds another colour to chosen areas.","others":["The wax must come off before any dye is used.","Repeating makes the cloth thicker rather than patterned.","The second dye replaces the first one everywhere."],"id":"IDN-culture-1","sources":["wiki-IDN-0","wiki-IDN-1","voyage-IDN","institution-IDN"]}]},{"id":"IRN","name":"Iran","aliases":["Iran","ایران"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[54.931495,32.166225],"capitals":["Tehran"],"languages":["Persian"],"currencies":["Iranian rial"],"landscape":"Iran includes mountain ranges and dry inland regions. Mount Damavand stands northeast of Tehran, while Yazd lies farther south in the dry interior. These markers show position, not a relief map of mountain heights.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-IRN","natural-earth","ref-Q3616","ref-Q9168","ref-Q188608","ref-Q5484","ref-Q34675","ref-Q79948","wiki-IRN-0","wiki-IRN-1","voyage-IRN","institution-IRN"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Read names in context","text":"Iran is the current English country name; the government asked other countries to use it in 1935. Historical uses of Persia have their own context and did not always cover the same area. Persian, also called Farsi, is the country's official language and is written in a form of the Arabic script, but Persian is also a language name rather than a country name. Communities in Iran use other languages too, including Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Balochi and Arabic.","question":"An old map is labelled Persia. What should a reader do first?","answer":"Check the map's date and what it covered.","others":["Assume it shows exactly today's Iran.","Assume Persia named a language, not a place.","Assume everyone shown there used one language."],"id":"IRN-culture-0","sources":["wiki-IRN-0","wiki-IRN-1","voyage-IRN","institution-IRN"]},{"title":"Water below the ground","text":"A qanat brings groundwater along a gently sloping underground channel toward a lower outlet, so gravity moves the water with no pump at all. Diggers sink a mother well where the water table is high, usually near hills, then cut a tunnel toward the fields, adding vertical shafts along the way for air and for lifting out soil. Some qanats run for many kilometres and have been in use for centuries. In Iranian communities using qanats, people share knowledge about maintenance and about how the water is divided. Related systems exist elsewhere under names such as karez, falaj and foggara.","question":"A qanat has no pump anywhere along it. What moves the water?","answer":"The channel's gentle downward slope.","others":["Wind pushing along the tunnel.","Rain falling straight into the outlet.","Water rising toward the drier ground."],"id":"IRN-culture-1","sources":["wiki-IRN-0","wiki-IRN-1","voyage-IRN","institution-IRN"]}]},{"id":"IRQ","name":"Iraq","aliases":["Iraq","Republic of Iraq","Republik Iraq","العراق","جمهورية العراق"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[43.26181,33.09403],"capitals":["Baghdad"],"languages":["Arabic","Kurdish"],"currencies":["Iraqi dinar"],"landscape":"Find Iraq in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-IRQ","natural-earth","ref-Q1530","ref-Q13955","ref-Q36368","ref-Q193094"],"discoveries":[{"id":"IRQ-languages","title":"Arabic and Kurdish","text":"Arabic and Kurdish are both official in Iraq. Kurdish is an Indo-European language, unrelated to Arabic, and it is written here in a form of Arabic script. Turkmen and Syriac are also recognised.","sources":["wd-IRQ","natural-earth","ref-Q1530","ref-Q13955","ref-Q36368","ref-Q193094"]},{"id":"IRQ-money","title":"The dinar","text":"The Iraqi dinar is issued in large denominations, so an ordinary purchase can involve notes in the thousands. Its banknotes carry both Arabic and Kurdish.","sources":["wd-IRQ","natural-earth","ref-Q1530","ref-Q13955","ref-Q36368","ref-Q193094"]}]},{"id":"IMN","name":"Isle of Man","aliases":["Isle of Man","Mannin"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[-4.530069,54.220833],"capitals":["Douglas"],"languages":["English","Manx"],"currencies":["Manx pound"],"landscape":"Find Isle of Man in Northern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-IMN","natural-earth","ref-Q18569","ref-Q1860","ref-Q12175","ref-Q27614"],"discoveries":[{"id":"IMN-languages","title":"A language brought back","text":"English is the everyday language of the Isle of Man. Manx, a Celtic language related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic, lost its last first-language speakers in the twentieth century and has since been revived, with a primary school now teaching through it.","sources":["wd-IMN","natural-earth","ref-Q18569","ref-Q1860","ref-Q12175","ref-Q27614"]},{"id":"IMN-money","title":"Its own pound","text":"The Isle of Man issues a pound at par with the British one, and British money is accepted, though Manx notes cannot be spent in Britain. Its coins have carried cats, motorcycles and Viking ships.","sources":["wd-IMN","natural-earth","ref-Q18569","ref-Q1860","ref-Q12175","ref-Q27614"]}]},{"id":"ISR","name":"Israel","aliases":["Israel","ישראל","מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל","دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[34.847915,30.911148],"capitals":["Jerusalem"],"languages":["Hebrew"],"currencies":["new shekel"],"landscape":"Haifa and Tel Aviv–Yafo lie on the Mediterranean coast. Beersheba is farther south, inland in the Negev region. Our markers compare these city locations; the map is not a current travel guide.","note":"Jerusalem is Israel’s seat of government and claimed capital. Its status is internationally disputed. Capital claims here are not used in scored questions.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-ISR","natural-earth","ref-Q1218","ref-Q9288","ref-Q131309","ref-Q748696","ref-Q126982","ref-Q23883","ref-Q81611","ref-Q40059","ref-Q4918","check-ISR","wiki-ISR-0","wiki-ISR-1","voyage-ISR","institution-ISR"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Writing has a direction","text":"Hebrew and Arabic are different languages with different scripts, though both belong to the Semitic family and both are generally written from right to left. Each mainly writes consonants, with small marks available to show vowels when needed, and numbers in both are written left to right. People in Israel also use other languages, including English, Russian and Amharic. Knowing a script does not tell us a person's beliefs or background.","question":"Hebrew and Arabic labels are both read right to left. What does that shared feature show?","answer":"Different languages can share a reading direction.","others":["The two languages use the same letters.","The two labels must mean the same word.","Reading direction reveals a person's background."],"id":"ISR-culture-0","sources":["wiki-ISR-0","wiki-ISR-1","voyage-ISR","institution-ISR"]},{"title":"A library with many voices","text":"The National Library of Israel holds Hebrew and Arabic literature among its collections, along with manuscripts, printed books, maps, photographs and sound recordings. Keeping older editions lets readers compare how a text changed over time, and keeping several languages means more than one community's experiences stay available to learn from. Readers and writers can explore that older work and create new stories from it.","question":"Why might a library keep collections in more than one language?","answer":"Different communities' writing stays available to readers.","others":["Translations make the originals unnecessary.","One language's books can explain all the others.","Books in a second language take up less shelf space."],"id":"ISR-culture-1","sources":["wiki-ISR-0","wiki-ISR-1","voyage-ISR","institution-ISR"]}]},{"id":"ITA","name":"Italy","aliases":["Italia","Italy","Repubblica Italiana"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[11.076907,44.732482],"capitals":["Rome"],"languages":["Italian"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Italy's peninsula extends into the Mediterranean. The Alps lie in the north; Sicily and Sardinia are large islands.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-ITA","natural-earth","ref-Q220","ref-Q652","ref-Q13924","ref-Q38882","ref-Q37495","ref-Q42820","ref-Q4918","check-ITA","wiki-ITA-0","wiki-ITA-1","voyage-ITA"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A city connected by water","text":"Venice's historic centre spreads across more than a hundred small islands in a lagoon, with buildings standing on wooden piles driven deep into the mud. Bridges connect walking routes, and public water buses called vaporetti carry passengers along the canals, with the Grand Canal curving through the middle. When unusually high tides bring acqua alta, the lowest squares flood. The shape of the place influences how people get around.","question":"In historic Venice, water buses do work that road buses do elsewhere. Why?","answer":"The old centre is split across islands by water.","others":["Venice was built without any bridges.","The lagoon is too shallow for boats.","Italy has no roads outside its cities."],"id":"ITA-culture-0","sources":["wiki-ITA-0","wiki-ITA-1","voyage-ITA"]},{"title":"Look beyond one city","text":"Italy includes Alpine mountains in the north, the Apennines running down a long peninsula, and large islands such as Sicily and Sardinia. It has twenty regions, five of which hold special powers, and regional languages including Sardinian, Friulian, Neapolitan and Sicilian are still spoken, with German widely used in South Tyrol. Food, farming and daily routines differ a great deal between them. Venice offers one example of Italian life, not a pattern that fits every town.","question":"A notebook about Italy uses Venice alone. What is most likely to be missing?","answer":"Mountain, peninsular and island regions.","others":["Any mention of water in Italy.","Italy's position within Europe.","The fact that Italy has cities."],"id":"ITA-culture-1","sources":["wiki-ITA-0","wiki-ITA-1","voyage-ITA"]}]},{"id":"JAM","name":"Jamaica","aliases":["Jamaica","Jumieka","Xaymaca","Yamaye"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-77.318767,18.137124],"capitals":["Kingston"],"languages":["English","Jamaican Patois"],"currencies":["Jamaican dollar"],"landscape":"Find Jamaica in Caribbean. Water features linked to this place include Caribbean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-JAM","natural-earth","ref-Q34692","ref-Q1860","ref-Q35939","ref-Q209792","ref-Q1247"],"discoveries":[{"id":"JAM-languages","title":"English and Patois","text":"English is Jamaica's official language, while Jamaican Patois is what most people speak among themselves. Patois has its own grammar and a written spelling system, and it travelled around the world through music.","sources":["wd-JAM","natural-earth","ref-Q34692","ref-Q1860","ref-Q35939","ref-Q209792","ref-Q1247"]},{"id":"JAM-money","title":"The Jamaican dollar","text":"Jamaica's dollar replaced a pound in 1969. Its notes show national heroes, and its coins have carried the ackee fruit and the national bird.","sources":["wd-JAM","natural-earth","ref-Q34692","ref-Q1860","ref-Q35939","ref-Q209792","ref-Q1247"]}]},{"id":"JPN","name":"Japan","aliases":["Japan","日本"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","coordinate":[138.44217,36.142538],"capitals":["Tokyo"],"languages":["Japanese"],"currencies":["yen"],"landscape":"Japan's islands lie in the Pacific region east of the Asian mainland. Much of their land is mountainous.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-JPN","natural-earth","ref-Q1490","ref-Q5287","ref-Q8146","ref-Q27092","ref-Q98","ref-Q41602","ref-Q45341","ref-Q159183","wiki-JPN-0","wiki-JPN-1","voyage-JPN"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Writing with several systems","text":"Japanese writing uses kanji, characters borrowed long ago from Chinese, alongside two sets of syllable signs, hiragana and katakana, that were developed from them. All three can appear in a single sentence: kanji often carry the main meaning, hiragana show grammar, and katakana are frequently used for borrowed words. Latin letters appear too. Text may be set in horizontal lines or in vertical columns read from right to left. Seeing different kinds of characters does not necessarily mean the text has changed to another language.","question":"One Japanese sentence uses three kinds of characters. What does that mean?","answer":"Japanese writing combines several systems.","others":["The sentence switches between three languages.","Two of the systems are printing mistakes.","Each system belongs to a different island."],"id":"JPN-culture-0","sources":["wiki-JPN-0","wiki-JPN-1","voyage-JPN"]},{"title":"Island connections","text":"Japan includes four large main islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, and thousands of smaller ones. Boats, bridges, tunnels and air routes connect different places: the Seikan Tunnel runs under the sea between Honshu and Hokkaido, and long bridges cross to Shikoku, while many smaller islands are reached only by ferry or light aircraft. Where water separates land, travellers need a suitable crossing instead of simply following a road.","question":"A route between two Japanese islands looks short on the map. What must a traveller check?","answer":"Whether a bridge, tunnel, boat or flight links them.","others":["Whether the islands belong to different countries.","Whether a road can be driven across open sea.","Whether the map has north at the top."],"id":"JPN-culture-1","sources":["wiki-JPN-0","wiki-JPN-1","voyage-JPN"]}]},{"id":"JEY","name":"Jersey","aliases":["Jersey","Jèrri"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[-2.090146,49.220808],"capitals":["Saint Helier"],"languages":["English","Jersey Legal French","Jèrriais"],"currencies":["Jersey pound","pound sterling"],"landscape":"Find Jersey in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include English Channel.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-JEY","natural-earth","ref-Q147738","ref-Q1860","ref-Q2047043","ref-Q56430","ref-Q270744","ref-Q25224","ref-Q34640"],"discoveries":[{"id":"JEY-languages","title":"English and Jèrriais","text":"English is Jersey's everyday language. Jèrriais, a Norman French variety, survives with a small number of speakers and is taught in schools, and French remained the island's official language well into the twentieth century.","sources":["wd-JEY","natural-earth","ref-Q147738","ref-Q1860","ref-Q2047043","ref-Q56430","ref-Q270744","ref-Q25224","ref-Q34640"]},{"id":"JEY-money","title":"A pound with its own notes","text":"Jersey issues a pound at par with the British one. It kept printing a one-pound note long after Britain replaced its own with a coin.","sources":["wd-JEY","natural-earth","ref-Q147738","ref-Q1860","ref-Q2047043","ref-Q56430","ref-Q270744","ref-Q25224","ref-Q34640"]}]},{"id":"JOR","name":"Jordan","aliases":["Jordan","االْمَمْلَكَةُ الْأُرْدُنِيَةُ الْهَاشِمِيَة"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[36.375991,30.805025],"capitals":["Amman"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Jordanian dinar"],"landscape":"Find Jordan in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-JOR","natural-earth","ref-Q3805","ref-Q13955","ref-Q203722"],"discoveries":[{"id":"JOR-languages","title":"Arabic in Jordan","text":"Arabic is Jordan's official language, and Jordanian Arabic has town and Bedouin varieties that sound noticeably different from each other. English is widely taught and appears on signs alongside Arabic.","sources":["wd-JOR","natural-earth","ref-Q3805","ref-Q13955","ref-Q203722"]},{"id":"JOR-money","title":"A dinar in thousandths","text":"The Jordanian dinar divides into a thousand fils, so prices are written with three figures after the decimal point. It has been held at a fixed rate against the United States dollar for many years.","sources":["wd-JOR","natural-earth","ref-Q3805","ref-Q13955","ref-Q203722"]}]},{"id":"KAZ","name":"Kazakhstan","aliases":["Kazakhstan","Қазақстан","Қазақстан Республикасы","قزاقستان"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","coordinate":[68.685548,49.054149],"capitals":["Astana"],"languages":["Kazakh","Russian"],"currencies":["Kazakhstani tenge"],"landscape":"Find Kazakhstan in Central Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-KAZ","natural-earth","ref-Q1520","ref-Q9252","ref-Q7737","ref-Q173751"],"discoveries":[{"id":"KAZ-languages","title":"Changing alphabet again","text":"Kazakh and Russian are both used officially. Kazakh is a Turkic language that has been written in Arabic script, then Latin, then Cyrillic, and the country has decided to move back to Latin letters, a change being made gradually.","sources":["wd-KAZ","natural-earth","ref-Q1520","ref-Q9252","ref-Q7737","ref-Q173751"]},{"id":"KAZ-money","title":"The tenge","text":"The tenge takes its name from an old Turkic word for a coin or a set of scales. Kazakhstan introduced it in 1993 after leaving the rouble behind.","sources":["wd-KAZ","natural-earth","ref-Q1520","ref-Q9252","ref-Q7737","ref-Q173751"]}]},{"id":"KEN","name":"Kenya","aliases":["Kenya","Republic of Kenya"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[37.907632,0.549043],"capitals":["Nairobi"],"languages":["Swahili","English"],"currencies":["Kenyan shilling"],"landscape":"The Equator crosses Kenya. Its Indian Ocean coast lies east of the inland capital, Nairobi.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-KEN","natural-earth","ref-Q3870","ref-Q7838","ref-Q1860","ref-Q202882","wiki-KEN-0","wiki-KEN-1","voyage-KEN"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A connecting language","text":"Swahili, also called Kiswahili, grew along the East African coast as a Bantu language that took in many Arabic words through centuries of trade. It is official in Kenya and Tanzania and widely used in Uganda, Rwanda and parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Kenya many people use it alongside English and their community's language, such as Kikuyu, Luo, Kalenjin or Somali. Sharing a language can help people communicate across a border.","question":"Swahili is used in Kenya and in nearby countries. What does that make possible?","answer":"People can talk across a border in a shared language.","others":["Those countries end up sharing one culture.","People's other languages fall out of use.","The border between them disappears."],"id":"KEN-culture-0","sources":["wiki-KEN-0","wiki-KEN-1","voyage-KEN"]},{"title":"Coast, highlands, and city streets","text":"Kenya includes an Indian Ocean coast, highlands, dry northern regions and busy cities, with the Great Rift Valley cutting through and Mount Kenya rising near the middle. Nairobi is inland and sits around 1,700 metres above sea level, which keeps it noticeably cooler than Mombasa on the coast. Reaching the sea from the capital means a long journey by road, rail or air. Learning only about wildlife would leave out the people who live, study, work and create in these varied places.","question":"Nairobi is inland, yet Kenya has an ocean coast. What does that tell a route planner?","answer":"Reaching the coast from the capital takes a journey.","others":["Nairobi must be Kenya's only large city.","Kenya's highlands must lie along the coast.","A country with an inland capital has no coast."],"id":"KEN-culture-1","sources":["wiki-KEN-0","wiki-KEN-1","voyage-KEN"]}]},{"id":"KIR","name":"Kiribati","aliases":["Kiribati","Ribaberiki ni Kiribati"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Micronesia","coordinate":[-157.384577,1.820437],"capitals":["South Tarawa"],"languages":["English","Gilbertese"],"currencies":["Kiribati dollar","Australian dollar"],"landscape":"Find Kiribati in Micronesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-KIR","natural-earth","ref-Q131233","ref-Q1860","ref-Q30898","ref-Q1049963","ref-Q259502"],"discoveries":[{"id":"KIR-languages","title":"How Kiribati is said","text":"Gilbertese and English are both official. Kiribati is the Gilbertese spelling of Gilberts, and in Gilbertese the letters ti are said like an s, so the country's name sounds like Kiribas.","sources":["wd-KIR","natural-earth","ref-Q131233","ref-Q1860","ref-Q30898","ref-Q1049963","ref-Q259502"]},{"id":"KIR-money","title":"Australian money on the Equator","text":"Kiribati uses the Australian dollar and has minted a few coins of its own. The country spans so much ocean that it moved the date line in 1995 so all its islands would share the same day.","sources":["wd-KIR","natural-earth","ref-Q131233","ref-Q1860","ref-Q30898","ref-Q1049963","ref-Q259502"]}]},{"id":"KOS","name":"Kosovo","aliases":["Kosovo","Republika Kosovo","Republika e Kosovës","Република Косово"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[20.860719,42.593587],"capitals":["Pristina"],"languages":["Albanian","Serbian"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Kosovo in Southern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Kosovo declared independence; recognition varies between countries. It is available to explore and is outside this atlas’s discovery collection.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-KOS","natural-earth","ref-Q25270","ref-Q8748","ref-Q9299","check-KOS"],"discoveries":[{"id":"KOS-languages","title":"Albanian and Serbian","text":"Albanian and Serbian are both official languages in Kosovo, and Turkish, Bosnian and Romani have official status in some municipalities. Kosovo's status is disputed and is not recognised by every country; this atlas does not settle it.","sources":["wd-KOS","natural-earth","ref-Q25270","ref-Q8748","ref-Q9299","check-KOS"]},{"id":"KOS-money","title":"The euro without an agreement","text":"Kosovo uses the euro although it is not in the European Union and has no agreement to mint coins. It adopted the currency because it was already circulating, which is one way money spreads.","sources":["wd-KOS","natural-earth","ref-Q25270","ref-Q8748","ref-Q9299","check-KOS"]}]},{"id":"KWT","name":"Kuwait","aliases":["Kuwait","الكويت"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[47.313999,29.413628],"capitals":["Kuwait City"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Kuwaiti dinar"],"landscape":"Find Kuwait in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-KWT","natural-earth","ref-Q35178","ref-Q13955","ref-Q193098"],"discoveries":[{"id":"KWT-languages","title":"Arabic in Kuwait","text":"Arabic is Kuwait's official language. A large share of residents came from other countries to work, so Hindi, Urdu, Tagalog, Bengali and Malayalam are widely spoken, and English is common in business.","sources":["wd-KWT","natural-earth","ref-Q35178","ref-Q13955","ref-Q193098"]},{"id":"KWT-money","title":"The highest-valued currency","text":"The Kuwaiti dinar is usually the highest-valued currency in the world against the dollar, so a single dinar buys a great deal. It divides into a thousand fils.","sources":["wd-KWT","natural-earth","ref-Q35178","ref-Q13955","ref-Q193098"]}]},{"id":"KGZ","name":"Kyrgyzstan","aliases":["Kyrgyzstan","Кыргызстан"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","coordinate":[74.532637,41.66854],"capitals":["Bishkek"],"languages":["Kyrgyz"],"currencies":["Kyrgyz som"],"landscape":"Find Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-KGZ","natural-earth","ref-Q9361","ref-Q9255","ref-Q35881"],"discoveries":[{"id":"KGZ-languages","title":"Kyrgyz and Russian","text":"Kyrgyz is the state language and Russian has official status, so both appear on documents and signs. Kyrgyz is Turkic and is written here in Cyrillic, unlike Turkish, which uses Latin letters.","sources":["wd-KGZ","natural-earth","ref-Q9361","ref-Q9255","ref-Q35881"]},{"id":"KGZ-money","title":"The som","text":"The som means pure, from an old phrase for pure metal, and Uzbekistan's currency carries the same name. Kyrgyzstan introduced it in 1993.","sources":["wd-KGZ","natural-earth","ref-Q9361","ref-Q9255","ref-Q35881"]}]},{"id":"LAO","name":"Laos","aliases":["Lao PDR","Laos","ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[102.533912,19.431821],"capitals":["Vientiane"],"languages":["Lao"],"currencies":["Lao kip"],"landscape":"Find Laos in South-Eastern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LAO","natural-earth","ref-Q9326","ref-Q9211","ref-Q200055"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LAO-languages","title":"Lao and Thai","text":"Lao is the official language and is close to Thai, so speakers can often follow one another, although the two use different alphabets. Many languages of the hills, including Hmong and Khmu, are spoken in Laos.","sources":["wd-LAO","natural-earth","ref-Q9326","ref-Q9211","ref-Q200055"]},{"id":"LAO-money","title":"Notes but no coins","text":"The kip is issued only as banknotes; Laos has no coins in everyday circulation. A country can run entirely on paper money.","sources":["wd-LAO","natural-earth","ref-Q9326","ref-Q9211","ref-Q200055"]}]},{"id":"LVA","name":"Latvia","aliases":["Latvia","Latvija"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[25.458723,57.066872],"capitals":["Riga"],"languages":["Latvian"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Latvia in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Baltic Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LVA","natural-earth","ref-Q1773","ref-Q9078","ref-Q545","check-LVA"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LVA-languages","title":"Latvian, Latgalian, Livonian","text":"Latvian is the official language and among living languages is related only to Lithuanian. Latgalian, spoken in the east, is protected as a variety of Latvian, and Livonian, a Finno-Ugric language of the coast, has almost no speakers left.","sources":["wd-LVA","natural-earth","ref-Q1773","ref-Q9078","ref-Q545","check-LVA"]},{"id":"LVA-money","title":"From lats to euro","text":"Latvia used the lats and adopted the euro in 2014. Its euro coins show a young woman in national dress, a design taken from an older Latvian coin.","sources":["wd-LVA","natural-earth","ref-Q1773","ref-Q9078","ref-Q545","check-LVA"]}]},{"id":"LBN","name":"Lebanon","aliases":["Lebanon","Lubnan","Republic of Lebanon","Republik Lubnan","الجمهورية اللبنانية","لبنان"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[35.992892,34.133368],"capitals":["Beirut"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Lebanese pound"],"landscape":"Find Lebanon in Western Asia. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LBN","natural-earth","ref-Q3820","ref-Q13955","ref-Q201880","ref-Q4918"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LBN-languages","title":"Three languages in one sentence","text":"Arabic is Lebanon's official language, and French and English are widely used, sometimes all three within a single sentence. Lebanese Arabic borrows freely from both.","sources":["wd-LBN","natural-earth","ref-Q3820","ref-Q13955","ref-Q201880","ref-Q4918"]},{"id":"LBN-money","title":"A currency people stopped trusting","text":"The Lebanese pound lost most of its value after 2019, so many prices are now set in United States dollars and paid in either. Money can stop being trusted while still being legal.","sources":["wd-LBN","natural-earth","ref-Q3820","ref-Q13955","ref-Q201880","ref-Q4918"]}]},{"id":"LSO","name":"Lesotho","aliases":["Lesotho"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","coordinate":[28.246639,-29.480158],"capitals":["Maseru"],"languages":["English","Sesotho"],"currencies":["loti","rand"],"landscape":"Find Lesotho in Southern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LSO","natural-earth","ref-Q3909","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34340","ref-Q208039","ref-Q181907"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LSO-languages","title":"Sesotho and English","text":"Sesotho and English are both official in Lesotho. Sesotho is a Bantu language, and the country is entirely surrounded by South Africa, where Sesotho is also an official language.","sources":["wd-LSO","natural-earth","ref-Q3909","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34340","ref-Q208039","ref-Q181907"]},{"id":"LSO-money","title":"Two currencies at par","text":"The loti is fixed one to one with the South African rand, and rand are accepted here. The plural of loti is maloti, so the singular and plural names look quite different.","sources":["wd-LSO","natural-earth","ref-Q3909","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34340","ref-Q208039","ref-Q181907"]}]},{"id":"LBR","name":"Liberia","aliases":["Liberia","Republic of Liberia"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-9.460379,6.447177],"capitals":["Monrovia"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Liberian dollar"],"landscape":"Find Liberia in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LBR","natural-earth","ref-Q3748","ref-Q1860","ref-Q242988","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LBR-languages","title":"A syllabary invented here","text":"English is Liberia's official language, and Liberian English is a variety of its own. More than twenty other languages are spoken, including Kpelle, Bassa and Vai, and Vai has a syllabary invented in the 1830s to write it.","sources":["wd-LBR","natural-earth","ref-Q3748","ref-Q1860","ref-Q242988","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"LBR-money","title":"Two dollars in one country","text":"Liberian dollars and United States dollars both circulate in Liberia. The country was founded in part by freed African Americans, which is why the American dollar took root here.","sources":["wd-LBR","natural-earth","ref-Q3748","ref-Q1860","ref-Q242988","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"LBY","name":"Libya","aliases":["Libya","دولة ليبيا"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","coordinate":[18.011015,26.638944],"capitals":["Tripoli"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Libyan dinar"],"landscape":"Find Libya in Northern Africa. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LBY","natural-earth","ref-Q3579","ref-Q13955","ref-Q190699","ref-Q4918"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LBY-languages","title":"Arabic and Tamazight","text":"Arabic is Libya's official language, and Tamazight languages including Nafusi and Tuareg varieties are spoken by communities in the west and south. Libyan Arabic differs noticeably from that of Egypt next door.","sources":["wd-LBY","natural-earth","ref-Q3579","ref-Q13955","ref-Q190699","ref-Q4918"]},{"id":"LBY-money","title":"The dinar in dirhams","text":"The Libyan dinar divides into a thousand dirhams. Most of the country is desert, and most of its people live along a narrow strip near the Mediterranean coast.","sources":["wd-LBY","natural-earth","ref-Q3579","ref-Q13955","ref-Q190699","ref-Q4918"]}]},{"id":"LIE","name":"Liechtenstein","aliases":["Fürstentum Liechtenstein","Liechtenstein"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[9.559439,47.111405],"capitals":["Vaduz"],"languages":["German"],"currencies":["Swiss franc"],"landscape":"Find Liechtenstein in Western Europe. Water features linked to this place include Rhine.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LIE","natural-earth","ref-Q1844","ref-Q188","ref-Q25344","ref-Q584"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LIE-languages","title":"German in a very small country","text":"German is Liechtenstein's official language, though everyday speech is an Alemannic dialect much closer to Swiss German than to the standard. The whole country has fewer people than a small town.","sources":["wd-LIE","natural-earth","ref-Q1844","ref-Q188","ref-Q25344","ref-Q584"]},{"id":"LIE-money","title":"Using Swiss money","text":"Liechtenstein uses the Swiss franc under an agreement dating from the 1920s and issues no circulating money of its own. It is one of only two countries surrounded entirely by landlocked neighbours.","sources":["wd-LIE","natural-earth","ref-Q1844","ref-Q188","ref-Q25344","ref-Q584"]}]},{"id":"LTU","name":"Lithuania","aliases":["Lietuva","Lithuania"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[24.089932,55.103703],"capitals":["Vilnius"],"languages":["Lithuanian"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Lithuania in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Baltic Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LTU","natural-earth","ref-Q216","ref-Q9083","ref-Q545","check-LTU"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LTU-languages","title":"An unusually old language","text":"Lithuanian has kept features of ancient Indo-European that other living languages lost, which makes it valuable to people studying how the family changed over time. Among living languages it is related only to Latvian.","sources":["wd-LTU","natural-earth","ref-Q216","ref-Q9083","ref-Q545","check-LTU"]},{"id":"LTU-money","title":"The euro since 2015","text":"Lithuania used the litas and adopted the euro in 2015, the last of the three Baltic states to do so. Its euro coins show a mounted knight taken from the country's coat of arms.","sources":["wd-LTU","natural-earth","ref-Q216","ref-Q9083","ref-Q545","check-LTU"]}]},{"id":"LUX","name":"Luxembourg","aliases":["Luxembourg","Luxemburg","Lëtzebuerg"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[6.07762,49.733732],"capitals":["Luxembourg"],"languages":["Luxembourgish","French","German"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Luxembourg in Western Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LUX","natural-earth","ref-Q1842","ref-Q9051","ref-Q150","ref-Q188","check-LUX"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LUX-languages","title":"Three languages by stage","text":"Luxembourgish, French and German are all official. Children often begin school in Luxembourgish, learn to read in German and move to French later, so one pupil works through three languages in their schooling.","sources":["wd-LUX","natural-earth","ref-Q1842","ref-Q9051","ref-Q150","ref-Q188","check-LUX"]},{"id":"LUX-money","title":"The euro, easily adopted","text":"Luxembourg uses the euro. Before that its franc was tied to Belgium's and Belgian francs could be spent here, so the change was smaller than it was elsewhere.","sources":["wd-LUX","natural-earth","ref-Q1842","ref-Q9051","ref-Q150","ref-Q188","check-LUX"]}]},{"id":"MAC","name":"Macau","aliases":["Macao","Macau","Região Administrativa Especial de Macau","澳門特別行政區","澳门"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","coordinate":[113.556038,22.129735],"capitals":["Macau (special administrative region)"],"languages":["Cantonese","Portuguese"],"currencies":["Macanese pataca","Hong Kong dollar"],"landscape":"Find Macau in Eastern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MAC","natural-earth","ref-Q5146","ref-Q727694","ref-Q9186","ref-Q241214","ref-Q31015","check-MAC"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MAC-languages","title":"Chinese and Portuguese","text":"Chinese and Portuguese are both official in Macau, and the Chinese spoken here is Cantonese. Very few residents actually speak Portuguese, but it remains on every official sign and document.","sources":["wd-MAC","natural-earth","ref-Q5146","ref-Q727694","ref-Q9186","ref-Q241214","ref-Q31015","check-MAC"]},{"id":"MAC-money","title":"The pataca","text":"Macau's currency is the pataca, divided into a hundred avos and issued by two banks. Hong Kong dollars are widely accepted here as well, so shops handle both.","sources":["wd-MAC","natural-earth","ref-Q5146","ref-Q727694","ref-Q9186","ref-Q241214","ref-Q31015","check-MAC"]}]},{"id":"MDG","name":"Madagascar","aliases":["Madagascar","Repoblikan'i Madagaskar","République de Madagascar"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[46.704241,-18.628288],"capitals":["Antananarivo"],"languages":["Malagasy","French"],"currencies":["ariary"],"landscape":"Find Madagascar in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MDG","natural-earth","ref-Q3915","ref-Q7930","ref-Q150","ref-Q4584"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MDG-languages","title":"An Asian language in Africa","text":"Malagasy is the national language and is Austronesian, most closely related to a language spoken in Borneo, thousands of kilometres away across the Indian Ocean. French is also official.","sources":["wd-MDG","natural-earth","ref-Q3915","ref-Q7930","ref-Q150","ref-Q4584"]},{"id":"MDG-money","title":"Counting in fives","text":"The ariary divides into five iraimbilanja rather than a hundred smaller units, making it one of only two currencies in the world not built on tens. The names come from older weights used for silver.","sources":["wd-MDG","natural-earth","ref-Q3915","ref-Q7930","ref-Q150","ref-Q4584"]}]},{"id":"MWI","name":"Malawi","aliases":["Charu cha Malaŵi","Malawi","Republic of Malawi"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[33.608082,-13.386737],"capitals":["Lilongwe"],"languages":["English","Chewa","Tumbuka"],"currencies":["Malawian kwacha"],"landscape":"Find Malawi in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MWI","natural-earth","ref-Q3876","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33273","ref-Q34138","ref-Q211694"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MWI-languages","title":"One language, two names","text":"Chichewa and English are both official in Malawi. Chichewa is a Bantu language also spoken in Zambia and Mozambique, where it is called Nyanja, so a name can change at a border while the language does not.","sources":["wd-MWI","natural-earth","ref-Q3876","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33273","ref-Q34138","ref-Q211694"]},{"id":"MWI-money","title":"Money named after dawn","text":"The kwacha means it has dawned, and the smaller unit, the tambala, means cockerel. Zambia's currency shares the name and the meaning but is entirely separate.","sources":["wd-MWI","natural-earth","ref-Q3876","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33273","ref-Q34138","ref-Q211694"]}]},{"id":"MYS","name":"Malaysia","aliases":["Malaysia"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[113.83708,2.528667],"capitals":["Kuala Lumpur"],"languages":["Malay"],"currencies":["Malaysian ringgit"],"landscape":"Malaysia has a peninsular region and an eastern region on Borneo. Kuala Lumpur is on the peninsula; Kuching and Kota Kinabalu are on Borneo. The sea between them belongs in a map of the whole country.","note":"Kuala Lumpur is the capital; Putrajaya is the federal administrative centre.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-MYS","natural-earth","ref-Q1865","ref-Q9237","ref-Q163712","ref-Q48359","ref-Q732132","ref-Q37660","ref-Q3182027","ref-Q160194","ref-Q19270","check-MYS","wiki-MYS-0","wiki-MYS-1","voyage-MYS","institution-MYS"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A country can have separated regions","text":"Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia are parts of one country separated by about 600 kilometres of the South China Sea. East Malaysia is made up of the states of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo, which Malaysia shares with Indonesia and Brunei. Kuala Lumpur is the capital, and much of the government works from nearby Putrajaya. An island name is not necessarily the name of one country.","question":"Borneo appears on a map of Malaysia. What does a reader still need to check?","answer":"Which parts of the island are Malaysian.","others":["Whether Borneo is another name for Malaysia.","Whether all of Malaysia is on one island.","Whether an island can hold only one country."],"id":"MYS-culture-0","sources":["wiki-MYS-0","wiki-MYS-1","voyage-MYS","institution-MYS"]},{"title":"Threads that catch the light","text":"In Malaysian songket weaving, extra decorative threads are worked into a base cloth on a handloom as the weaving goes along, lying on the surface to form the pattern. Gold- or silver-coloured threads catch the light and create the shimmer, and the cloth is often worn at weddings and ceremonies. Terengganu, Kelantan and Pahang are especially known for it. Different workshops and communities have their own designs, and related weaving traditions exist elsewhere in Southeast Asia.","question":"Where does the shimmer in songket come from?","answer":"Threads worked into the cloth as it is woven.","others":["A shiny coating brushed on afterwards.","Sunlight passing through very thin cloth.","Dye that changes colour when it moves."],"id":"MYS-culture-1","sources":["wiki-MYS-0","wiki-MYS-1","voyage-MYS","institution-MYS"]}]},{"id":"MDV","name":"Maldives","aliases":["Maldives","ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ","ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމުހޫރިއްޔާ"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[73.507554,4.174441],"capitals":["Malé"],"languages":["Maldivian"],"currencies":["Maldivian rufiyaa"],"landscape":"Find Maldives in Southern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MDV","natural-earth","ref-Q9347","ref-Q32656","ref-Q206600"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MDV-languages","title":"Dhivehi and Thaana","text":"Dhivehi is the language of the Maldives, written in Thaana, a script read from right to left whose letters were built partly out of numerals. Thaana is used for no other language.","sources":["wd-MDV","natural-earth","ref-Q9347","ref-Q32656","ref-Q206600"]},{"id":"MDV-money","title":"The rufiyaa","text":"The rufiyaa shares a root with the rupee. The Maldives is the lowest-lying country in the world, with almost all its land barely above the sea.","sources":["wd-MDV","natural-earth","ref-Q9347","ref-Q32656","ref-Q206600"]}]},{"id":"MLI","name":"Mali","aliases":["Mali"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-2.038455,18.692713],"capitals":["Bamako"],"languages":["Bambara","Bobo","Bozo","Dogon","Fula","Hassaniya Arabic","Kassonke","Maninka","Minyanka","Senufo","Songhay","Soninke","Tamasheq"],"currencies":["West African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Mali in Western Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MLI","natural-earth","ref-Q3703","ref-Q33243","ref-Q12628055","ref-Q35021","ref-Q1234776","ref-Q33454","ref-Q56231","ref-Q36905","ref-Q36186","ref-Q36187","ref-Q33795","ref-Q505198","ref-Q36660","ref-Q4670066","ref-Q861690"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MLI-languages","title":"Bambara for talking, French for writing","text":"French is official in Mali, but Bambara is the language most widely used between communities. Thirteen national languages are recognised, including Fula, Songhay and Tamasheq.","sources":["wd-MLI","natural-earth","ref-Q3703","ref-Q33243","ref-Q12628055","ref-Q35021","ref-Q1234776","ref-Q33454","ref-Q56231","ref-Q36905","ref-Q36186","ref-Q36187","ref-Q33795","ref-Q505198","ref-Q36660","ref-Q4670066","ref-Q861690"]},{"id":"MLI-money","title":"The CFA franc","text":"Mali uses the West African CFA franc. Timbuktu, in the north, was a centre of trade and of manuscript libraries in the centuries when gold and salt crossed the desert here.","sources":["wd-MLI","natural-earth","ref-Q3703","ref-Q33243","ref-Q12628055","ref-Q35021","ref-Q1234776","ref-Q33454","ref-Q56231","ref-Q36905","ref-Q36186","ref-Q36187","ref-Q33795","ref-Q505198","ref-Q36660","ref-Q4670066","ref-Q861690"]}]},{"id":"MLT","name":"Malta","aliases":["Malta"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[14.433005,35.892886],"capitals":["Valletta"],"languages":["Maltese","English"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Malta in Southern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MLT","natural-earth","ref-Q23800","ref-Q9166","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4918","check-MLT"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MLT-languages","title":"Arabic in Latin letters","text":"Maltese is the only Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet. It grew out of Arabic with a great many Italian and English words added, and it is official alongside English, with both used daily.","sources":["wd-MLT","natural-earth","ref-Q23800","ref-Q9166","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4918","check-MLT"]},{"id":"MLT-money","title":"The euro on Malta","text":"Malta replaced its lira with the euro in 2008. Maltese euro coins show a stone cross and the outline of a temple older than the Egyptian pyramids.","sources":["wd-MLT","natural-earth","ref-Q23800","ref-Q9166","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4918","check-MLT"]}]},{"id":"MHL","name":"Marshall Islands","aliases":["Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ","Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ","Marshall Islands"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Micronesia","coordinate":[171.193609,7.082568],"capitals":["Majuro"],"languages":["English","Marshallese"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Marshall Islands in Micronesia. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MHL","natural-earth","ref-Q12919","ref-Q1860","ref-Q36280","ref-Q4917","ref-Q96051466","ref-Q98","check-MHL"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MHL-languages","title":"Marshallese and English","text":"Marshallese and English are both official. Marshallese is Austronesian, and the islands' navigators made stick charts that mapped how ocean swells bend around land rather than showing the land itself.","sources":["wd-MHL","natural-earth","ref-Q12919","ref-Q1860","ref-Q36280","ref-Q4917","ref-Q96051466","ref-Q98","check-MHL"]},{"id":"MHL-money","title":"The dollar in the Pacific","text":"The Marshall Islands use the United States dollar under an agreement with the United States, so the country has no currency of its own to manage.","sources":["wd-MHL","natural-earth","ref-Q12919","ref-Q1860","ref-Q36280","ref-Q4917","ref-Q96051466","ref-Q98","check-MHL"]}]},{"id":"MRT","name":"Mauritania","aliases":["Mauritania","Moritani Silaamin Jamaane","Ndenndaandi Lislameeri Muritani","Réewu lislaam bu Muritani","République islamique de Mauritanie","الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-9.740299,19.587062],"capitals":["Nouakchott"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Mauritanian ouguiya"],"landscape":"Find Mauritania in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MRT","natural-earth","ref-Q3688","ref-Q13955","ref-Q207024","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MRT-languages","title":"Arabic, Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof","text":"Arabic is the official language of Mauritania, and Pulaar, Soninke and Wolof are recognised national languages. Hassaniya, the Arabic spoken here, differs enough from the standard that it has to be learned.","sources":["wd-MRT","natural-earth","ref-Q3688","ref-Q13955","ref-Q207024","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"MRT-money","title":"Counting in fives","text":"The ouguiya divides into five khoums rather than a hundred smaller units, making it one of only two currencies in the world not built on tens.","sources":["wd-MRT","natural-earth","ref-Q3688","ref-Q13955","ref-Q207024","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"MUS","name":"Mauritius","aliases":["Mauritius","République de Maurice"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[57.565848,-20.299506],"capitals":["Port Louis"],"languages":["English","French"],"currencies":["Mauritian rupee"],"landscape":"Find Mauritius in Eastern Africa. Water features linked to this place include Indian Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MUS","natural-earth","ref-Q3929","ref-Q1860","ref-Q150","ref-Q212967","ref-Q1239"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MUS-languages","title":"Creole at home, English in parliament","text":"Mauritian Creole is what almost everyone speaks at home, while English is used in parliament and French in newspapers and broadcasting. Bhojpuri and other languages are used in families whose ancestors came from India.","sources":["wd-MUS","natural-earth","ref-Q3929","ref-Q1860","ref-Q150","ref-Q212967","ref-Q1239"]},{"id":"MUS-money","title":"Three scripts on a note","text":"Mauritian rupee notes carry Latin, Tamil and Devanagari writing, reflecting the island's communities. Mauritius had no human population at all until the 1600s.","sources":["wd-MUS","natural-earth","ref-Q3929","ref-Q1860","ref-Q150","ref-Q212967","ref-Q1239"]}]},{"id":"MEX","name":"Mexico","aliases":["Mexico","Mexko","México"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Central America","coordinate":[-102.289448,23.919988],"capitals":["Mexico City"],"languages":["Spanish","Nahuatl","Yucatec Maya"],"currencies":["Mexican peso"],"landscape":"Mexico has coasts facing the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Inland areas include high plateaus and mountains.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-MEX","natural-earth","ref-Q1489","ref-Q1321","ref-Q13300","ref-Q13354","ref-Q4730","ref-Q98","ref-Q97","ref-Q1247","ref-Q12630","ref-Q132811","check-MEX","wiki-MEX-0","wiki-MEX-1","voyage-MEX"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Language belongs to many communities","text":"Spanish is widely used in Mexico, alongside 68 recognised Indigenous languages with many local varieties. Nahuatl has the most speakers, Yucatec Maya is used across the Yucatán Peninsula, and Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomí and Tzeltal are among the others. Many words used around the world, including chocolate, tomato and avocado, came into Spanish from Nahuatl. A Spanish name on a map cannot tell us which language every person in that place speaks.","question":"A town in Mexico is labelled in Spanish. What might you still hear spoken there?","answer":"Indigenous languages such as Nahuatl or Yucatec Maya.","others":["Only the language printed on the map.","A language that nobody uses any more.","Exactly the same mix as every other town."],"id":"MEX-culture-0","sources":["wiki-MEX-0","wiki-MEX-1","voyage-MEX"]},{"title":"Growing food beside the water","text":"At Xochimilco in Mexico City, farmers cultivate raised plots called chinampas, with canals between them. Each plot was built up by piling mud from the lakebed inside a frame of woven branches, and willows planted at the corners hold it in place with their roots. Soil supports the plants: these gardens do not float freely like boats. Canals bring water right to the roots and carry flat trajinera boats between the plots. The method has been used since Aztec times, and farming knowledge helps people work with a wet landscape.","question":"Chinampas are sometimes called floating gardens. Why is that name misleading?","answer":"The plots are built up from soil, not floating free.","others":["There is no water anywhere near them.","The plots drift about only in the dry season.","Nothing is actually grown on them."],"id":"MEX-culture-1","sources":["wiki-MEX-0","wiki-MEX-1","voyage-MEX"]}]},{"id":"MDA","name":"Moldova","aliases":["Moldova"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[28.487904,47.434999],"capitals":["Chișinău"],"languages":["Romanian"],"currencies":["Moldovan leu"],"landscape":"Find Moldova in Eastern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MDA","natural-earth","ref-Q21197","ref-Q7913","ref-Q181129"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MDA-languages","title":"Romanian by another name","text":"The state language is Romanian, the same language spoken in Romania next door, though it was long called Moldovan instead. Russian, Gagauz and Ukrainian are used by communities in different districts.","sources":["wd-MDA","natural-earth","ref-Q21197","ref-Q7913","ref-Q181129"]},{"id":"MDA-money","title":"Two lions, two values","text":"The Moldovan leu means lion, the same name as Romania's currency, but the two are separate and worth different amounts. Sharing a name does not mean sharing a value.","sources":["wd-MDA","natural-earth","ref-Q21197","ref-Q7913","ref-Q181129"]}]},{"id":"MCO","name":"Monaco","aliases":["Monaco","Principat de Mónegue","Principauté de Monaco","Prinçipato de Mónego","Prinçipatu de Mu̍negu"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[7.398291,43.739652],"capitals":["Monaco"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Monaco in Western Europe. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea, Ligurian Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MCO","natural-earth","ref-Q150","ref-Q4918","ref-Q42820","check-MCO"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MCO-languages","title":"French and Monégasque","text":"French is Monaco's official language. Monégasque, a Ligurian variety related to the speech of Genoa, is taught in schools to keep it alive, and Italian and English are widely used.","sources":["wd-MCO","natural-earth","ref-Q150","ref-Q4918","ref-Q42820","check-MCO"]},{"id":"MCO-money","title":"Euro coins from a tiny state","text":"Monaco uses the euro under an agreement and mints a small number of coins showing its own ruler. Because so few are made, collectors hunt for them.","sources":["wd-MCO","natural-earth","ref-Q150","ref-Q4918","ref-Q42820","check-MCO"]}]},{"id":"MNG","name":"Mongolia","aliases":["Mongolia","Монгол Улс","ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","coordinate":[104.150405,45.997488],"capitals":["Ulaanbaatar"],"languages":["Mongolian"],"currencies":["Mongolian tögrög"],"landscape":"Find Mongolia in Eastern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MNG","natural-earth","ref-Q23430","ref-Q9246","ref-Q183435"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MNG-languages","title":"Two scripts for one language","text":"Mongolian is written in Cyrillic in Mongolia, while the traditional Mongolian script, written in vertical lines, is taught again and used on official documents. Kazakh is spoken in the far west.","sources":["wd-MNG","natural-earth","ref-Q23430","ref-Q9246","ref-Q183435"]},{"id":"MNG-money","title":"The tögrög","text":"The tögrög means round, from the shape of a coin. Mongolia is the least densely populated country in the world, so a single bank branch may serve an enormous area.","sources":["wd-MNG","natural-earth","ref-Q23430","ref-Q9246","ref-Q183435"]}]},{"id":"MNE","name":"Montenegro","aliases":["Crna Gora","Montenegro","Црна Гора"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[19.143727,42.803101],"capitals":["Podgorica"],"languages":["Montenegrin"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Montenegro in Southern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MNE","natural-earth","ref-Q23564","ref-Q8821","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","check-MNE"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MNE-languages","title":"Montenegrin and its neighbours","text":"Montenegrin is the official language and is mutually intelligible with Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. Both Latin and Cyrillic scripts are used, and Albanian is official in some municipalities.","sources":["wd-MNE","natural-earth","ref-Q23564","ref-Q8821","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","check-MNE"]},{"id":"MNE-money","title":"The euro without joining","text":"Montenegro uses the euro although it is not in the European Union and mints no coins. It had been using the German mark in the 1990s and simply moved to the euro when the mark ended.","sources":["wd-MNE","natural-earth","ref-Q23564","ref-Q8821","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","check-MNE"]}]},{"id":"MSR","name":"Montserrat","aliases":["Montserrat"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-62.188252,16.73717],"capitals":["Plymouth","Brades"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Eastern Caribbean dollar"],"landscape":"Find Montserrat in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MSR","natural-earth","ref-Q30990","ref-Q31006","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MSR-languages","title":"English with Irish echoes","text":"English is Montserrat's language. Irish settlers came here in the 1600s, and the island keeps Irish surnames, a shamrock on its official stamp and a March holiday that marks both Saint Patrick's Day and a slave rebellion.","sources":["wd-MSR","natural-earth","ref-Q30990","ref-Q31006","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]},{"id":"MSR-money","title":"The East Caribbean dollar","text":"Montserrat uses the East Caribbean dollar. A volcano that began erupting in 1995 buried the capital, Plymouth, and much of the island remains an exclusion zone.","sources":["wd-MSR","natural-earth","ref-Q30990","ref-Q31006","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]}]},{"id":"MAR","name":"Morocco","aliases":["Morocco","المغرب","المملكة المغربية","ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","coordinate":[-7.187296,31.650723],"capitals":["Rabat"],"languages":["Arabic","Standard Moroccan Tamazight"],"currencies":["Moroccan dirham"],"landscape":"Morocco faces the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlas Mountains cross its interior.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-MAR","natural-earth","ref-Q3551","ref-Q13955","ref-Q7598268","ref-Q200192","ref-Q4918","ref-Q97","ref-Q36124","wiki-MAR-0","wiki-MAR-1","voyage-MAR"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Amazigh voices","text":"Arabic and Amazigh have official status in Morocco. Amazigh communities speak several related varieties, including Tashelhit in the south-west, Central Atlas Tamazight in the mountains and Tarifit in the north. Tifinagh is a script used for Standard Moroccan Amazigh; its letters come from much older writing used in North Africa, and a standardised form is now taught in schools. Everyday speech also includes Moroccan Arabic, called Darija, and French is widely used in business and higher education. Language and writing system are connected, but they are not the same thing.","question":"Amazigh and Tifinagh are different kinds of thing. What is the difference?","answer":"One is a language, the other a writing system.","others":["One is a country, the other a city.","One is a region, the other a mountain range.","They are two names for the same script."],"id":"MAR-culture-0","sources":["wiki-MAR-0","wiki-MAR-1","voyage-MAR"]},{"title":"Different sides of a country","text":"Morocco has Atlantic and Mediterranean shores, the High, Middle and Anti-Atlas mountain ranges, desert country to the south-east, and inland cities. Snow falls in the mountains in winter while the coast stays mild. Casablanca is the largest city and a major Atlantic port, Rabat is the capital, and Tangier looks across the Strait of Gibraltar toward Europe. A coastal city and a mountain community can have very different daily journeys and local traditions. A national border does not make all places inside it alike.","question":"Two Moroccan communities sit inside one border. Why can daily journeys differ so much?","answer":"Coast, mountains and cities are not alike.","others":["A national border changes the weather inside it.","Only capital cities have daily journeys.","Places inside one country share one landscape."],"id":"MAR-culture-1","sources":["wiki-MAR-0","wiki-MAR-1","voyage-MAR"]}]},{"id":"MOZ","name":"Mozambique","aliases":["Mozambique","República de Moçambique","مْسُمْبِيجِ"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[37.83789,-13.94323],"capitals":["Maputo"],"languages":["Portuguese"],"currencies":["Mozambican metical"],"landscape":"Find Mozambique in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MOZ","natural-earth","ref-Q3889","ref-Q5146","ref-Q200753"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MOZ-languages","title":"Portuguese as a second language","text":"Portuguese is Mozambique's official language, and for most people it is a second language rather than a first. Makhuwa, Changana, Sena and many others are spoken at home along a very long coastline.","sources":["wd-MOZ","natural-earth","ref-Q3889","ref-Q5146","ref-Q200753"]},{"id":"MOZ-money","title":"A name from Indian Ocean trade","text":"The metical takes its name from an Arabic word for a weight of gold, which reached this coast through centuries of Indian Ocean trade. The name records that history.","sources":["wd-MOZ","natural-earth","ref-Q3889","ref-Q5146","ref-Q200753"]}]},{"id":"MMR","name":"Myanmar","aliases":["Burma","Myanmar","ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်","မြန်မာ","မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ","မြန်မာပြည်"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[95.804497,21.573855],"capitals":["Naypyidaw"],"languages":["Burmese"],"currencies":["kyat"],"landscape":"Find Myanmar in South-Eastern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MMR","natural-earth","ref-Q37400","ref-Q9228","ref-Q201875"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MMR-languages","title":"A script shaped by palm leaves","text":"Burmese is the official language, written in rounded letters shaped that way because the script was long written on palm leaves that straight strokes would have torn. Shan, Karen, Rakhine and many other languages are spoken.","sources":["wd-MMR","natural-earth","ref-Q37400","ref-Q9228","ref-Q201875"]},{"id":"MMR-money","title":"Notes in unusual amounts","text":"The kyat is named after an old unit of weight. Myanmar once issued notes worth forty-five and ninety kyat, values chosen because those numbers were thought lucky.","sources":["wd-MMR","natural-earth","ref-Q37400","ref-Q9228","ref-Q201875"]}]},{"id":"NAM","name":"Namibia","aliases":["Namibia","Republic of Namibia","Republiek van Namibië","Republik Namibia"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","coordinate":[17.108166,-20.575298],"capitals":["Windhoek"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Namibian dollar","rand"],"landscape":"Find Namibia in Southern Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-NAM","natural-earth","ref-Q3935","ref-Q1860","ref-Q202462","ref-Q181907","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"NAM-languages","title":"A language chosen on purpose","text":"English is Namibia's only official language, chosen at independence in 1990 even though few people spoke it, because it belonged to no single community. Afrikaans, Oshiwambo, Otjiherero, Khoekhoegowab and German are all widely used.","sources":["wd-NAM","natural-earth","ref-Q3935","ref-Q1860","ref-Q202462","ref-Q181907","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"NAM-money","title":"Two currencies, one value","text":"The Namibian dollar is fixed one to one with the South African rand and rand are accepted here, though Namibian dollars are not accepted in South Africa.","sources":["wd-NAM","natural-earth","ref-Q3935","ref-Q1860","ref-Q202462","ref-Q181907","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"NRU","name":"Nauru","aliases":["Naoero","Nauru","Ripublik Naoero"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Micronesia","coordinate":[166.932644,-0.520261],"capitals":["Yaren District (government offices)"],"languages":["Nauruan","English"],"currencies":["Australian dollar"],"landscape":"Find Nauru in Micronesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Nauru has no official capital. Government offices are in Yaren District.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-NRU","natural-earth","ref-Q31026","ref-Q13307","ref-Q1860","ref-Q259502","check-NRU"],"discoveries":[{"id":"NRU-languages","title":"Nauruan and English","text":"Nauruan and English are both used on Nauru. Nauruan is Austronesian but stands somewhat apart from its neighbours, and its writing uses several accented letters for sounds other Pacific languages do not have.","sources":["wd-NRU","natural-earth","ref-Q31026","ref-Q13307","ref-Q1860","ref-Q259502","check-NRU"]},{"id":"NRU-money","title":"The Australian dollar","text":"Nauru uses the Australian dollar. It is the third smallest country in the world by area and has no official capital city.","sources":["wd-NRU","natural-earth","ref-Q31026","ref-Q13307","ref-Q1860","ref-Q259502","check-NRU"]}]},{"id":"NPL","name":"Nepal","aliases":["Nepal","नेपाल"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[83.639914,28.297925],"capitals":["Kathmandu"],"languages":["Nepali"],"currencies":["Nepalese rupee"],"landscape":"Nepal includes southern lowlands and high Himalayan mountains. Lumbini is a lowland study location, Kathmandu is in a valley, and Mount Everest stands on the Nepal–China border. A position map alone cannot show their very different heights.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-NPL","natural-earth","ref-Q3037","ref-Q33823","ref-Q202895","wiki-NPL-0","wiki-NPL-1","voyage-NPL","institution-NPL"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A script shared by languages","text":"Nepali uses Devanagari, written from left to right with a line along the top, as do Hindi, Marathi and Sanskrit. Nepal also has more than a hundred languages, including Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tamang, Newar and Limbu, and some of them have their own writing traditions rather than Devanagari. Two languages sharing a script can still be very different from each other. A familiar-looking script is a clue to investigate, not a complete language identification.","question":"Nepali and Hindi both use Devanagari. What does the shared script not prove?","answer":"That the two languages are the same.","others":["That both can be written down.","That both use letters of the same shapes.","That a reader may recognise the letters."],"id":"NPL-culture-0","sources":["wiki-NPL-0","wiki-NPL-1","voyage-NPL","institution-NPL"]},{"title":"Paper from a shrub","text":"Nepali lokta paper uses fibres from the inner bark of lokta shrubs, which grow high in the mountains between roughly 1,600 and 4,000 metres. Harvesters cut the stems above the root so the plant can grow back within a few years. Makers strip and boil the bark, beat it into a pulp, spread the pulp evenly across cloth frames floated on water, and dry the sheets in the sun. The paper is strong and resists insects, which is why it was long used for records and books, and it can become notebooks and other objects. Learning the craft includes understanding the plant material and the work of paper-makers.","question":"Lokta paper starts as bark. What has to happen before there is a sheet?","answer":"The fibres are made into pulp and formed.","others":["The bark is pressed flat while still on the shrub.","The bark is dyed before it is cut.","The sheet is woven like a cloth."],"id":"NPL-culture-1","sources":["wiki-NPL-0","wiki-NPL-1","voyage-NPL","institution-NPL"]}]},{"id":"NLD","name":"Netherlands","aliases":["Nederland","Netherlands"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[5.61144,52.422211],"capitals":["Amsterdam"],"languages":["Dutch"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"The Netherlands includes low-lying land protected by water-management works. Amsterdam lies north of Rotterdam. The Beemster polder is a reclaimed area north of Amsterdam; a location map alone does not show its elevation.","note":"Amsterdam is the capital. The government meets in The Hague.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-NLD","natural-earth","ref-Q727","ref-Q7411","ref-Q1693","ref-Q4121","ref-Q939766","ref-Q26080","ref-Q1247","ref-Q629864","check-NLD","wiki-NLD-0","wiki-NLD-1","voyage-NLD","institution-NLD"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Names and government roles","text":"Holland is often used informally for the Netherlands, but it properly refers to North Holland and South Holland, two of the country's twelve provinces. Amsterdam and The Hague also have different roles: Amsterdam is the capital, while the government, the parliament and the monarch's working palace are in The Hague. Careful labels help avoid turning a familiar nickname into a misleading fact.","question":"Someone calls the whole Netherlands Holland. Why is that imprecise?","answer":"Holland names only part of the country.","others":["Holland names a country next door.","Holland is another name for the North Sea.","Holland is another word for The Hague."],"id":"NLD-culture-0","sources":["wiki-NLD-0","wiki-NLD-1","voyage-NLD","institution-NLD"]},{"title":"Water needs shared care","text":"About a quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level, and much of that land was drained to make polders. Dikes hold water back, while canals, ditches and pumps move it and keep the levels right; windmills once did the pumping and electric pumps do it now. Large barriers known as the Delta Works can close against storm surges from the sea. Water boards, some of the oldest elected bodies in the country, maintain these shared systems and charge for their upkeep. One household alone cannot manage a whole network of waterways.","question":"Why can one household not manage the water around its own house alone?","answer":"Dikes, canals and pumps work as one connected system.","others":["Water only moves when a pump is switched on.","Each garden holds its own separate water.","Dikes keep working without any care."],"id":"NLD-culture-1","sources":["wiki-NLD-0","wiki-NLD-1","voyage-NLD","institution-NLD"]}]},{"id":"NCL","name":"New Caledonia","aliases":["Calédonie","Kanaky","New Caledonia","Nouvelle-Calédonie"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Melanesia","coordinate":[165.084004,-21.064697],"capitals":["Nouméa"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["CFP Franc"],"landscape":"Find New Caledonia in Melanesia. Water features linked to this place include South Pacific Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-NCL","natural-earth","ref-Q9733","ref-Q150","ref-Q214393","ref-Q12355425"],"discoveries":[{"id":"NCL-languages","title":"French and Kanak languages","text":"French is official in New Caledonia, and around thirty Kanak languages are spoken, each belonging to particular areas. Drehu and Nengone have the most speakers.","sources":["wd-NCL","natural-earth","ref-Q9733","ref-Q150","ref-Q214393","ref-Q12355425"]},{"id":"NCL-money","title":"The Pacific franc","text":"New Caledonia uses the CFP franc, shared with French Polynesia and with Wallis and Futuna and fixed to the euro. Three widely separated Pacific territories share one currency.","sources":["wd-NCL","natural-earth","ref-Q9733","ref-Q150","ref-Q214393","ref-Q12355425"]}]},{"id":"NZL","name":"New Zealand","aliases":["Aotearoa","New Zealand"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Australia and New Zealand","coordinate":[172.787,-39.759],"capitals":["Wellington"],"languages":["Māori","New Zealand Sign Language","English"],"currencies":["New Zealand dollar"],"landscape":"New Zealand lies in the South Pacific and includes the North Island, South Island, and many smaller islands.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-NZL","natural-earth","ref-Q23661","ref-Q36451","ref-Q36239","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1472704","wiki-NZL-0","wiki-NZL-1","voyage-NZL"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A language learned together","text":"Te reo Māori is the Māori language, a Polynesian language related to Tahitian, Hawaiian and Cook Islands Māori. It became an official language of New Zealand in 1987. Community efforts help pass it between generations, including kōhanga reo language nests where very young children spend the day surrounded by speakers, and kura kaupapa Māori schools that teach through the language. Languages are living parts of people's lives and can be supported through learning together.","question":"How does a kōhanga reo help te reo Māori continue?","answer":"Young children use it with speakers around them.","others":["It records the language so it can be stored.","It teaches the language to adults instead.","It swaps the language for English."],"id":"NZL-culture-0","sources":["wiki-NZL-0","wiki-NZL-1","voyage-NZL"]},{"title":"More than spoken words","text":"New Zealand Sign Language became one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006, alongside te reo Māori, and English is also widely used. It is a full language with its own grammar, built from handshapes, movement, position and facial expression rather than from sounds, and it is not a signed version of English. It is related to British and Australian sign languages, and it has signs of its own for New Zealand places and Māori concepts. Signed languages remind us that communication and culture are not limited to spoken sounds.","question":"New Zealand Sign Language is one of the country's official languages. What does that show?","answer":"A language does not have to be spoken aloud.","others":["Signed languages are versions of English.","A country may have only one official language.","Everyone in New Zealand uses all three."],"id":"NZL-culture-1","sources":["wiki-NZL-0","wiki-NZL-1","voyage-NZL"]}]},{"id":"NIC","name":"Nicaragua","aliases":["Nicaragua","República de Nicaragua"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Central America","coordinate":[-85.069347,12.670697],"capitals":["Managua"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Nicaraguan córdoba"],"landscape":"Find Nicaragua in Central America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-NIC","natural-earth","ref-Q3274","ref-Q1321","ref-Q207312"],"discoveries":[{"id":"NIC-languages","title":"Two coasts, different languages","text":"Spanish is Nicaragua's official language, while on the Caribbean side Miskito, Sumo, Rama and an English-based creole are used, and those languages have official status in the autonomous regions there.","sources":["wd-NIC","natural-earth","ref-Q3274","ref-Q1321","ref-Q207312"]},{"id":"NIC-money","title":"The córdoba","text":"The córdoba is named after the Spanish founder of the first Nicaraguan cities. Its value against the dollar is adjusted slightly each day under a set schedule rather than being left to change on its own.","sources":["wd-NIC","natural-earth","ref-Q3274","ref-Q1321","ref-Q207312"]}]},{"id":"NER","name":"Niger","aliases":["Niger","Nijar"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[9.504356,17.446195],"capitals":["Niamey"],"languages":["Hausa"],"currencies":["West African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Niger in Western Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-NER","natural-earth","ref-Q3674","ref-Q56475","ref-Q861690"],"discoveries":[{"id":"NER-languages","title":"French, Hausa and Zarma","text":"French is official in Niger, and Hausa is the language most widely used between communities, along with Zarma, Fula and Tamasheq. Hausa is also spoken by many millions in Nigeria to the south.","sources":["wd-NER","natural-earth","ref-Q3674","ref-Q56475","ref-Q861690"]},{"id":"NER-money","title":"The CFA franc","text":"Niger uses the West African CFA franc. The country takes its name from the river, which crosses only its south-western corner, while most of the country is Sahara.","sources":["wd-NER","natural-earth","ref-Q3674","ref-Q56475","ref-Q861690"]}]},{"id":"NGA","name":"Nigeria","aliases":["Naigeria","Nigeria","Nijeriya","Nàìjíríà"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[7.50322,9.439799],"capitals":["Abuja"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["naira"],"landscape":"At Lokoja, the Benue joins the Niger. A place where rivers meet is called a confluence. Water continues south through the Niger system toward the coast.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-NGA","natural-earth","ref-Q3787","ref-Q1860","ref-Q203567","ref-Q97","wiki-NGA-0","wiki-NGA-1","voyage-NGA","institution-NGA"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Similar names need a careful look","text":"Nigeria, Niger and the Niger River belong to different map entries. Nigeria and Niger are separate countries that share a border. The river is one of Africa's longest: it rises in the highlands of Guinea, curves north-east into Mali, bends back through the country of Niger, and then flows south through Nigeria to a wide delta on the Atlantic. Check both spelling and the type of feature, because a river may cross a border instead of staying inside a country with a similar name.","question":"Nigeria, Niger and the Niger River share part of a name. What should a map reader compare?","answer":"The spelling and the kind of feature each names.","others":["Only which name is printed largest.","Only which name comes first alphabetically.","Only the colour used for each label."],"id":"NGA-culture-0","sources":["wiki-NGA-0","wiki-NGA-1","voyage-NGA","institution-NGA"]},{"title":"Many strips, one cloth","text":"Yoruba makers weave aṣọ òkè, whose name means top cloth, in narrow strips on a long loom, each strip only a few centimetres wide. The finished strips are laid side by side and sewn together into a much larger piece for wrappers, caps and gowns. Choices of thread and pattern give different cloths their character, and named types include the dark indigo etu, the pale sanyan woven from wild silk, and the crimson alaari. Such cloth is often worn for weddings and celebrations. Yoruba weaving is one of Nigeria's many cultural traditions.","question":"Aṣọ òkè is woven in narrow strips. How does a wide cloth come from them?","answer":"The strips are sewn edge to edge.","others":["The loom grows wider as the work goes on.","The strips are stretched out sideways.","Each strip is folded into a square."],"id":"NGA-culture-1","sources":["wiki-NGA-0","wiki-NGA-1","voyage-NGA","institution-NGA"]}]},{"id":"NIU","name":"Niue","aliases":["Niue","Niuē-fekai"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[-169.862565,-19.045956],"capitals":["Alofi"],"languages":["Niuean","English"],"currencies":["New Zealand dollar","Niue dollar"],"landscape":"Find Niue in Polynesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-NIU","natural-earth","ref-Q30966","ref-Q33790","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q4165057"],"discoveries":[{"id":"NIU-languages","title":"Niuean and English","text":"Niuean and English are both official on Niue. Niuean is Polynesian and close to Tongan, and more Niueans now live in New Zealand than on the island itself.","sources":["wd-NIU","natural-earth","ref-Q30966","ref-Q33790","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q4165057"]},{"id":"NIU-money","title":"New Zealand money","text":"Niue uses the New Zealand dollar and has issued collector coins of its own. It is one of the world's largest raised coral atolls and has no rivers at all.","sources":["wd-NIU","natural-earth","ref-Q30966","ref-Q33790","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q4165057"]}]},{"id":"NFK","name":"Norfolk Island","aliases":["Norfolk Island"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Australia and New Zealand","coordinate":[167.954531,-29.033042],"capitals":["Kingston"],"languages":["English","Norfuk"],"currencies":["Australian dollar"],"landscape":"Find Norfolk Island in Australia and New Zealand. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-NFK","natural-earth","ref-Q30963","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33797","ref-Q259502","ref-Q98"],"discoveries":[{"id":"NFK-languages","title":"A language from two ships","text":"English is used on Norfolk Island alongside Norf'k, which grew from the English and Tahitian spoken by the Bounty mutineers and their families who resettled here from Pitcairn. It is taught in the island's school.","sources":["wd-NFK","natural-earth","ref-Q30963","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33797","ref-Q259502","ref-Q98"]},{"id":"NFK-money","title":"The Australian dollar","text":"Norfolk Island uses the Australian dollar, being an Australian territory. It lies far out in the Pacific, closer to New Zealand than to most of Australia.","sources":["wd-NFK","natural-earth","ref-Q30963","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33797","ref-Q259502","ref-Q98"]}]},{"id":"PRK","name":"North Korea","aliases":["Dem. Rep. Korea","North Korea","조선민주주의인민공화국"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","coordinate":[126.444516,39.885252],"capitals":["Pyongyang"],"languages":["Korean"],"currencies":["North Korean won"],"landscape":"Find North Korea in Eastern Asia. Water features linked to this place include Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PRK","natural-earth","ref-Q18808","ref-Q18784","ref-Q9176","ref-Q106720","ref-Q37960","ref-Q27092","check-PRK"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PRK-languages","title":"Korean without borrowed words","text":"Korean is the language of North Korea, written in Hangul, called Chosŏn'gŭl here. Many borrowed words have been deliberately replaced with Korean-built ones, so the vocabulary has drifted away from that used in the South.","sources":["wd-PRK","natural-earth","ref-Q18808","ref-Q18784","ref-Q9176","ref-Q106720","ref-Q37960","ref-Q27092","check-PRK"]},{"id":"PRK-money","title":"The won","text":"The won means round, from the shape of a coin, and both Koreas use currencies of that name that are entirely separate. North Korea revalued its won in 2009, striking off two zeros.","sources":["wd-PRK","natural-earth","ref-Q18808","ref-Q18784","ref-Q9176","ref-Q106720","ref-Q37960","ref-Q27092","check-PRK"]}]},{"id":"MKD","name":"North Macedonia","aliases":["North Macedonia","Република Северна Македонија"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[21.555839,41.558223],"capitals":["Skopje"],"languages":["Macedonian","Albanian"],"currencies":["Macedonian denar"],"landscape":"Find North Macedonia in Southern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MKD","natural-earth","ref-Q384","ref-Q9296","ref-Q8748","ref-Q177875"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MKD-languages","title":"Macedonian and Albanian","text":"Macedonian is the official language, written in Cyrillic and close to Bulgarian. Albanian also has official status nationally, and Turkish, Romani and other languages are official in some municipalities.","sources":["wd-MKD","natural-earth","ref-Q384","ref-Q9296","ref-Q8748","ref-Q177875"]},{"id":"MKD-money","title":"The denar","text":"The denar takes its name from the Roman denarius. The country added North to its name in 2019 as part of an agreement with Greece.","sources":["wd-MKD","natural-earth","ref-Q384","ref-Q9296","ref-Q8748","ref-Q177875"]}]},{"id":"CYN","name":"Northern Cyprus","aliases":["Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti","Northern Cyprus","Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[33.692434,35.216071],"capitals":["North Nicosia"],"languages":["Turkish"],"currencies":["Turkish lira"],"landscape":"Find Northern Cyprus in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Northern Cyprus has a separate administration; its status and boundaries are disputed. It is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-CYN","natural-earth","ref-Q2762100","ref-Q256","ref-Q172872","check-CYN"],"discoveries":[{"id":"CYN-languages","title":"Turkish in the north","text":"Turkish is the language used in the north of Cyprus, while Greek is used in the south. The island's political situation is disputed, and this atlas does not settle it.","sources":["wd-CYN","natural-earth","ref-Q2762100","ref-Q256","ref-Q172872","check-CYN"]},{"id":"CYN-money","title":"One island, two currencies","text":"The northern part of Cyprus uses the Turkish lira while the south uses the euro, so a single island runs on two currencies and crossing between them means changing money.","sources":["wd-CYN","natural-earth","ref-Q2762100","ref-Q256","ref-Q172872","check-CYN"]}]},{"id":"MNP","name":"Northern Mariana Islands","aliases":["Commonwealth Téél Falúw kka Efáng llól Marianas","Northern Mariana Islands","Notte Mariånas"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Micronesia","coordinate":[145.734397,15.188188],"capitals":["Saipan"],"languages":["English","Chamorro","Carolinian"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MNP","natural-earth","ref-Q49755159","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33262","ref-Q28427","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MNP-languages","title":"Three official languages","text":"English, Chamorro and Carolinian are all official in the Northern Mariana Islands. Carolinian arrived with people who sailed here from the Caroline Islands in the 1800s and is a different language from Chamorro.","sources":["wd-MNP","natural-earth","ref-Q49755159","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33262","ref-Q28427","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]},{"id":"MNP-money","title":"The United States dollar","text":"These islands use the United States dollar. Guam nearby is also American, but the two are separate territories with separate governments.","sources":["wd-MNP","natural-earth","ref-Q49755159","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33262","ref-Q28427","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]}]},{"id":"NOR","name":"Norway","aliases":["Kongeriket Noreg","Kongeriket Norge","Norway"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[9.679975,61.357092],"capitals":["Oslo"],"languages":["Bokmål","Sámi","Nynorsk","Norwegian"],"currencies":["Norwegian krone"],"landscape":"Find Norway in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, North Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-NOR","natural-earth","ref-Q585","ref-Q25167","ref-Q56463","ref-Q25164","ref-Q9043","ref-Q132643","ref-Q47545","ref-Q45823","ref-Q1693","ref-Q1695","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"NOR-languages","title":"Two written Norwegians","text":"Norwegian has two official written forms, Bokmål and Nynorsk, and schools and councils choose which to use. Spoken Norwegian varies a great deal by district, and Sámi languages are official in the north.","sources":["wd-NOR","natural-earth","ref-Q585","ref-Q25167","ref-Q56463","ref-Q25164","ref-Q9043","ref-Q132643","ref-Q47545","ref-Q45823","ref-Q1693","ref-Q1695","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"NOR-money","title":"The krone","text":"Norway uses the krone and is not in the European Union, though it trades closely with it. Money earned from oil is placed in a very large national fund rather than spent as it arrives.","sources":["wd-NOR","natural-earth","ref-Q585","ref-Q25167","ref-Q56463","ref-Q25164","ref-Q9043","ref-Q132643","ref-Q47545","ref-Q45823","ref-Q1693","ref-Q1695","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"OMN","name":"Oman","aliases":["Oman","سلطنة عُمان"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[57.336553,22.120427],"capitals":["Muscat"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Omani rial"],"landscape":"Find Oman in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-OMN","natural-earth","ref-Q3826","ref-Q13955","ref-Q272290"],"discoveries":[{"id":"OMN-languages","title":"Arabic and much older tongues","text":"Arabic is Oman's official language. In the south, Modern South Arabian languages such as Jibbali and Mehri are still spoken; they are related to Arabic but split from it thousands of years ago and an Arabic speaker cannot follow them.","sources":["wd-OMN","natural-earth","ref-Q3826","ref-Q13955","ref-Q272290"]},{"id":"OMN-money","title":"A rial in thousandths","text":"The Omani rial divides into a thousand baisa and is among the highest-valued currencies in the world. Small purchases are priced in baisa, so the numbers look odd to a visitor.","sources":["wd-OMN","natural-earth","ref-Q3826","ref-Q13955","ref-Q272290"]}]},{"id":"PAK","name":"Pakistan","aliases":["Pakistan","Pákistán","پاکستان","پاڪستان","پٲکِستان"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[68.545632,29.328389],"capitals":["Islamabad"],"languages":["English","Urdu"],"currencies":["Pakistani rupee"],"landscape":"The Indus travels from mountain regions toward the Arabian Sea. Sukkur is downstream of the northern mountain region, while the Indus delta is near the coast. A delta is land shaped by sediment near a river mouth.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-PAK","natural-earth","ref-Q1362","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1617","ref-Q188289","wiki-PAK-0","wiki-PAK-1","voyage-PAK","institution-PAK"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Read the label in its direction","text":"Urdu and English labels use different writing systems and reading directions: Urdu is written right to left in a flowing style of the Perso-Arabic script called nastaliq, in which words slope downward. Urdu is the national language and English is also used in government and higher education. Pakistan has communities using Punjabi, which has the most speakers, along with Sindhi, Pashto, Saraiki, Balochi and other languages. Our two labels are examples, not a complete language list.","question":"A sign shows Urdu on one line and English on the next. What changes between them?","answer":"The script and the direction of reading.","others":["The place being named.","The number of destinations.","The country the sign stands in."],"id":"PAK-culture-0","sources":["wiki-PAK-0","wiki-PAK-1","voyage-PAK","institution-PAK"]},{"title":"Artists on the road","text":"Truck artists in Pakistan decorate working vehicles with painted scenes, flowers, birds, portraits and lines of poetry, together with hammered metal panels, mirror work, carved wood and hanging chains that jingle as the truck moves. A painter, a metalworker and a craftsperson who changes the bodywork may all contribute, and a full decoration can take weeks and cost a large share of the vehicle's price. Workshops in Karachi, Rawalpindi and Peshawar have their own regional styles. A truck can carry goods and the work of several artists.","question":"One decorated truck can involve several workers. Why?","answer":"Painting and metalwork call for different skills.","others":["Each truck is repainted by its driver daily.","One artist must finish before the truck is built.","Decoration takes the place of carrying goods."],"id":"PAK-culture-1","sources":["wiki-PAK-0","wiki-PAK-1","voyage-PAK","institution-PAK"]}]},{"id":"PLW","name":"Palau","aliases":["Belau","Palau","Republic of Palau"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Micronesia","coordinate":[134.580157,7.518252],"capitals":["Ngerulmud"],"languages":["English","Palauan","Japanese"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Palau in Micronesia. Water features linked to this place include Pacific Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PLW","natural-earth","ref-Q515229","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33776","ref-Q5287","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PLW-languages","title":"Palauan, English and Japanese","text":"Palauan and English are both official in Palau, and Japanese has official status in one state, left over from a period of Japanese administration. Palauan is Austronesian and has taken in a good many Japanese words.","sources":["wd-PLW","natural-earth","ref-Q515229","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33776","ref-Q5287","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]},{"id":"PLW-money","title":"The dollar in Palau","text":"Palau uses the United States dollar under an agreement with the United States. It was the first country to ban sunscreens that harm coral, because so much of its living depends on the reef.","sources":["wd-PLW","natural-earth","ref-Q515229","ref-Q1860","ref-Q33776","ref-Q5287","ref-Q4917","ref-Q98"]}]},{"id":"PAN","name":"Panama","aliases":["Panama","República de Panamá"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Central America","coordinate":[-80.352106,8.72198],"capitals":["Panama City"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Panamanian balboa","United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Panama in Central America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PAN","natural-earth","ref-Q3306","ref-Q1321","ref-Q210472","ref-Q4917"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PAN-languages","title":"Spanish and Ngäbere","text":"Spanish is Panama's official language, and Indigenous languages including Ngäbere, Kuna and Emberá are spoken in their own territories. An English creole is used by communities on the Caribbean coast.","sources":["wd-PAN","natural-earth","ref-Q3306","ref-Q1321","ref-Q210472","ref-Q4917"]},{"id":"PAN-money","title":"A currency with no notes","text":"Panama's balboa is fixed to the United States dollar, but only coins are minted; the paper money in circulation is American. A country can have a currency that exists only as change.","sources":["wd-PAN","natural-earth","ref-Q3306","ref-Q1321","ref-Q210472","ref-Q4917"]}]},{"id":"PNG","name":"Papua New Guinea","aliases":["Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini","Independent State of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Melanesia","coordinate":[143.910216,-5.695285],"capitals":["Port Moresby"],"languages":["English","Tok Pisin","Hiri Motu","Papua New Guinean Sign Language"],"currencies":["kina"],"landscape":"Find Papua New Guinea in Melanesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PNG","natural-earth","ref-Q36526","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34159","ref-Q33617","ref-Q25044405","ref-Q200759"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PNG-languages","title":"More languages than anywhere","text":"Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country, over eight hundred of them. Tok Pisin, English and Hiri Motu are official, and Tok Pisin is a creole that lets speakers of very different languages talk to one another.","sources":["wd-PNG","natural-earth","ref-Q36526","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34159","ref-Q33617","ref-Q25044405","ref-Q200759"]},{"id":"PNG-money","title":"Named after shells","text":"The kina is named after a pearl shell used as valuable exchange long before coins, and the smaller unit, the toea, after another shell. The old and new forms of money share their names.","sources":["wd-PNG","natural-earth","ref-Q36526","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34159","ref-Q33617","ref-Q25044405","ref-Q200759"]}]},{"id":"PRY","name":"Paraguay","aliases":["Paraguay","Paraguái Tavakuairetã","República del Paraguay"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-60.146394,-21.674509],"capitals":["Asunción"],"languages":["Spanish","Guarani"],"currencies":["Paraguayan guaraní"],"landscape":"Find Paraguay in South America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PRY","natural-earth","ref-Q2933","ref-Q1321","ref-Q35876","ref-Q207514"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PRY-languages","title":"Guaraní spoken by nearly everyone","text":"Spanish and Guaraní are both official, and Paraguay is unusual in that most of the population speaks the Indigenous language rather than only a small community. Many people mix the two in a way known locally as Jopara.","sources":["wd-PRY","natural-earth","ref-Q2933","ref-Q1321","ref-Q35876","ref-Q207514"]},{"id":"PRY-money","title":"Money named after a language","text":"The currency is the guaraní, named after the same people and language. Very few countries carry an Indigenous name on their money.","sources":["wd-PRY","natural-earth","ref-Q2933","ref-Q1321","ref-Q35876","ref-Q207514"]}]},{"id":"PER","name":"Peru","aliases":["Peru","Perú","República del Perú"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-72.90016,-12.976679],"capitals":["Lima"],"languages":["Spanish","Aymara","Quechua"],"currencies":["Peruvian sol"],"landscape":"The Andes run through Peru between the Pacific coast and the Amazonian lowlands.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-PER","natural-earth","ref-Q2868","ref-Q1321","ref-Q4627","ref-Q5218","ref-Q204656","ref-Q98","ref-Q2835799","check-PER","wiki-PER-0","wiki-PER-1","voyage-PER"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Languages beyond borders","text":"Quechua is a family of related Indigenous languages rather than a single one, with Southern Quechua the most widely used. Speakers live in Peru, where it is official alongside Spanish, and also in Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and Colombia, so the language family reaches across several borders. Aymara is another Andean language, used especially around Lake Titicaca. Words including llama, condor and quinoa came into other languages from Quechua. These are living languages used by people today, not just a subject for history books.","question":"Quechua speakers live in Peru and in neighbouring countries. What does that show?","answer":"A language can be used across national borders.","others":["A language stops where a border begins.","Each country must have a language of its own.","Quechua is one single language, not a family."],"id":"PER-culture-0","sources":["wiki-PER-0","wiki-PER-1","voyage-PER"]},{"title":"More than one kind of landscape","text":"Peru is often described in three parts: the costa, a narrow dry Pacific coast kept cool by the Humboldt Current; the sierra, the high Andes, where Huascarán rises above 6,700 metres; and the selva, the Amazonian forest that covers more than half the country. Lima sits on the coast, and a journey inland climbs thousands of metres in a matter of hours. Lives, foods and journeys vary between these regions. One picture of a mountain village cannot represent every Peruvian community.","question":"A traveller crosses Peru from the Pacific toward the Amazon. What is met along the way?","answer":"Dry coast, then high mountains, then forest.","others":["Forest, then coast, then mountains.","One kind of landscape the whole way.","Mountains only near the ocean."],"id":"PER-culture-1","sources":["wiki-PER-0","wiki-PER-1","voyage-PER"]}]},{"id":"PHL","name":"Philippines","aliases":["Philippines","Pilipinas"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[122.465,11.198],"capitals":["Manila"],"languages":["Filipino","English"],"currencies":["Philippine peso"],"landscape":"Luzon is the northern main island group, the Visayas lie between, and Mindanao is to the south. Our markers show example locations within those groups, not their full boundaries.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-PHL","natural-earth","ref-Q1461","ref-Q33298","ref-Q1860","ref-Q2530387","ref-Q17193","ref-Q3306193","ref-Q159183","ref-Q19270","check-PHL","wiki-PHL-0","wiki-PHL-1","voyage-PHL","institution-PHL"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Many islands, many languages","text":"The Philippines is made of more than 7,000 islands, and about 180 languages are used across them, including Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray and Bikol. Filipino, based largely on Tagalog, and English are used in public life and school. An older script called Baybayin was once used for writing before the Latin alphabet arrived. A national label such as Pilipinas does not tell us what language each person on each island speaks.","question":"Pilipinas is one label for a country of many islands. What can it not tell us?","answer":"Which languages people use on each island.","others":["The country's name in Filipino.","That the country has a name at all.","How that label is spelled."],"id":"PHL-culture-0","sources":["wiki-PHL-0","wiki-PHL-1","voyage-PHL","institution-PHL"]},{"title":"Learning from Kiangan weavers","text":"Kiangan, in Ifugao province in the mountains of northern Luzon, is a place where weaving knowledge is shared through demonstrations and teaching. Weavers work on a backstrap loom, tensioned by leaning away from a fixed point, and cloth can carry patterns and colours connected to occasions, families and standing in community life. The famous Ifugao rice terraces climb the slopes nearby. Learners should ask local makers about particular textiles instead of treating every Philippine weaving tradition as the same.","question":"You want to know what one Ifugao textile means. Who is the best source?","answer":"The makers and knowledgeable community members.","others":["A guidebook covering all of Southeast Asia.","Weavers from a different community.","A map showing where Kiangan lies."],"id":"PHL-culture-1","sources":["wiki-PHL-0","wiki-PHL-1","voyage-PHL","institution-PHL"]}]},{"id":"PCN","name":"Pitcairn Islands","aliases":["Pitcairn Islands","Pitkern Ailen"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[-128.317536,-24.364576],"capitals":["Adamstown"],"languages":["Pitkern","English"],"currencies":["New Zealand dollar","Pitcairn Islands dollar"],"landscape":"Find Pitcairn Islands in Polynesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PCN","natural-earth","ref-Q48273","ref-Q36554","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q4165058"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PCN-languages","title":"A language from a mutiny","text":"English and Pitkern are both used on Pitcairn. Pitkern grew from the English and Tahitian spoken by the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitian women who came with them, and it is closely related to Norfolk Island's Norf'k.","sources":["wd-PCN","natural-earth","ref-Q48273","ref-Q36554","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q4165058"]},{"id":"PCN-money","title":"Money for a few dozen people","text":"Pitcairn uses the New Zealand dollar and mints collector coins. Fewer than fifty people live here, which makes it one of the least populated territories in the world.","sources":["wd-PCN","natural-earth","ref-Q48273","ref-Q36554","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1472704","ref-Q4165058"]}]},{"id":"POL","name":"Poland","aliases":["Poland","Polska","Rzeczpospolita Polska"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[19.490468,51.990316],"capitals":["Warsaw"],"languages":["Polish"],"currencies":["złoty"],"landscape":"The Vistula passes through Kraków and Warsaw, then reaches the Baltic coast near Gdańsk. These study locations show a broad south-to-north relationship, not every turn in the river.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-POL","natural-earth","ref-Q270","ref-Q809","ref-Q123213","ref-Q545","ref-Q552","ref-Q5602","ref-Q582675","ref-Q2142065","ref-Q577026","ref-Q1331973","ref-Q737728","ref-Q4176549","ref-Q840694","ref-Q756302","ref-Q156237","ref-Q548","ref-Q828869","wiki-POL-0","wiki-POL-1","voyage-POL","institution-POL"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Keep the details in a name","text":"Polish labels may include letters such as Ł and ó, along with ą, ę, ć, ń, ś, ź and ż. These are meaningful writing details rather than decoration: ł sounds close to an English w, and ó sounds like u, so dropping the marks changes how a name should be read. Our search also accepts familiar English forms so that a learner can find Warsaw before learning Warszawa.","question":"Why keep the letter Ł when writing Łowicz?","answer":"The letter is part of how the name is spelled.","others":["It shows how large the town is.","It marks the town as a capital.","It tells readers how far away the town lies."],"id":"POL-culture-0","sources":["wiki-POL-0","wiki-POL-1","voyage-POL","institution-POL"]},{"title":"Paper pictures in Łowicz","text":"Paper-cutting artists in the Łowicz region make wycinanki using cut shapes and layers of coloured paper, often building up flowers, birds and village scenes; the cutting was traditionally done with large sheep shears. Other regions have their own approaches, and in Kurpie the cuttings are usually a single colour and folded so both halves match. The pictures were pasted onto walls and beams and renewed for spring festivals. A flower or bird design is an artist's example, not a pattern used by every Polish person.","question":"Why name the region when describing a paper-cutting style?","answer":"Different regions developed different styles.","others":["Only one region in Poland makes crafts.","A region's name decides the colour of the paper.","Naming a region proves every household cuts paper."],"id":"POL-culture-1","sources":["wiki-POL-0","wiki-POL-1","voyage-POL","institution-POL"]}]},{"id":"PRT","name":"Portugal","aliases":["Lisboa","Portugal","República Portuguesa"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[-8.271754,39.606675],"capitals":["Lisbon"],"languages":["Portuguese"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Porto lies in northern mainland Portugal, Lisbon farther south, and Faro near the south coast. Portugal also includes the Azores and Madeira island groups, outside this mainland close-up.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-PRT","natural-earth","ref-Q597","ref-Q5146","ref-Q97","check-PRT","wiki-PRT-0","wiki-PRT-1","voyage-PRT","institution-PRT"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A close-up leaves places out","text":"A map of mainland Portugal can leave the Azores and Madeira outside its frame. The Azores are nine islands roughly 1,400 kilometres out in the Atlantic, and Madeira lies about 1,000 kilometres to the south-west; both are autonomous regions of Portugal with their own governments. Mapmakers often place them in small inset boxes to fit them on the page. Read the map's title and extent before assuming it shows the whole country.","question":"A map titled Portugal shows only the mainland. What is missing from it?","answer":"The Azores and Madeira island groups.","others":["Portugal's border with Spain.","Portugal's Atlantic coastline.","The capital city."],"id":"PRT-culture-0","sources":["wiki-PRT-0","wiki-PRT-1","voyage-PRT","institution-PRT"]},{"title":"Many tiles, one picture","text":"Azulejos are glazed ceramic tiles used in Portuguese buildings, and the name comes from an Arabic word for a small polished stone. Some repeat a pattern, while others are painted so that many tiles combine into one large scene across a wall, which means each tile must be fired and then laid in exactly the right place. Blue-and-white panels became common from the seventeenth century, and tiles cover churches, palaces and railway stations such as São Bento in Porto, as well as modern metro stations. Makers must consider both each tile and the arrangement of the whole panel. Tile traditions have connections beyond Portugal too.","question":"A wall of azulejos forms one large scene. What did the maker have to plan?","answer":"Each tile's part and its place in the whole.","others":["One tile painted, then copied by a machine.","Tiles arranged in whatever order fits.","A single tile enlarged to fill the wall."],"id":"PRT-culture-1","sources":["wiki-PRT-0","wiki-PRT-1","voyage-PRT","institution-PRT"]}]},{"id":"PRI","name":"Puerto Rico","aliases":["Puerto Rico"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-66.481065,18.234668],"capitals":["San Juan"],"languages":["Spanish","English"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Puerto Rico in Caribbean. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PRI","natural-earth","ref-Q41211","ref-Q1321","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q97","ref-Q1247"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PRI-languages","title":"Spanish first, English too","text":"Spanish and English are both official in Puerto Rico, and Spanish is what almost everyone speaks. Puerto Rican Spanish carries words from Taíno and from West African languages inside it.","sources":["wd-PRI","natural-earth","ref-Q41211","ref-Q1321","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q97","ref-Q1247"]},{"id":"PRI-money","title":"The dollar, called something else","text":"Puerto Rico uses the United States dollar, though people often call a dollar a peso and a quarter a peseta, names left from the currency used before 1898.","sources":["wd-PRI","natural-earth","ref-Q41211","ref-Q1321","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q97","ref-Q1247"]}]},{"id":"QAT","name":"Qatar","aliases":["Qatar"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[51.143509,25.237383],"capitals":["Doha"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Qatari riyal"],"landscape":"Find Qatar in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-QAT","natural-earth","ref-Q3861","ref-Q13955","ref-Q206386"],"discoveries":[{"id":"QAT-languages","title":"Arabic in Qatar","text":"Arabic is Qatar's official language. Most residents came from other countries to work, so Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, Nepali, Tagalog and Bengali are widely spoken, and English is common in business.","sources":["wd-QAT","natural-earth","ref-Q3861","ref-Q13955","ref-Q206386"]},{"id":"QAT-money","title":"The riyal","text":"The Qatari riyal is fixed to the United States dollar and divides into a hundred dirhams. Qatar is a peninsula reaching north into the Arabian Gulf.","sources":["wd-QAT","natural-earth","ref-Q3861","ref-Q13955","ref-Q206386"]}]},{"id":"IRL","name":"Republic of Ireland","aliases":["Ireland","Republic of Ireland","Éire"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[-7.798588,53.078726],"capitals":["Dublin"],"languages":["Irish","English"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Dublin is on the eastern side of Ireland, Galway is on the west, and Cork is in the south. All three study cities are in the Republic of Ireland. The outline of an island and the boundary of a state are different map features.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-IRL","natural-earth","ref-Q1761","ref-Q9142","ref-Q1860","check-IRL","wiki-IRL-0","wiki-IRL-1","voyage-IRL","institution-IRL"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Irish and English place names","text":"Dublin is Baile Átha Cliath in Irish, meaning the town of the hurdled ford, while the English name comes from Dubh Linn, a dark pool. Galway is Gaillimh. Irish is the first official language of Ireland, and it is the everyday community language in Gaeltacht areas along the western coast. Signs across the country show Irish and English names together. Matching them is more reliable than assuming two written names always mean two towns.","question":"A sign reads Gaillimh above Galway. What is the safest conclusion?","answer":"One city is named in Irish and in English.","others":["Two towns lie next to one another.","Gaillimh is a district inside Galway.","The Irish name replaced the English one recently."],"id":"IRL-culture-0","sources":["wiki-IRL-0","wiki-IRL-1","voyage-IRL","institution-IRL"]},{"title":"Tunes learned together","text":"In an Irish traditional music session, musicians gather in a pub or a house to play tunes they know and to learn from one another. Fiddles, flutes, tin whistles, uilleann pipes, concertinas, banjos and the bodhrán drum may take part. Most tunes are jigs, reels or hornpipes, usually learned by ear rather than from paper, and they are often strung together in sets. One player starts, and others join in when they recognise the tune, so listening carefully is what holds the music together. This tradition is practiced across the island and beyond it.","question":"Musicians at a session play together without sheet music. What makes that work?","answer":"They listen to each other and follow tunes they know.","others":["One player writes the tune out first.","Every instrument plays a different tune at once.","Only one instrument may take part."],"id":"IRL-culture-1","sources":["wiki-IRL-0","wiki-IRL-1","voyage-IRL","institution-IRL"]}]},{"id":"COG","name":"Republic of the Congo","aliases":["Repubilika ya Kongo","Republic of the Congo","Republíki ya Kongó","République du Congo"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[15.9005,0.142331],"capitals":["Brazzaville"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["Central African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Republic of the Congo in Middle Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-COG","natural-earth","ref-Q3844","ref-Q150","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"COG-languages","title":"Two Congos, different words","text":"French is official here, with Lingala and Kituba widely spoken. The Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are separate countries facing each other across the river, with capitals in sight of one another.","sources":["wd-COG","natural-earth","ref-Q3844","ref-Q150","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"COG-money","title":"A franc on each bank","text":"This Congo uses the Central African CFA franc while its neighbour across the river uses the Congolese franc, so crossing the water means changing money.","sources":["wd-COG","natural-earth","ref-Q3844","ref-Q150","ref-Q847739","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"ROU","name":"Romania","aliases":["Romania","România"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[24.972624,45.733237],"capitals":["Bucharest"],"languages":["Romanian"],"currencies":["Romanian Leu"],"landscape":"The Danube reaches the Black Sea through a delta. Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Galați, and the delta are study points along its approach. Delta channels branch rather than ending at one single straight shoreline.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-ROU","natural-earth","ref-Q19660","ref-Q7913","ref-Q131645","wiki-ROU-0","wiki-ROU-1","voyage-ROU","institution-ROU"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A country and its capital","text":"România labels a country. București labels its capital city. A map can use the English forms Romania and Bucharest instead. Romanian is a Romance language, related to Italian, Spanish and French, written in the Latin alphabet with the extra letters ă, â, î, ș and ț. The Carpathian Mountains curve through the country, and the Danube forms much of the southern border before spreading into a delta on the Black Sea. The scale and position of a label help us match it to the right kind of place.","question":"România and București are printed at different sizes on a map. What does that suggest?","answer":"One label names a country, the other a city.","others":["One label is older than the other.","One lies in Europe and the other does not.","They name the same place twice."],"id":"ROU-culture-0","sources":["wiki-ROU-0","wiki-ROU-1","voyage-ROU","institution-ROU"]},{"title":"Clay, hands, and heat","text":"In Horezu, in Vâlcea county, potters dig and clean local clay, knead it, and shape vessels on a kick wheel. They decorate the surface with liquid clay in other colours, drawing patterns such as spirals, waves and the well-known Horezu rooster using a cow's horn as a pouring tool and a fine point to trace lines. Only firing in a kiln turns the soft shaped clay into hard pottery. People learn through families and workshops, and UNESCO has listed the craft. A finished bowl carries choices about form and decoration as well as knowledge of materials.","question":"A Horezu bowl has been shaped and decorated, but the clay is still soft. What step remains?","answer":"Firing it with heat.","others":["Shaping the vessel.","Choosing its decoration.","Preparing the clay."],"id":"ROU-culture-1","sources":["wiki-ROU-0","wiki-ROU-1","voyage-ROU","institution-ROU"]}]},{"id":"RUS","name":"Russia","aliases":["Russia","Russian Federation","Российская Федерация","Россия"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[44.686469,58.249357],"capitals":["Moscow"],"languages":["Russian"],"currencies":["Russian ruble"],"landscape":"Moscow is in the European part of Russia. Vladivostok is far to the east in Asia. Irkutsk is another study stop between them. A regional browsing label does not describe all the land a country covers.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-RUS","natural-earth","ref-Q649","ref-Q7737","ref-Q41044","ref-Q545","ref-Q98","ref-Q788","ref-Q166","ref-Q5484","ref-Q35000","ref-Q163434","ref-Q45823","ref-Q159252","ref-Q13402972","ref-Q33629","ref-Q217501","ref-Q27092","ref-Q44725","ref-Q44133","ref-Q41602","ref-Q7988","ref-Q28059689","wiki-RUS-0","wiki-RUS-1","voyage-RUS","institution-RUS"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Labels and regions","text":"Russian uses Cyrillic letters. Other languages are also used by communities in Russia, among them Tatar, Bashkir, Chechen and Sakha, and more than a hundred in total. Russia is the largest country in the world by area and stretches across eleven time zones, with the Ural Mountains marking the usual line between its European and Asian parts. Likewise, the single Europe browsing category does not erase the country's Asian regions.","question":"This atlas files Russia under Europe. What does that category not mean?","answer":"That all of Russia lies in Europe.","others":["That Russia can be found in a browsing list.","That Russia has land west of the Urals.","That a country can appear in a category."],"id":"RUS-culture-0","sources":["wiki-RUS-0","wiki-RUS-1","voyage-RUS","institution-RUS"]},{"title":"Journeys connect communities","text":"The Trans-Siberian Railway links Moscow with Vladivostok through many stops, running about 9,300 kilometres in roughly a week and making it the longest continuous railway line in the world. It crosses the Volga, Ob and Yenisei rivers, skirts the shore of Lake Baikal, and has branches heading south into Mongolia and China. People use railways for journeys and for moving goods. A line on a small map leaves out the lives, languages and landscapes along it.","question":"A thin line marks the Trans-Siberian route on a small map. What does the line hide?","answer":"The communities and landscapes along the way.","others":["Which two cities the route joins.","That the route is a railway.","The direction the route runs."],"id":"RUS-culture-1","sources":["wiki-RUS-0","wiki-RUS-1","voyage-RUS","institution-RUS"]}]},{"id":"RWA","name":"Rwanda","aliases":["Jamhuri ya Rwanda","Republic of Rwanda","Repubulika y'u Rwanda","Rwanda","République du Rwanda"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[30.103894,-1.897196],"capitals":["Kigali"],"languages":["Kinyarwanda","English","French","Swahili"],"currencies":["Rwandan franc"],"landscape":"Find Rwanda in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-RWA","natural-earth","ref-Q3859","ref-Q33573","ref-Q1860","ref-Q150","ref-Q7838","ref-Q4741"],"discoveries":[{"id":"RWA-languages","title":"One language for everyone","text":"Kinyarwanda is spoken by nearly the whole population, which is unusual in Africa. English, French and Swahili are also official, and Rwanda changed its schools from French to English in 2008.","sources":["wd-RWA","natural-earth","ref-Q3859","ref-Q33573","ref-Q1860","ref-Q150","ref-Q7838","ref-Q4741"]},{"id":"RWA-money","title":"The Rwandan franc","text":"Rwanda uses a franc, a name left from Belgian administration. It is among the most densely populated countries in Africa, and its hills are terraced almost to the tops.","sources":["wd-RWA","natural-earth","ref-Q3859","ref-Q33573","ref-Q1860","ref-Q150","ref-Q7838","ref-Q4741"]}]},{"id":"BLM","name":"Saint Barthélemy","aliases":["Saint Barthélemy","Saint-Barthélemy"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-62.833193,17.901987],"capitals":["Gustavia"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Saint Barthélemy in Caribbean. Water features linked to this place include Caribbean Sea.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BLM","natural-earth","ref-Q34112","ref-Q150","ref-Q1247","check-BLM"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BLM-languages","title":"French in the Caribbean","text":"French is official on Saint Barthélemy, and an older local French and a creole are still spoken by families who have been on the island for generations. English is common because of visitors.","sources":["wd-BLM","natural-earth","ref-Q34112","ref-Q150","ref-Q1247","check-BLM"]},{"id":"BLM-money","title":"The euro among dollars","text":"Saint Barthélemy uses the euro because it is French, while islands a short boat ride away use dollars. A currency can change completely over a very short distance.","sources":["wd-BLM","natural-earth","ref-Q34112","ref-Q150","ref-Q1247","check-BLM"]}]},{"id":"SHN","name":"Saint Helena","aliases":["Saint Helena"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-5.71262,-15.950487],"capitals":["Jamestown"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Saint Helena pound"],"landscape":"Find Saint Helena in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include South Atlantic Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SHN","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1482804","check-SHN"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SHN-languages","title":"English in the mid-Atlantic","text":"English is the language of Saint Helena, spoken with a distinctive accent shaped by centuries of isolation and by settlers and workers from Britain, Africa and Asia. Residents call themselves Saints.","sources":["wd-SHN","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1482804","check-SHN"]},{"id":"SHN-money","title":"A pound of its own","text":"Saint Helena issues its own pound at par with the British one and shares it with Ascension Island. Until an airport opened in 2016, the only way to reach the island was by ship.","sources":["wd-SHN","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q1482804","check-SHN"]}]},{"id":"KNA","name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","aliases":["Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis","Saint Kitts and Nevis"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-62.757975,17.336558],"capitals":["Basseterre"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Eastern Caribbean dollar"],"landscape":"Find Saint Kitts and Nevis in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-KNA","natural-earth","ref-Q41295","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"],"discoveries":[{"id":"KNA-languages","title":"English on two islands","text":"English is official in Saint Kitts and Nevis, with an English-based creole widely spoken. The country is made of two islands and is the smallest in the Americas by both area and population.","sources":["wd-KNA","natural-earth","ref-Q41295","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]},{"id":"KNA-money","title":"Where the notes are printed","text":"The central bank that issues the East Caribbean dollar for eight territories is based here in Basseterre. A very small country can house the bank for a much larger area.","sources":["wd-KNA","natural-earth","ref-Q41295","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]}]},{"id":"LCA","name":"Saint Lucia","aliases":["Saint Lucia"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-60.980094,13.892371],"capitals":["Castries"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Eastern Caribbean dollar"],"landscape":"Find Saint Lucia in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LCA","natural-earth","ref-Q41699","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LCA-languages","title":"English and Kwéyòl","text":"English is official on Saint Lucia, and Saint Lucian Creole, a French-based Kwéyòl, is widely spoken. The island changed hands between Britain and France many times, which is why the two do not match.","sources":["wd-LCA","natural-earth","ref-Q41699","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]},{"id":"LCA-money","title":"The East Caribbean dollar","text":"Saint Lucia uses the East Caribbean dollar. Its twin volcanic peaks, the Pitons, appear on the shared regional banknotes as well as on the island's flag.","sources":["wd-LCA","natural-earth","ref-Q41699","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]}]},{"id":"MAF","name":"Saint Martin","aliases":["Collectivité de Saint-Martin","Saint Martin","Saint-Martin"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-63.049399,18.081302],"capitals":["Marigot"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Saint Martin in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-MAF","natural-earth","ref-Q200605","ref-Q150","check-MAF"],"discoveries":[{"id":"MAF-languages","title":"One island, two official languages","text":"French is official on the northern half of this island and Dutch on the southern half. English is what most people actually speak on both sides, along with a local creole.","sources":["wd-MAF","natural-earth","ref-Q200605","ref-Q150","check-MAF"]},{"id":"MAF-money","title":"One island, two currencies","text":"The French half uses the euro and the Dutch half a guilder, with United States dollars accepted almost everywhere. Walking across the island can mean changing money twice.","sources":["wd-MAF","natural-earth","ref-Q200605","ref-Q150","check-MAF"]}]},{"id":"SPM","name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","aliases":["Saint Pierre and Miquelon","Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Northern America","coordinate":[-56.332352,47.040344],"capitals":["Saint-Pierre"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Saint Pierre and Miquelon in Northern America. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SPM","natural-earth","ref-Q185678","ref-Q150","ref-Q97","check-SPM"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SPM-languages","title":"French off Canada","text":"French is the language of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, a small French territory just off Newfoundland. It is the last remaining piece of what was once a much larger French North America.","sources":["wd-SPM","natural-earth","ref-Q185678","ref-Q150","ref-Q97","check-SPM"]},{"id":"SPM-money","title":"Euros beside Canadian dollars","text":"The islands use the euro, while Canada a few kilometres away uses its dollar. Shops often accept both, since the nearest large towns are Canadian.","sources":["wd-SPM","natural-earth","ref-Q185678","ref-Q150","ref-Q97","check-SPM"]}]},{"id":"VCT","name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","aliases":["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-61.3359,13.0879],"capitals":["Kingstown"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Eastern Caribbean dollar"],"landscape":"Find Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-VCT","natural-earth","ref-Q41474","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"],"discoveries":[{"id":"VCT-languages","title":"English and Vincentian Creole","text":"English is official in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Vincentian Creole is widely spoken. The Garifuna, whose ancestors were deported from here in 1797, keep a language now spoken mainly in Central America.","sources":["wd-VCT","natural-earth","ref-Q41474","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]},{"id":"VCT-money","title":"The East Caribbean dollar","text":"The country uses the East Caribbean dollar. It is made of one larger island and a chain of about thirty smaller ones running south from it.","sources":["wd-VCT","natural-earth","ref-Q41474","ref-Q1860","ref-Q26365"]}]},{"id":"WSM","name":"Samoa","aliases":["Independent State of Samoa","Malo Sa’oloto Tuto’atasi o Samoa","Samoa","Sāmoa","Western Samoa"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[-172.438241,-13.639139],"capitals":["Apia"],"languages":["English","Samoan"],"currencies":["Samoan tālā"],"landscape":"Find Samoa in Polynesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-WSM","natural-earth","ref-Q36260","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34011","ref-Q4588"],"discoveries":[{"id":"WSM-languages","title":"Two ways of speaking Samoan","text":"Samoan and English are both official in Samoa. Samoan has a formal, respectful vocabulary used for chiefs and ceremony that differs from everyday speech, so a speaker learns two ways of saying many things.","sources":["wd-WSM","natural-earth","ref-Q36260","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34011","ref-Q4588"]},{"id":"WSM-money","title":"The tala","text":"The tala is the Samoan form of the word dollar, and the smaller unit, the sene, comes from cent. Samoa moved across the date line in 2011 to share a day with Australia and New Zealand.","sources":["wd-WSM","natural-earth","ref-Q36260","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34011","ref-Q4588"]}]},{"id":"SMR","name":"San Marino","aliases":["Repubblica di San Marino","San Marco","San Marino"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[12.441206,43.933916],"capitals":["San Marino"],"languages":["Italian"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find San Marino in Southern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SMR","natural-earth","ref-Q1848","ref-Q652","check-SMR"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SMR-languages","title":"Italian and Romagnol","text":"Italian is San Marino's official language, and a local Romagnol dialect is also spoken. The country is entirely surrounded by Italy and describes itself as the world's oldest surviving republic.","sources":["wd-SMR","natural-earth","ref-Q1848","ref-Q652","check-SMR"]},{"id":"SMR-money","title":"Euro coins from a small state","text":"San Marino uses the euro under an agreement and mints a small number of its own coins. Because so few are produced, they tend to be collected rather than spent.","sources":["wd-SMR","natural-earth","ref-Q1848","ref-Q652","check-SMR"]}]},{"id":"SAU","name":"Saudi Arabia","aliases":["Arab Saudi","Kerajaan Arab Saudi","Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","Saudi Arabia","السعودية","المملكة العربية السعودية"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[44.6996,23.806908],"capitals":["Riyadh"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Saudi riyal"],"landscape":"Find Saudi Arabia in Western Asia. Water features linked to this place include Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SAU","natural-earth","ref-Q3692","ref-Q13955","ref-Q199857","ref-Q34675","ref-Q23406","ref-Q81611"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SAU-languages","title":"Arabic and its varieties","text":"Arabic is Saudi Arabia's official language, with Hejazi, Najdi and Gulf varieties spoken in different regions. Millions of residents came to work from South and South-East Asia, so many other languages are heard daily.","sources":["wd-SAU","natural-earth","ref-Q3692","ref-Q13955","ref-Q199857","ref-Q34675","ref-Q23406","ref-Q81611"]},{"id":"SAU-money","title":"The riyal","text":"The Saudi riyal divides into a hundred halalas and has been fixed to the United States dollar since the 1980s. Its notes carry Arabic on one side and English on the other.","sources":["wd-SAU","natural-earth","ref-Q3692","ref-Q13955","ref-Q199857","ref-Q34675","ref-Q23406","ref-Q81611"]}]},{"id":"SEN","name":"Senegal","aliases":["Senegaal","Senegal"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-14.778586,15.138125],"capitals":["Dakar"],"languages":["French","Wolof","Badyara","Balanta"],"currencies":["West African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Senegal in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SEN","natural-earth","ref-Q3718","ref-Q150","ref-Q34257","ref-Q35095","ref-Q35006","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SEN-languages","title":"French written, Wolof spoken","text":"French is Senegal's official language, but Wolof is what most people actually use between communities, including many who did not grow up with it. Pulaar, Serer, Jola and Mandinka are also national languages.","sources":["wd-SEN","natural-earth","ref-Q3718","ref-Q150","ref-Q34257","ref-Q35095","ref-Q35006","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"SEN-money","title":"The CFA franc","text":"Senegal uses the West African CFA franc. It entirely surrounds The Gambia, which uses a different currency, so a short journey inland can mean changing money twice.","sources":["wd-SEN","natural-earth","ref-Q3718","ref-Q150","ref-Q34257","ref-Q35095","ref-Q35006","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"SRB","name":"Serbia","aliases":["Serbia","Србија"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[20.787989,44.189919],"capitals":["Belgrade"],"languages":["Serbian"],"currencies":["Serbian dinar"],"landscape":"Find Serbia in Southern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SRB","natural-earth","ref-Q3711","ref-Q9299","ref-Q172524"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SRB-languages","title":"Two alphabets for one language","text":"Serbian is written in both Cyrillic and Latin letters, and most people read both without difficulty. Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian and other languages are official in some northern municipalities.","sources":["wd-SRB","natural-earth","ref-Q3711","ref-Q9299","ref-Q172524"]},{"id":"SRB-money","title":"The dinar","text":"The Serbian dinar takes its name from the Roman denarius and is one of the oldest currency names still in use in Europe. Serbia is landlocked, with the Danube crossing its north.","sources":["wd-SRB","natural-earth","ref-Q3711","ref-Q9299","ref-Q172524"]}]},{"id":"SYC","name":"Seychelles","aliases":["République des Seychelles","Seychelles"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[55.480175,-4.676659],"capitals":["Victoria"],"languages":["French","English","Seychellois Creole"],"currencies":["Seychellois rupee"],"landscape":"Find Seychelles in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SYC","natural-earth","ref-Q3940","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34015","ref-Q4595"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SYC-languages","title":"Creole first","text":"Seychellois Creole, English and French are all official, and the Creole, based on French, is what most people speak at home. It was given an official spelling in the 1980s so it could be used in schools.","sources":["wd-SYC","natural-earth","ref-Q3940","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34015","ref-Q4595"]},{"id":"SYC-money","title":"The Seychellois rupee","text":"The rupee here shares only its name with the rupees of South Asia. Seychelles is made of both granite islands, unusual so far out at sea, and low coral ones.","sources":["wd-SYC","natural-earth","ref-Q3940","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34015","ref-Q4595"]}]},{"id":"KAS","name":"Siachen Glacier","aliases":["Siachen Glacier"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[77.129553,35.340606],"capitals":[],"languages":[],"currencies":[],"landscape":"Find Siachen Glacier in Southern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Siachen Glacier lies in a disputed Himalayan region. It is not a separate country and is not included in destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-KAS","natural-earth","check-KAS"],"discoveries":[{"id":"KAS-names","title":"A name on the map","text":"This map labels the place Siachen Glacier. Map labels help us connect a name with a location. They do not tell us everything about the people who live in or visit a place.","sources":["wd-KAS","natural-earth","check-KAS"]},{"id":"KAS-perspectives","title":"More than a map label","text":"A map can show land and water, but it cannot show every story connected to a place. Names and boundaries can change. Ask who made a map, when they made it, and which details they chose to include.","sources":["map-skills","natural-earth"]}]},{"id":"SLE","name":"Sierra Leone","aliases":["Republic of Sierra Leone","Sierra Leone"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-11.763677,8.617449],"capitals":["Freetown"],"languages":["English","Krio"],"currencies":["leone"],"landscape":"Find Sierra Leone in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SLE","natural-earth","ref-Q3780","ref-Q1860","ref-Q35744","ref-Q4587","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SLE-languages","title":"Krio, spoken by most","text":"English is official in Sierra Leone, but Krio, an English-based creole, is spoken by most of the population, including people whose first language is Mende or Temne. Krio grew among people resettled at Freetown.","sources":["wd-SLE","natural-earth","ref-Q3780","ref-Q1860","ref-Q35744","ref-Q4587","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"SLE-money","title":"Zeros removed","text":"The leone is named after the country, whose own name means lion mountains in Portuguese. Sierra Leone struck three zeros off the leone in 2022, so a thousand old leones became one new one.","sources":["wd-SLE","natural-earth","ref-Q3780","ref-Q1860","ref-Q35744","ref-Q4587","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"SGP","name":"Singapore","aliases":["Republic of Singapore","Republik Singapura","Singapore","Singapura","சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு","新加坡共和国"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[103.816925,1.366587],"capitals":["Singapore"],"languages":["English","Malay","Standard Chinese","Tamil"],"currencies":["Singapore dollar"],"landscape":"Singapore is small on the world map, so a closer view helps. Jurong is in the west, the Marina Bay area is farther east near the south coast, and Changi is toward the east. Markers show approximate study areas.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-SGP","natural-earth","ref-Q1860","ref-Q9237","ref-Q727694","ref-Q5885","ref-Q190951","ref-Q205655","ref-Q1454776","wiki-SGP-0","wiki-SGP-1","voyage-SGP","institution-SGP"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Names in several languages","text":"English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese and Tamil are Singapore's official languages. Malay is the national language and is used in the anthem, while English is the main language of school, government and business, which is one reason many people use it alongside another. Singapura is one name learners may meet. Many residents speak two or more languages and may switch between them in a single conversation, but their choices and fluency differ.","question":"Singapore has four official languages. What follows about one particular resident?","answer":"We cannot tell which of them they use.","others":["They must speak all four equally well.","They must speak exactly one of the four.","They must speak none of the four."],"id":"SGP-culture-0","sources":["wiki-SGP-0","wiki-SGP-1","voyage-SGP","institution-SGP"]},{"title":"Meals in a shared space","text":"Singapore's hawker centres bring many food stalls together with shared seating for diners. They were built from the 1960s and 1970s so that street vendors could cook in places with running water and proper waste disposal, and stalls now display a hygiene grade. Cooks draw on Chinese, Malay, Indian and Peranakan food traditions and learn their skills through long practice, often specialising in one dish. Because the seating is shared rather than owned by a stall, a group can order from several stalls and still eat together. UNESCO added hawker culture to its heritage list in 2020.","question":"How can a group of friends at a hawker centre eat different meals together?","answer":"Many stalls share one seating area.","others":["Each stall has its own separate dining room.","Every stall cooks from one shared menu.","Everyone must order from a single stall."],"id":"SGP-culture-1","sources":["wiki-SGP-0","wiki-SGP-1","voyage-SGP","institution-SGP"]}]},{"id":"SXM","name":"Sint Maarten","aliases":["Sint Maarten"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-63.070133,18.04088],"capitals":["Philipsburg"],"languages":["Dutch","English"],"currencies":["Caribbean guilder"],"landscape":"Find Sint Maarten in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SXM","natural-earth","ref-Q30958","ref-Q7411","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737779"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SXM-languages","title":"Dutch official, English spoken","text":"Dutch and English are both official on Sint Maarten, and English is what most people actually use. The island is shared with French Saint Martin, and the border between them can be crossed without any checks.","sources":["wd-SXM","natural-earth","ref-Q30958","ref-Q7411","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737779"]},{"id":"SXM-money","title":"A shared guilder","text":"Sint Maarten shares its currency with Curaçao, and in 2025 the two replaced the older Netherlands Antillean guilder with a new Caribbean guilder. United States dollars are accepted almost everywhere on the island.","sources":["wd-SXM","natural-earth","ref-Q30958","ref-Q7411","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737779"]}]},{"id":"SVK","name":"Slovakia","aliases":["Slovakia","Slovenská republika"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[19.049868,48.734044],"capitals":["Bratislava"],"languages":["Slovak"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Slovakia in Eastern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Morava, Danube, Ipoly.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SVK","natural-earth","ref-Q1780","ref-Q9058","ref-Q179251","ref-Q1653","ref-Q748872","ref-Q134350","ref-Q756302","ref-Q840694","ref-Q737728","ref-Q4176549","ref-Q202598","check-SVK"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SVK-languages","title":"Slovak in the middle","text":"Slovak is the official language and sits between Czech and Polish, so Slovak speakers often follow both more easily than those two follow each other. Hungarian is widely spoken in the south.","sources":["wd-SVK","natural-earth","ref-Q1780","ref-Q9058","ref-Q179251","ref-Q1653","ref-Q748872","ref-Q134350","ref-Q756302","ref-Q840694","ref-Q737728","ref-Q4176549","ref-Q202598","check-SVK"]},{"id":"SVK-money","title":"The euro since 2009","text":"Slovakia used the koruna and adopted the euro in 2009, unlike Czechia, from which it separated peacefully in 1993. Two countries that split can make quite different choices afterwards.","sources":["wd-SVK","natural-earth","ref-Q1780","ref-Q9058","ref-Q179251","ref-Q1653","ref-Q748872","ref-Q134350","ref-Q756302","ref-Q840694","ref-Q737728","ref-Q4176549","ref-Q202598","check-SVK"]}]},{"id":"SVN","name":"Slovenia","aliases":["Slovenia","Slovenija"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[14.915312,46.06076],"capitals":["Ljubljana"],"languages":["Slovene"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Slovenia in Southern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SVN","natural-earth","ref-Q437","ref-Q9063","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","check-SVN"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SVN-languages","title":"A language with a dual","text":"Slovene keeps a dual number, a special form used when speaking about exactly two of something, which most European languages have lost. It also has an unusually large number of dialects for so small a country.","sources":["wd-SVN","natural-earth","ref-Q437","ref-Q9063","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","check-SVN"]},{"id":"SVN-money","title":"The euro since 2007","text":"Slovenia was the first of the countries that joined the European Union in 2004 to adopt the euro, in 2007. Its coins show a stork, a horse, a mountain and a sower.","sources":["wd-SVN","natural-earth","ref-Q437","ref-Q9063","ref-Q13924","ref-Q4918","check-SVN"]}]},{"id":"SLB","name":"Solomon Islands","aliases":["Solomon Islands"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Melanesia","coordinate":[159.170468,-8.029548],"capitals":["Honiara"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Solomon Islands dollar"],"landscape":"Find Solomon Islands in Melanesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SLB","natural-earth","ref-Q40921","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4597"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SLB-languages","title":"Pijin between languages","text":"English is official in Solomon Islands, but Solomon Islands Pijin is what most people use to talk across communities, since around seventy languages are spoken across the archipelago.","sources":["wd-SLB","natural-earth","ref-Q40921","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4597"]},{"id":"SLB-money","title":"Cash and shell money","text":"The country introduced its own dollar in 1977, replacing the Australian one. Shell money is still made and used for ceremonies and bride price alongside banknotes.","sources":["wd-SLB","natural-earth","ref-Q40921","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4597"]}]},{"id":"SOM","name":"Somalia","aliases":["Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya","Somalia","Soomaaliya","جمهورية الصومال الفدرالية","𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[45.19238,3.568925],"capitals":["Mogadishu"],"languages":["Somali","Arabic"],"currencies":["Somali shilling"],"landscape":"Find Somalia in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SOM","natural-earth","ref-Q2449","ref-Q13275","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4603"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SOM-languages","title":"Choosing a script","text":"Somali and Arabic are both official in Somalia. Somali is a Cushitic language and was written down officially only in 1972, when a Latin-based spelling was adopted after long argument about which script to use.","sources":["wd-SOM","natural-earth","ref-Q2449","ref-Q13275","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4603"]},{"id":"SOM-money","title":"Paying by phone","text":"The Somali shilling's name comes from British administration in the north. Mobile phone payments are unusually widespread here, and many people buy small things without handling notes at all.","sources":["wd-SOM","natural-earth","ref-Q2449","ref-Q13275","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4603"]}]},{"id":"SOL","name":"Somaliland","aliases":["JSL","Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland","Somaliland"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[46.731595,9.443889],"capitals":["Hargeisa"],"languages":["Somali","Arabic","English"],"currencies":["Somaliland shilling"],"landscape":"Find Somaliland in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Somaliland has its own administration; international recognition is contested. It is available to explore, outside destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SOL","natural-earth","ref-Q168652","ref-Q13275","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737384","check-SOL"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SOL-languages","title":"Somali in Latin letters","text":"Somali and Arabic are used in Somaliland, with English also taught. Somali is written in the Latin alphabet under a spelling system adopted in 1972. Somaliland's status is not internationally recognised, and this atlas does not settle it.","sources":["wd-SOL","natural-earth","ref-Q168652","ref-Q13275","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737384","check-SOL"]},{"id":"SOL-money","title":"A currency few recognise","text":"Somaliland issues its own shilling, used locally but not traded internationally. Money changers work with large stacks of notes in the markets, and mobile payments are widely used instead of cash.","sources":["wd-SOL","natural-earth","ref-Q168652","ref-Q13275","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q737384","check-SOL"]}]},{"id":"ZAF","name":"South Africa","aliases":["Aforika Borwa","Afrika Borwa","Afrika-Dzonga","Afurika Tshipembe","South Africa","Suid-Afrika","iNingizimu Afrika","iSewula Afrika","uMzantsi Afrika"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","coordinate":[23.665734,-29.708776],"capitals":["Pretoria","Bloemfontein","Cape Town"],"languages":["English","Afrikaans","Southern Ndebele","Northern Sotho","Sesotho","Swazi","Tsonga","Tswana","Venda","Xhosa","Zulu","South African Sign Language"],"currencies":["rand"],"landscape":"Find South Africa in Southern Africa. Water features linked to this place include South Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean.","note":"Pretoria is the executive capital; Cape Town is the legislative capital; Bloemfontein is traditionally described as the judicial capital. The Constitutional Court is in Johannesburg.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ZAF","natural-earth","ref-Q3926","ref-Q37701","ref-Q5465","ref-Q1860","ref-Q14196","ref-Q36785","ref-Q33890","ref-Q34340","ref-Q34014","ref-Q34327","ref-Q34137","ref-Q32704","ref-Q13218","ref-Q10179","ref-Q3322093","ref-Q181907","ref-Q1482804","ref-Q1239","check-ZAF"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ZAF-languages","title":"Twelve official languages","text":"South Africa has twelve official languages: Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, English, Sepedi, Setswana, Sesotho, Xitsonga, siSwati, Tshivenda, isiNdebele and South African Sign Language, which was added in 2023. Zulu has the most first-language speakers.","sources":["wd-ZAF","natural-earth","ref-Q3926","ref-Q37701","ref-Q5465","ref-Q1860","ref-Q14196","ref-Q36785","ref-Q33890","ref-Q34340","ref-Q34014","ref-Q34327","ref-Q34137","ref-Q32704","ref-Q13218","ref-Q10179","ref-Q3322093","ref-Q181907","ref-Q1482804","ref-Q1239","check-ZAF"]},{"id":"ZAF-money","title":"Money named after a ridge","text":"The rand is named after the Witwatersrand, the ridge where gold was found. Its banknotes carry the country's name in several of its languages, rotating between the different denominations.","sources":["wd-ZAF","natural-earth","ref-Q3926","ref-Q37701","ref-Q5465","ref-Q1860","ref-Q14196","ref-Q36785","ref-Q33890","ref-Q34340","ref-Q34014","ref-Q34327","ref-Q34137","ref-Q32704","ref-Q13218","ref-Q10179","ref-Q3322093","ref-Q181907","ref-Q1482804","ref-Q1239","check-ZAF"]}]},{"id":"SGS","name":"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","aliases":["South Georgia and the Islands","South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"],"region":"South America","subregion":"Seven seas (open ocean)","coordinate":[-31.063179,-55.683402],"capitals":["King Edward Point"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["pound sterling"],"landscape":"Find South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in Seven seas (open ocean). Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SGS","natural-earth","ref-Q393878","ref-Q1860","ref-Q25224"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SGS-languages","title":"English where nobody stays","text":"English is used at the small research and administrative stations on South Georgia; there is no permanent population. Sovereignty is disputed between the United Kingdom and Argentina, and this atlas does not settle it.","sources":["wd-SGS","natural-earth","ref-Q393878","ref-Q1860","ref-Q25224"]},{"id":"SGS-money","title":"Money at the end of the world","text":"British pounds are used at the station and museum, and the territory issues collector coins. Almost nothing is for sale, and supply ships call only occasionally.","sources":["wd-SGS","natural-earth","ref-Q393878","ref-Q1860","ref-Q25224"]}]},{"id":"KOR","name":"South Korea","aliases":["ROK","Republic of Korea","South Korea","대한민국"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","coordinate":[128.129504,36.384924],"capitals":["Seoul"],"languages":["Korean","Korean Sign Language"],"currencies":["won"],"landscape":"Seoul and Busan are on the Korean Peninsula. Jeju City is on Jeju Island to the south. A map of South Korea needs to include islands as well as its mainland area.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-KOR","natural-earth","ref-Q8684","ref-Q9176","ref-Q3073428","ref-Q202040","ref-Q37960","ref-Q624569","ref-Q27092","ref-Q45341","wiki-KOR-0","wiki-KOR-1","voyage-KOR","institution-KOR"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Letters grouped into blocks","text":"Hangul uses letters arranged into blocks representing syllables, so 서울 is two blocks, 서 and 울, which together write the name Seoul. The alphabet was created in the 1440s under King Sejong, and the shapes of its consonant letters were designed to suggest the position of the tongue, lips and throat when making each sound. Each block is fitted into a square of the same size. Learning to recognise a name is a first step, not the same as learning the whole Korean writing system.","question":"서울 is written as two blocks. What does each block stand for?","answer":"A syllable built from letters.","others":["A separate word.","A whole sentence.","A small picture of the city."],"id":"KOR-culture-0","sources":["wiki-KOR-0","wiki-KOR-1","voyage-KOR","institution-KOR"]},{"title":"Making and sharing together","text":"Kimjang is a tradition of making and sharing kimchi, often preparing a large supply in late autumn to last through colder months. Napa cabbage is salted and rinsed, then coated with a paste that may include chilli powder, garlic, ginger, spring onion and salted seafood, and packed into jars or a kimchi refrigerator. Fermenting keeps the vegetables good to eat for a long time and changes their flavour as the weeks pass. Families and neighbours cooperate, share the work and give some away, and recipes vary. Learning about the tradition does not mean everyone prepares it in exactly the same way.","question":"Kimjang prepares a supply of kimchi ahead of the colder months. Why does fermenting suit that?","answer":"Fermented vegetables keep well for later.","others":["Fermenting has to finish within one day.","Cold weather is needed to start the fermenting.","The supply must be eaten before it ferments."],"id":"KOR-culture-1","sources":["wiki-KOR-0","wiki-KOR-1","voyage-KOR","institution-KOR"]}]},{"id":"SDS","name":"South Sudan","aliases":["Republic of South Sudan","South Sudan","جمهورية جنوب السودان","جنوب السودان"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[30.390151,7.230477],"capitals":["Juba"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["South Sudanese pound"],"landscape":"Find South Sudan in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SDS","natural-earth","ref-Q1947","ref-Q1860","ref-Q244366"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SDS-languages","title":"English and over sixty others","text":"English is the official language of South Sudan, and more than sixty other languages are spoken, including Dinka, Nuer, Zande and Bari. Juba Arabic is widely used between communities in the capital.","sources":["wd-SDS","natural-earth","ref-Q1947","ref-Q1860","ref-Q244366"]},{"id":"SDS-money","title":"A new country's money","text":"South Sudan introduced its pound in 2011, days after becoming independent, making it the world's youngest widely recognised country. Setting up a currency is among the first jobs of a new state.","sources":["wd-SDS","natural-earth","ref-Q1947","ref-Q1860","ref-Q244366"]}]},{"id":"ESP","name":"Spain","aliases":["España","Reino de España","Spain"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[-3.464718,40.090953],"capitals":["Madrid"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Spain includes land on the Iberian Peninsula and island groups. The Balearic Islands lie east of the mainland in the Mediterranean. The Canary Islands lie southwest, in the Atlantic off northwest Africa.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-ESP","natural-earth","ref-Q2807","ref-Q1321","ref-Q97","ref-Q4918","ref-Q2090594","ref-Q199408","check-ESP","wiki-ESP-0","wiki-ESP-1","voyage-ESP","institution-ESP"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Names in several languages","text":"Spanish, Catalan, Basque and Galician are among the languages used in Spain, and several have official status in their own regions. Catalan is used in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and, as Valencian, in Valencia; Galician is close to Portuguese; and Basque, or Euskara, is not related to any other known language. A bilingual sign can show two names for one place. It need not mean there are two separate towns.","question":"A sign near a Spanish town carries two names. Which reading is the most careful?","answer":"One place may be named in two languages.","others":["Two towns must be sharing one signpost.","One of the names must be a spelling mistake.","Everyone in the town uses both names equally."],"id":"ESP-culture-0","sources":["wiki-ESP-0","wiki-ESP-1","voyage-ESP","institution-ESP"]},{"title":"Many roles in one team","text":"In Catalonia, trained teams called colles build human towers known as castells, a tradition that grew in the Valls area more than two centuries ago. A dense crowd called the pinya packs together at the bottom to steady and cushion the tower, levels of the trunk climb up in turn, and last of all a light child, the enxaneta, reaches the top and raises a hand before everyone comes down. Children wear helmets, and teams practise for months. Cooperation is central to the tradition. Our activity is about observing teamwork, not attempting a tower.","question":"In a castell, why do the people at the base matter as much as the person at the top?","answer":"Each role carries part of the tower's weight and balance.","others":["The base chooses which music is played.","Only the tallest people are allowed at the base.","The base climbs up last, after the top."],"id":"ESP-culture-1","sources":["wiki-ESP-0","wiki-ESP-1","voyage-ESP","institution-ESP"]}]},{"id":"LKA","name":"Sri Lanka","aliases":["Sri Lanka","இலங்கை சனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசு","ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය","ශ්‍රී ලංකාව"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Southern Asia","coordinate":[80.704823,7.581097],"capitals":["Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte","Colombo"],"languages":["Sinhala","Tamil"],"currencies":["Sri Lankan rupee"],"landscape":"Find Sri Lanka in Southern Asia. Water features linked to this place include Indian Ocean.","note":"Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital. Colombo remains an important executive and commercial centre.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-LKA","natural-earth","ref-Q41963","ref-Q35381","ref-Q13267","ref-Q5885","ref-Q4596","ref-Q1239","check-LKA"],"discoveries":[{"id":"LKA-languages","title":"Two languages, two alphabets","text":"Sinhala and Tamil are both official in Sri Lanka and each has its own alphabet, so a sign often carries three scripts once English is added. Sinhala is Indo-European and Tamil is Dravidian, so the two are not related.","sources":["wd-LKA","natural-earth","ref-Q41963","ref-Q35381","ref-Q13267","ref-Q5885","ref-Q4596","ref-Q1239","check-LKA"]},{"id":"LKA-money","title":"A rupee in three scripts","text":"Sri Lankan banknotes carry Sinhala, Tamil and English. The name rupee is shared with several South Asian currencies that are entirely separate from one another.","sources":["wd-LKA","natural-earth","ref-Q41963","ref-Q35381","ref-Q13267","ref-Q5885","ref-Q4596","ref-Q1239","check-LKA"]}]},{"id":"PSX","name":"State of Palestine","aliases":["Palestine"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[35.291341,32.047431],"capitals":["Ramallah (administrative centre)","East Jerusalem (claimed capital)"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Israeli new shekel","Jordanian dinar"],"landscape":"Find State of Palestine in Western Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"The State of Palestine has UN observer status. East Jerusalem is its claimed capital; Ramallah is an administrative centre. Boundaries and sovereignty are disputed. This atlas does not quiz children on those claims.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-PSX","natural-earth","check-PSX"],"discoveries":[{"id":"PSX-languages","title":"Arabic in Palestine","text":"Arabic is the language of the State of Palestine, and Palestinian Arabic has town, village and Bedouin varieties. The territory's borders and status are disputed, and this atlas does not settle them.","sources":["wd-PSX","natural-earth","check-PSX"]},{"id":"PSX-money","title":"Using other people's money","text":"The Israeli new shekel is the main currency used, alongside Jordanian dinars in the West Bank and United States dollars for larger amounts. Having no currency of one's own means relying on others.","sources":["wd-PSX","natural-earth","check-PSX"]}]},{"id":"SDN","name":"Sudan","aliases":["Sudan","السودان","جمهورية السودان"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","coordinate":[29.260657,16.330746],"capitals":["Khartoum"],"languages":["Arabic","English"],"currencies":["Sudanese pound"],"landscape":"Find Sudan in Northern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SDN","natural-earth","ref-Q1963","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q271206"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SDN-languages","title":"Arabic, English and many more","text":"Arabic and English are both official in Sudan, and more than a hundred other languages are spoken, among them Beja, Fur, Nuer and Zaghawa. Sudanese Arabic has a sound and vocabulary of its own.","sources":["wd-SDN","natural-earth","ref-Q1963","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q271206"]},{"id":"SDN-money","title":"A currency that changed with the border","text":"The Sudanese pound has been reissued several times, including after South Sudan separated in 2011 and took much of the country's oil with it. Currencies often change when borders do.","sources":["wd-SDN","natural-earth","ref-Q1963","ref-Q13955","ref-Q1860","ref-Q271206"]}]},{"id":"SUR","name":"Suriname","aliases":["Republiek Suriname","Ripoliku Sranan","Suriname"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-55.91094,4.143987],"capitals":["Paramaribo"],"languages":["Dutch"],"currencies":["Surinamese dollar"],"landscape":"Find Suriname in South America. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SUR","natural-earth","ref-Q3001","ref-Q7411","ref-Q202036"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SUR-languages","title":"Dutch in South America","text":"Suriname is the only country in the Americas with Dutch as its official language. Sranan Tongo, an English-based creole, is what most people use between communities, and Sarnami Hindustani, Javanese and several Maroon and Indigenous languages are spoken.","sources":["wd-SUR","natural-earth","ref-Q3001","ref-Q7411","ref-Q202036"]},{"id":"SUR-money","title":"From guilder to dollar","text":"Suriname replaced its guilder with a dollar in 2004. It is the smallest country in South America by area and among the most forested in the world.","sources":["wd-SUR","natural-earth","ref-Q3001","ref-Q7411","ref-Q202036"]}]},{"id":"SWE","name":"Sweden","aliases":["Sverige","Sweden"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[19.01705,65.85918],"capitals":["Stockholm"],"languages":["Swedish"],"currencies":["Swedish krona"],"landscape":"Find Sweden in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Øresund.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SWE","natural-earth","ref-Q1754","ref-Q9027","ref-Q122922","ref-Q545","ref-Q131716","ref-Q104662"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SWE-languages","title":"Swedish and five minority languages","text":"Swedish is the main language, and five national minority languages are recognised: Finnish, Meänkieli, Sámi, Romani and Yiddish. Swedish has a rise and fall in pitch that can change what a word means.","sources":["wd-SWE","natural-earth","ref-Q1754","ref-Q9027","ref-Q122922","ref-Q545","ref-Q131716","ref-Q104662"]},{"id":"SWE-money","title":"Almost no cash","text":"Sweden uses the krona and has moved further from cash than almost any country, with many shops and buses refusing coins and notes altogether. A currency can survive while its physical money nearly disappears.","sources":["wd-SWE","natural-earth","ref-Q1754","ref-Q9027","ref-Q122922","ref-Q545","ref-Q131716","ref-Q104662"]}]},{"id":"CHE","name":"Switzerland","aliases":["Confederazione Svizzera","Confederaziun svizra","Confédération suisse","Schweiz","Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft","Suisse","Svizra","Svizzera","Switzerland"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","coordinate":[7.463965,46.719114],"capitals":["Bern"],"languages":["German","Italian","French","Romansh"],"currencies":["Swiss franc"],"landscape":"Geneva lies beside Lake Geneva in western Switzerland. Lucerne and Zurich are farther east beside other lakes. The study markers show city positions, not the heights of the Alps or a walking route.","note":"Bern serves as the federal city. Switzerland does not designate an official capital in the usual constitutional sense.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-CHE","natural-earth","ref-Q70","ref-Q188","ref-Q652","ref-Q150","ref-Q13199","ref-Q25344","check-CHE","wiki-CHE-0","wiki-CHE-1","voyage-CHE","institution-CHE"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Several national languages","text":"German, French, Italian and Romansh are Switzerland's four national languages. German is the most widely spoken, followed by French and then Italian, while Romansh is used by a small number of people, mainly in the canton of Graubünden. Each canton decides which languages it uses officially, so the mix changes from place to place, and many residents speak other languages as well. A multilingual sign is a clue about a place, not proof that every person speaks all four.","question":"A Swiss sign gives a place name in three languages. What can we conclude?","answer":"More than one language is used for that place.","others":["Everyone living there speaks all three.","Switzerland has three national languages.","The three names belong to three different towns."],"id":"CHE-culture-0","sources":["wiki-CHE-0","wiki-CHE-1","voyage-CHE","institution-CHE"]},{"title":"A long wooden instrument","text":"The alphorn is a long wooden wind instrument associated with Alpine communities, often several metres long and traditionally cut from a spruce that grew with a bend at its base. A player's breath and lip vibration make the sound, and because there are no finger holes or valves, only the notes of the natural harmonic series can be played. That set of notes gives alphorn tunes their particular character. The instrument was once used to signal across valleys and call cattle home, and makers and musicians keep developing its craft and music.","question":"An alphorn has no finger holes. How does the player change the sound?","answer":"By changing breath and lip vibration.","others":["By covering holes along the tube.","By pressing keys near the mouthpiece.","By shortening the horn while playing."],"id":"CHE-culture-1","sources":["wiki-CHE-0","wiki-CHE-1","voyage-CHE","institution-CHE"]}]},{"id":"SYR","name":"Syria","aliases":["Komara Erebî ya Sûriyê","Syria","الجمهورية العربية السورية","سوريا"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[38.277783,35.006636],"capitals":["Damascus"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Syrian pound"],"landscape":"Find Syria in Western Asia. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SYR","natural-earth","ref-Q3766","ref-Q13955","ref-Q240468","ref-Q4918"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SYR-languages","title":"Arabic, Kurdish and Aramaic","text":"Arabic is Syria's official language, and Kurdish, Armenian, Syriac and Turkmen are spoken by communities. In a few villages near Damascus a form of Aramaic is still spoken, a language used widely across the region two thousand years ago.","sources":["wd-SYR","natural-earth","ref-Q3766","ref-Q13955","ref-Q240468","ref-Q4918"]},{"id":"SYR-money","title":"Two zeros removed","text":"The Syrian pound lost most of its value during the war years after 2011, so everyday prices ran into the thousands. At the start of 2026 the country issued a new pound worth a hundred of the old ones, cutting two zeros off every price.","sources":["wd-SYR","natural-earth","ref-Q3766","ref-Q13955","ref-Q240468","ref-Q4918"]}]},{"id":"STP","name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","aliases":["República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe","São Tomé and Principe","São Tomé and Príncipe"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","coordinate":[7.021,0.9709],"capitals":["São Tomé"],"languages":["Portuguese"],"currencies":["São Tomé and Príncipe dobra"],"landscape":"Find São Tomé and Príncipe in Middle Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-STP","natural-earth","ref-Q3932","ref-Q5146","ref-Q193712","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"STP-languages","title":"Portuguese and three creoles","text":"Portuguese is the official language, and three Portuguese-based creoles are spoken: Forro, Angolar and Principense. The islands had no people at all before the 1400s, so every language here arrived by ship.","sources":["wd-STP","natural-earth","ref-Q3932","ref-Q5146","ref-Q193712","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"STP-money","title":"The dobra","text":"The dobra is named after an old Portuguese gold coin. It was revalued in 2018, removing three zeros, and it is fixed to the euro.","sources":["wd-STP","natural-earth","ref-Q3932","ref-Q5146","ref-Q193712","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"TWN","name":"Taiwan","aliases":["Chûng-fà Mìn-koet","ROC","ROC Taiwan","Republic of China","Republic of China (Taiwan)","Taiwan","Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok","Tiong-huâ-bîn-kok","Tâi-oân","taiwan","中華民國","台灣","臺灣"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","coordinate":[120.868204,23.652408],"capitals":["Taipei"],"languages":["Standard Taiwanese Mandarin","Taiwanese Hakka","Taiwanese Hokkien","Amis","Paiwan","Kinmen dialect","Wuqiu dialect","Matsu dialect","Taiwanese Sign Language","Saisiyat","Puyuma","Atayal","Tsou","Bunun","Rukai","Truku","Seediq","Sakizaya","Yami","Kavalan","Kanakanavu","Saaroa"],"currencies":["New Taiwan dollar"],"landscape":"Taipei is in northern Taiwan, Taichung farther south in the west, and Kaohsiung toward the southwest. Taiwan has a mountainous interior and a different eastern coastline; these three cities do not show every landscape.","note":"Taiwan is governed by the Republic of China (ROC), whose passports identify Taiwan. The ROC and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are different governments. This atlas represents Taiwan separately from the PRC.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-TWN","natural-earth","ref-Q1867","ref-Q262828","ref-Q2391532","ref-Q36778","ref-Q35132","ref-Q715755","ref-Q56278342","ref-Q61055662","ref-Q19599280","ref-Q34019","ref-Q716695","ref-Q716690","ref-Q715766","ref-Q716681","ref-Q56505","ref-Q49232","ref-Q11071864","ref-Q716686","ref-Q718269","ref-Q715760","ref-Q716627","ref-Q172244","ref-Q716599","ref-Q208526","ref-Q45341","ref-Q127031","ref-Q715534","ref-Q98","ref-Q37660","ref-Q159183","check-TWN","wiki-TWN-0","wiki-TWN-1","voyage-TWN","institution-TWN","taiwan-passport"],"discoveries":[{"title":"One place, several voices","text":"Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka and Indigenous languages are among the languages used in Taiwan. Sixteen Indigenous peoples are officially recognised, and their Austronesian languages are related to languages of the Philippines and the Pacific islands. Writing generally uses traditional Chinese characters. A traditional-character label cannot tell us which language a particular person speaks. Learning from different communities helps us understand more of Taiwan's stories.","question":"A place in Taiwan is labelled in traditional characters. What does the label leave open?","answer":"Which language the people there actually speak.","others":["How the place name is written.","That the place has a name.","That characters can be printed on a map."],"id":"TWN-culture-0","sources":["wiki-TWN-0","wiki-TWN-1","voyage-TWN","institution-TWN","taiwan-passport"]},{"title":"A hand brings a figure to life","text":"Taiwanese glove puppetry is called budaixi, meaning cloth-sack theatre. Performers put a hand inside the figure, with the index finger in the carved wooden head and the thumb and remaining fingers working the two arms, so the puppet's movements come directly from the hand. Voices, live music from gongs, drums and the reedy suona, embroidered costume-making and long practice all help tell the story. Groups teach the skills and also create new performances, including versions made for television. Related puppetry traditions exist elsewhere.","question":"What makes a Taiwanese glove puppet's arms move?","answer":"The performer's hand inside the figure.","others":["Threads pulled from above the stage.","Rods held up from below the stage.","A spring built into the puppet."],"id":"TWN-culture-1","sources":["wiki-TWN-0","wiki-TWN-1","voyage-TWN","institution-TWN","taiwan-passport"]}]},{"id":"TJK","name":"Tajikistan","aliases":["Tajikistan","Тоҷикистон","Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","coordinate":[72.587276,38.199835],"capitals":["Dushanbe"],"languages":["Tajik"],"currencies":["Tajikistani somoni"],"landscape":"Find Tajikistan in Central Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TJK","natural-earth","ref-Q9365","ref-Q9260","ref-Q199886"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TJK-languages","title":"Persian in Cyrillic","text":"Tajik is a variety of Persian, close to the Farsi of Iran and the Dari of Afghanistan, but written in Cyrillic rather than Arabic script. Speakers can understand one another while being unable to read each other's writing.","sources":["wd-TJK","natural-earth","ref-Q9365","ref-Q9260","ref-Q199886"]},{"id":"TJK-money","title":"The somoni","text":"The somoni is named after the ruler of a Persian dynasty a thousand years ago. Tajikistan is the most mountainous country in Central Asia, and much of its income comes from people working abroad.","sources":["wd-TJK","natural-earth","ref-Q9365","ref-Q9260","ref-Q199886"]}]},{"id":"TZA","name":"Tanzania","aliases":["Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania","Tanzania","United Republic of Tanzania"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[34.959183,-6.051866],"capitals":["Dodoma"],"languages":["Swahili","English"],"currencies":["Tanzanian shilling"],"landscape":"Find Tanzania in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TZA","natural-earth","ref-Q3866","ref-Q7838","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4589"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TZA-languages","title":"Swahili as a national choice","text":"Swahili and English are both official, and Tanzania decided after independence to use Swahili for schooling and government, which strengthened the language enormously. Around a hundred other languages are spoken.","sources":["wd-TZA","natural-earth","ref-Q3866","ref-Q7838","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4589"]},{"id":"TZA-money","title":"The Tanzanian shilling","text":"The shilling's name comes from British administration. Tanzania was formed in 1964 when Tanganyika and Zanzibar joined, and the country's name was built from parts of both.","sources":["wd-TZA","natural-earth","ref-Q3866","ref-Q7838","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4589"]}]},{"id":"THA","name":"Thailand","aliases":["Thailand","ราชอาณาจักรไทย"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[101.073198,15.45974],"capitals":["Bangkok"],"languages":["Thai"],"currencies":["baht"],"landscape":"Find Thailand in South-Eastern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-THA","natural-earth","ref-Q1861","ref-Q9217","ref-Q177882"],"discoveries":[{"id":"THA-languages","title":"Thai and its tones","text":"Thai is the official language and is tonal, with five tones, so one syllable can mean five different things depending on the pitch. Its alphabet has forty-four consonant letters and words are written without spaces between them.","sources":["wd-THA","natural-earth","ref-Q1861","ref-Q9217","ref-Q177882"]},{"id":"THA-money","title":"Money that was a weight","text":"The baht was originally a unit of weight for silver, and gold is still sold by the baht as a weight today. The currency and the weight share a name because they were once the same thing.","sources":["wd-THA","natural-earth","ref-Q1861","ref-Q9217","ref-Q177882"]}]},{"id":"BHS","name":"The Bahamas","aliases":["Bahamas","Commonwealth of the Bahamas","The Bahamas"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-77.146688,26.401789],"capitals":["Nassau"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Bahamian dollar"],"landscape":"Find The Bahamas in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-BHS","natural-earth","ref-Q2467","ref-Q1860","ref-Q194339"],"discoveries":[{"id":"BHS-languages","title":"English and Bahamian dialect","text":"English is official in the Bahamas, and Bahamian dialect is what most people speak among themselves. Haitian Creole is used by a sizeable community across the islands.","sources":["wd-BHS","natural-earth","ref-Q2467","ref-Q1860","ref-Q194339"]},{"id":"BHS-money","title":"Two dollars at once","text":"The Bahamian dollar is held equal to the United States dollar and both circulate together, so change from a shop may come back in either. The Bahamas also prints a three-dollar note, which almost no country does.","sources":["wd-BHS","natural-earth","ref-Q2467","ref-Q1860","ref-Q194339"]}]},{"id":"GMB","name":"The Gambia","aliases":["Republic of The Gambia","The Gambia"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[-14.998318,13.641721],"capitals":["Banjul"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["dalasi"],"landscape":"Find The Gambia in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-GMB","natural-earth","ref-Q3726","ref-Q1860","ref-Q202885","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"GMB-languages","title":"Languages that cross the border","text":"English is official in The Gambia, and Mandinka, Fula, Wolof and Jola are widely spoken. The country is a narrow strip along a river surrounded by Senegal, so all of its languages continue on the other side.","sources":["wd-GMB","natural-earth","ref-Q3726","ref-Q1860","ref-Q202885","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"GMB-money","title":"The dalasi","text":"The dalasi divides into a hundred bututs. It is quite separate from the CFA franc used by Senegal all around it, so a very short journey means changing money.","sources":["wd-GMB","natural-earth","ref-Q3726","ref-Q1860","ref-Q202885","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"TLS","name":"Timor-Leste","aliases":["East Timor","República Democrática de Timor-Leste","Repúblika Demokrátika Timor-Leste","Timor-Leste"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[125.854679,-8.803705],"capitals":["Dili"],"languages":["Portuguese","Tetum"],"currencies":["United States dollar","East Timor centavo coins"],"landscape":"Find Timor-Leste in South-Eastern Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TLS","natural-earth","ref-Q9310","ref-Q5146","ref-Q34125","ref-Q4917","ref-Q572213"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TLS-languages","title":"Tetum and Portuguese","text":"Tetum and Portuguese are both official in Timor-Leste, while Indonesian and English are working languages. Tetum is Austronesian and has absorbed many Portuguese words, and around thirty other languages are spoken.","sources":["wd-TLS","natural-earth","ref-Q9310","ref-Q5146","ref-Q34125","ref-Q4917","ref-Q572213"]},{"id":"TLS-money","title":"Dollars and local coins","text":"Timor-Leste uses the United States dollar but mints its own centavo coins, so change comes back in local coins for a price paid in American notes.","sources":["wd-TLS","natural-earth","ref-Q9310","ref-Q5146","ref-Q34125","ref-Q4917","ref-Q572213"]}]},{"id":"TGO","name":"Togo","aliases":["Togo"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","coordinate":[1.058113,8.80722],"capitals":["Lomé"],"languages":["French"],"currencies":["West African CFA franc"],"landscape":"Find Togo in Western Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TGO","natural-earth","ref-Q3792","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TGO-languages","title":"French, Ewe and Kabiye","text":"French is Togo's official language, and Ewe in the south and Kabiye in the north are national languages used in schooling and broadcasting. The country is a narrow strip reaching far inland from a short coast.","sources":["wd-TGO","natural-earth","ref-Q3792","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"TGO-money","title":"The CFA franc","text":"Togo uses the West African CFA franc. Its coastline is only about fifty kilometres long, while the country stretches more than five hundred kilometres inland.","sources":["wd-TGO","natural-earth","ref-Q3792","ref-Q150","ref-Q861690","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"TON","name":"Tonga","aliases":["Tonga"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[-175.163014,-21.210026],"capitals":["Nukuʻalofa"],"languages":["Tongan","English"],"currencies":["Tongan paʻanga"],"landscape":"Find Tonga in Polynesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TON","natural-earth","ref-Q38834","ref-Q34094","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4613"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TON-languages","title":"Tongan and English","text":"Tongan and English are both official. Tongan uses a mark called the fakauʻa, which looks like a reversed apostrophe and stands for a catch in the throat, as in the country's own name for itself.","sources":["wd-TON","natural-earth","ref-Q38834","ref-Q34094","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4613"]},{"id":"TON-money","title":"The paʻanga","text":"The paʻanga is named after a seed once used in a game. Tonga is the only Pacific island nation never brought under colonial rule.","sources":["wd-TON","natural-earth","ref-Q38834","ref-Q34094","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4613"]}]},{"id":"TTO","name":"Trinidad and Tobago","aliases":["Republic of Trinidad and Tobago","Trinidad and Tobago"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-60.9184,10.9989],"capitals":["Port of Spain"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Trinidad and Tobago dollar"],"landscape":"Find Trinidad and Tobago in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TTO","natural-earth","ref-Q39178","ref-Q1860","ref-Q242890"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TTO-languages","title":"English and two creoles","text":"English is official in Trinidad and Tobago, and English-based creoles are widely spoken on both islands. Trinidadian Hindustani and words from French and Spanish survive in local speech from earlier periods of rule.","sources":["wd-TTO","natural-earth","ref-Q39178","ref-Q1860","ref-Q242890"]},{"id":"TTO-money","title":"The dollar","text":"Trinidad and Tobago's dollar replaced the West Indian dollar in 1964. Its economy rests on oil and gas rather than tourism, unlike most of its Caribbean neighbours.","sources":["wd-TTO","natural-earth","ref-Q39178","ref-Q1860","ref-Q242890"]}]},{"id":"TUN","name":"Tunisia","aliases":["Republic of Tunisia","Republik Tunisia","Tunisia","الجمهورية التونسية","تونس"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","coordinate":[9.007881,33.687263],"capitals":["Tunis"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Tunisian dinar"],"landscape":"Find Tunisia in Northern Africa. Water features linked to this place include Mediterranean Sea.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TUN","natural-earth","ref-Q3572","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4602","ref-Q4918"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TUN-languages","title":"Arabic, Tamazight and French","text":"Arabic is Tunisia's official language, and Tunisian Arabic differs enough from the standard to be hard for speakers further east. Tamazight is spoken in a few southern villages, and French is widely used.","sources":["wd-TUN","natural-earth","ref-Q3572","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4602","ref-Q4918"]},{"id":"TUN-money","title":"A dinar you cannot take home","text":"The Tunisian dinar divides into a thousand millimes and may not legally be taken out of the country, so visitors change money back before they leave.","sources":["wd-TUN","natural-earth","ref-Q3572","ref-Q13955","ref-Q4602","ref-Q4918"]}]},{"id":"TKM","name":"Turkmenistan","aliases":["Turkmenistan","Türkmenistan","Türkmenistan Respublikasi"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","coordinate":[58.676647,39.855246],"capitals":["Ashgabat"],"languages":["Turkmen"],"currencies":["Turkmenistan new manat"],"landscape":"Find Turkmenistan in Central Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TKM","natural-earth","ref-Q23438","ref-Q9267","ref-Q486637"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TKM-languages","title":"Turkmen in Latin letters","text":"Turkmen is the official language, a Turkic language written in Cyrillic during Soviet rule and in a Latin alphabet since the 1990s. Russian is still widely understood.","sources":["wd-TKM","natural-earth","ref-Q23438","ref-Q9267","ref-Q486637"]},{"id":"TKM-money","title":"The manat","text":"Turkmenistan's manat shares its name with Azerbaijan's, but the two are entirely separate currencies. Most of the country is the Karakum desert, and its gas reserves are among the largest in the world.","sources":["wd-TKM","natural-earth","ref-Q23438","ref-Q9267","ref-Q486637"]}]},{"id":"TCA","name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","aliases":["Turks and Caicos Islands"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-71.752704,21.81663],"capitals":["Cockburn Town"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Turks and Caicos Islands in Caribbean. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TCA","natural-earth","ref-Q34205","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TCA-languages","title":"English in the Turks and Caicos","text":"English is the language of the Turks and Caicos Islands, with a local creole spoken alongside it. Haitian Creole and Spanish are widely heard among people who came here for work.","sources":["wd-TCA","natural-earth","ref-Q34205","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917"]},{"id":"TCA-money","title":"American money, British territory","text":"The islands use the United States dollar although they are a British territory. Who governs a place and whose money it uses are separate questions.","sources":["wd-TCA","natural-earth","ref-Q34205","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917"]}]},{"id":"TUV","name":"Tuvalu","aliases":["Tuvalu"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[179.209587,-8.513717],"capitals":["Funafuti"],"languages":["Tuvaluan","English"],"currencies":["Tuvaluan dollar","Australian dollar"],"landscape":"Find Tuvalu in Polynesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-TUV","natural-earth","ref-Q34126","ref-Q34055","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4406","ref-Q259502"],"discoveries":[{"id":"TUV-languages","title":"Tuvaluan and English","text":"Tuvaluan and English are both official. Tuvaluan is Polynesian, and the country is among the smallest in the world by population, with a few thousand people spread across nine low atolls.","sources":["wd-TUV","natural-earth","ref-Q34126","ref-Q34055","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4406","ref-Q259502"]},{"id":"TUV-money","title":"Money from a web address","text":"Tuvalu uses the Australian dollar and has minted coins of its own. It also earns a useful income from its internet address ending, .tv, which broadcasters pay to use.","sources":["wd-TUV","natural-earth","ref-Q34126","ref-Q34055","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4406","ref-Q259502"]}]},{"id":"TUR","name":"Türkiye","aliases":["Turkey","Türkiye","Türkiye Cumhuriyeti"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[34.508268,39.345388],"capitals":["Ankara"],"languages":["Turkish"],"currencies":["Turkish lira"],"landscape":"The Bosporus passes through Istanbul between its European and Asian sides. It connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Türkiye spans Europe and Asia; this atlas groups its country card under Asia.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-TUR","natural-earth","ref-Q3640","ref-Q256","ref-Q172872","ref-Q4918","ref-Q166","ref-Q34575","ref-Q748696","wiki-TUR-0","wiki-TUR-1","voyage-TUR","institution-TUR"],"discoveries":[{"title":"A city across a strait","text":"Istanbul includes places on both sides of the Bosporus, the strait joining the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, so parts of the city lie in Europe and parts in Asia; bridges and the Marmaray rail tunnel connect them. Ankara, inland on the Anatolian plateau, became the capital in 1923. A famous or very large city is not automatically a country's capital.","question":"Istanbul is Turkey's best-known city, yet Ankara is the capital. What does that show?","answer":"The biggest city is not always the capital.","others":["A country may have two capitals at once.","Capital cities always sit beside a strait.","Fame decides which city governs a country."],"id":"TUR-culture-0","sources":["wiki-TUR-0","wiki-TUR-1","voyage-TUR","institution-TUR"]},{"title":"Stories in shadow","text":"Karagöz shadow theatre uses jointed figures cut from thin animal hide, scraped until light passes through and then coloured. A performer holds them on rods against a stretched cotton screen with a lamp behind, so the audience sees glowing shapes rather than plain dark shadows. One performer, the hayali, gives every character a different voice, with Karagöz and Hacivat as the two who argue their way through most plays, and Bursa is associated with the tradition. Shadow traditions also exist in other places, with their own histories.","question":"What does the audience of a Karagöz performance actually see on the screen?","answer":"Figures lit from behind the screen.","others":["The performer standing behind the cloth.","Paintings moved along the front of the screen.","Light shining through holes cut in the screen."],"id":"TUR-culture-1","sources":["wiki-TUR-0","wiki-TUR-1","voyage-TUR","institution-TUR"]}]},{"id":"UGA","name":"Uganda","aliases":["Jamhuri ya Uganda","Republic of Uganda","Uganda"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[32.948555,1.972589],"capitals":["Kampala"],"languages":["English","Swahili"],"currencies":["Ugandan shilling"],"landscape":"Find Uganda in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-UGA","natural-earth","ref-Q3894","ref-Q1860","ref-Q7838","ref-Q4598"],"discoveries":[{"id":"UGA-languages","title":"English, Swahili and Luganda","text":"English and Swahili are both official in Uganda, while Luganda is the most widely spoken language around the capital. More than forty languages are used across the country.","sources":["wd-UGA","natural-earth","ref-Q3894","ref-Q1860","ref-Q7838","ref-Q4598"]},{"id":"UGA-money","title":"No small change","text":"Uganda's shilling is issued only in whole shillings; the smaller unit was abandoned long ago as too small to matter. Currencies drop their small change once prices rise past it.","sources":["wd-UGA","natural-earth","ref-Q3894","ref-Q1860","ref-Q7838","ref-Q4598"]}]},{"id":"UKR","name":"Ukraine","aliases":["Ukraine","Україна"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","coordinate":[32.140865,49.724739],"capitals":["Kyiv"],"languages":["Ukrainian"],"currencies":["hryvnia"],"landscape":"The Dnipro passes through Kyiv and the city of Dnipro toward the Black Sea. The river and one city share a name, so the complete map label matters. Our map is a geographic learning model, not a current travel guide.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-UKR","natural-earth","ref-Q1899","ref-Q8798","ref-Q81893","wiki-UKR-0","wiki-UKR-1","voyage-UKR","institution-UKR"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Names can change on maps","text":"Kyiv and the older English spelling Kiev can point to the same city: Kyiv follows the Ukrainian form of the name and Kiev follows the Russian one, and many governments, atlases and news organisations changed to Kyiv from around 2019. Ukrainian is written in Cyrillic, with letters such as і, ї, є and ґ that Russian does not use. The river running through the city is the Dnipro, also written Dnieper. Check the language, date and context of a map rather than assuming that different spellings always identify different places.","question":"An older map prints Kiev where a newer one prints Kyiv. What is the careful conclusion?","answer":"One city, written with two different conventions.","others":["Two cities that lie near one another.","One city that has since moved.","A printing error made on the older map."],"id":"UKR-culture-0","sources":["wiki-UKR-0","wiki-UKR-1","voyage-UKR","institution-UKR"]},{"title":"Patterns with wax and dye","text":"Makers of Ukrainian pysanky use wax and dye to decorate eggs, drawing with a small funnel-tipped tool called a kistka that holds heated beeswax. Wax keeps the covered areas from taking the next colour, so the egg is dipped from the palest dye to the darkest, with more lines drawn between each dip. At the end the wax is warmed away and the layers of colour appear together. Patterns such as suns, deer, wheat and nets vary by region, their meanings vary, and knowledge is passed between people. These traditions are also practiced by Ukrainian communities abroad.","question":"A pysanka maker draws with wax, then dips the egg in dye. What does the wax do?","answer":"Keeps the covered areas from taking that colour.","others":["Helps the dye soak in more deeply.","Colours the egg wherever it is drawn.","Spreads the dye evenly over the whole shell."],"id":"UKR-culture-1","sources":["wiki-UKR-0","wiki-UKR-1","voyage-UKR","institution-UKR"]}]},{"id":"ARE","name":"United Arab Emirates","aliases":["U.A.E.","UAE","United Arab Emirates","الإمارات العربية المتحدة","الإِمَارات العربِيَّة المُتَّحِدة"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[54.547256,23.466285],"capitals":["Abu Dhabi"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["United Arab Emirates dirham"],"landscape":"Abu Dhabi city lies southwest of Dubai city. Fujairah city is farther east on the Gulf of Oman coast. These three study cities do not represent all seven emirates.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-ARE","natural-earth","ref-Q1519","ref-Q13955","ref-Q200294","ref-Q34675","ref-Q79948","wiki-ARE-0","wiki-ARE-1","voyage-ARE","institution-ARE"],"discoveries":[{"title":"City and emirate labels","text":"Dubai is both a city name and an emirate name. Abu Dhabi is used at both scales too, and Abu Dhabi city is the federal capital. The United Arab Emirates was formed in 1971 from seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah. Abu Dhabi covers by far the most land of the seven. Always check whether a map label refers to a city or to the larger area around it.","question":"On a map, the label Dubai stretches across a wide area of land. What does that tell us?","answer":"Here the name is being used for the emirate.","others":["Here the name is being used for the city.","Dubai must be the federal capital.","Abu Dhabi must sit inside Dubai."],"id":"ARE-culture-0","sources":["wiki-ARE-0","wiki-ARE-1","voyage-ARE","institution-ARE"]},{"title":"Weaving knowledge together","text":"Al Sadu is a Bedouin weaving tradition practiced in the UAE and elsewhere in the region. Makers spin sheep wool, goat hair and camel hair, dye it, and weave narrow patterned bands on a loom pegged out on the ground. Pieces were historically used for tents, cushions and camel trappings, often in black, white, brown and red geometric designs. Knowledge passes through observation, practice and teaching, and UNESCO has listed the tradition as intangible cultural heritage. It is one tradition among many ways people live today.","question":"A young weaver learns Al Sadu without any written instructions. How is that possible?","answer":"Watching, practising and being taught can carry the skill.","others":["The patterns are simple enough to guess.","A craft only survives if someone writes it down.","Every Al Sadu weaver makes one identical pattern."],"id":"ARE-culture-1","sources":["wiki-ARE-0","wiki-ARE-1","voyage-ARE","institution-ARE"]}]},{"id":"GBR","name":"United Kingdom","aliases":["Britain","UK","United Kingdom","United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[-2.116346,54.402739],"capitals":["London"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["pound sterling"],"landscape":"The UK includes much of Great Britain, part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands off northwestern Europe.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-GBR","natural-earth","ref-Q84","ref-Q1860","ref-Q25224","wiki-GBR-0","wiki-GBR-1","voyage-GBR"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Two names on a sign","text":"In Wales, Welsh and English are used on many public signs, and public bodies are required to provide both. Welsh is a Celtic language, related to Breton and Cornish, and it is also used in schools, broadcasting and everyday conversation; around a fifth of people in Wales can speak it. Many Welsh place names describe the land, so aber marks a river mouth and llan an early church settlement. Two names on a sign may point to one destination, rather than to two different places.","question":"A road sign in Wales shows two names above a single arrow. What follows?","answer":"One destination is named in two languages.","others":["The road splits toward two different towns.","Welsh names appear only on road signs.","The English name came first in every case."],"id":"GBR-culture-0","sources":["wiki-GBR-0","wiki-GBR-1","voyage-GBR"]},{"title":"A country made of countries","text":"The United Kingdom includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England, Scotland and Wales share the island of Great Britain, while Northern Ireland lies on the island of Ireland. London is the capital of the whole United Kingdom, and Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland also have their own devolved governments with powers over matters such as schools and health. Each has its own histories, communities and languages, including Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Irish. Calling every person in the UK English would miss these differences.","question":"A visitor calls everyone in the United Kingdom English. What has the visitor missed?","answer":"The UK includes four countries with distinct identities.","others":["England is not part of the United Kingdom.","Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland share one identity.","The United Kingdom has no capital city."],"id":"GBR-culture-1","sources":["wiki-GBR-0","wiki-GBR-1","voyage-GBR"]}]},{"id":"USA","name":"United States","aliases":["Estados Unidos de América","Estados Unidus","Iunaite Sitete o Amerika","Létaz-Ini d'Amérik","Tannapta Nunaat Amiarikami","US","USA","United States","United States of America","Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí","ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻia","ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Northern America","coordinate":[-97.482602,39.538479],"capitals":["Washington, D.C."],"languages":["English","Spanish","Hawaiian"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"The Mississippi runs from Minnesota toward the Gulf coast. Minneapolis, St. Louis, and New Orleans are study stops along this river system. The river links places in several states.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-USA","natural-earth","ref-Q61","ref-Q33569","ref-Q1321","ref-Q34011","ref-Q33262","ref-Q28427","ref-Q4917","ref-Q788","ref-Q98","ref-Q97","check-USA","wiki-USA-0","wiki-USA-1","voyage-USA","institution-USA"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Two Washingtons","text":"A state and a national capital district are different kinds of places. Washington State is in the Pacific Northwest, on the other side of the country from Washington, D.C., which stands on the east coast between Maryland and Virginia. The letters D.C. stand for District of Columbia, and the district is the federal capital rather than a state. Checking the complete label prevents a map reader from confusing the two.","question":"A label on a map reads Washington. What tells a reader which one it is?","answer":"The rest of the label and where it sits.","others":["The number of letters in the name.","Whether the name is printed in capitals.","Which of the two is listed first."],"id":"USA-culture-0","sources":["wiki-USA-0","wiki-USA-1","voyage-USA","institution-USA"]},{"title":"Listening to New Orleans","text":"African American musicians and other communities helped shape jazz in New Orleans in the early 1900s, drawing on blues, ragtime, spirituals, brass band playing and Caribbean rhythms. Players can improvise: create musical ideas while performing together, so the same tune sounds different each night. Bands also listen and respond to one another, and brass bands still play through the streets in parades. Musicians carried the music up the Mississippi to Chicago and on to New York. Jazz is one of many musical traditions in the United States.","question":"Two jazz bands play the same tune and it sounds different each time. Why?","answer":"Players invent and respond while performing.","others":["The tune changes its name each night.","Only written-out parts are ever played.","Each band is really playing a different tune."],"id":"USA-culture-1","sources":["wiki-USA-0","wiki-USA-1","voyage-USA","institution-USA"]}]},{"id":"VIR","name":"United States Virgin Islands","aliases":["United States Virgin Islands"],"region":"North America","subregion":"Caribbean","coordinate":[-64.779172,17.746706],"capitals":["Charlotte Amalie"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find United States Virgin Islands in Caribbean. Water features linked to this place include Caribbean Sea.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-VIR","natural-earth","ref-Q51681","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q1247"],"discoveries":[{"id":"VIR-languages","title":"English and Virgin Islands Creole","text":"English is official in the United States Virgin Islands, and Virgin Islands Creole is widely spoken. Spanish and a French creole are used by communities from Puerto Rico and from other islands.","sources":["wd-VIR","natural-earth","ref-Q51681","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q1247"]},{"id":"VIR-money","title":"The dollar","text":"These islands use the United States dollar, being a United States territory. They were Danish until 1917, when the United States bought them, and Danish street names survive in Charlotte Amalie.","sources":["wd-VIR","natural-earth","ref-Q51681","ref-Q1860","ref-Q4917","ref-Q1247"]}]},{"id":"URY","name":"Uruguay","aliases":["República Oriental del Uruguay","Uruguay"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-55.966942,-32.961127],"capitals":["Montevideo"],"languages":["Spanish"],"currencies":["Uruguayan peso"],"landscape":"Find Uruguay in South America. Water features linked to this place include Uruguay River, Río de la Plata, Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-URY","natural-earth","ref-Q1335","ref-Q209272","ref-Q18278","ref-Q35827","ref-Q97","check-URY"],"discoveries":[{"id":"URY-languages","title":"Spanish and a border speech","text":"Spanish is Uruguay's language. Along the Brazilian border a mixed speech drawing on both Spanish and Portuguese is used, sometimes called Portuñol, and it is recognised as part of local culture.","sources":["wd-URY","natural-earth","ref-Q1335","ref-Q209272","ref-Q18278","ref-Q35827","ref-Q97","check-URY"]},{"id":"URY-money","title":"The peso","text":"The Uruguayan peso is written with a dollar sign, as several Latin American currencies are. Uruguay is the second smallest country in South America and one of the most urban.","sources":["wd-URY","natural-earth","ref-Q1335","ref-Q209272","ref-Q18278","ref-Q35827","ref-Q97","check-URY"]}]},{"id":"UZB","name":"Uzbekistan","aliases":["Oʻzbekiston","Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi","Uzbekistan"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","coordinate":[64.005429,41.693603],"capitals":["Tashkent"],"languages":["Uzbek"],"currencies":["Uzbek som"],"landscape":"Find Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-UZB","natural-earth","ref-Q269","ref-Q9264","ref-Q487888"],"discoveries":[{"id":"UZB-languages","title":"Uzbek changing script","text":"Uzbek is the official language, a Turkic language that has moved from Arabic script to Latin to Cyrillic and is now moving back to Latin letters again. Both Latin and Cyrillic can still be seen on signs in one street.","sources":["wd-UZB","natural-earth","ref-Q269","ref-Q9264","ref-Q487888"]},{"id":"UZB-money","title":"The som","text":"The som shares its name with Kyrgyzstan's currency, and both mean pure. Uzbekistan is one of only two countries in the world surrounded entirely by landlocked neighbours.","sources":["wd-UZB","natural-earth","ref-Q269","ref-Q9264","ref-Q487888"]}]},{"id":"VUT","name":"Vanuatu","aliases":["Republic of Vanuatu","Ripablik blong Vanuatu","République du Vanuatu","Vanuatu"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Melanesia","coordinate":[166.908762,-15.37153],"capitals":["Port Vila"],"languages":["Bislama","French","English"],"currencies":["Vanuatu vatus"],"landscape":"Find Vanuatu in Melanesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-VUT","natural-earth","ref-Q37806","ref-Q35452","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q207523"],"discoveries":[{"id":"VUT-languages","title":"Most languages per person","text":"Bislama, English and French are all official in Vanuatu. Bislama is an English-based creole used between communities, and with over a hundred languages for a small population, Vanuatu has more languages per person than anywhere else on Earth.","sources":["wd-VUT","natural-earth","ref-Q37806","ref-Q35452","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q207523"]},{"id":"VUT-money","title":"A currency with no small change","text":"The vatu has no smaller unit at all, so every price is a whole number. Almost every other currency divides into hundredths; this one simply does not.","sources":["wd-VUT","natural-earth","ref-Q37806","ref-Q35452","ref-Q150","ref-Q1860","ref-Q207523"]}]},{"id":"VAT","name":"Vatican City","aliases":["Civitas Vaticana","Vatican","Vatican City"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","coordinate":[12.453418,41.903323],"capitals":["Vatican City"],"languages":["Italian","Latin"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Vatican City in Southern Europe. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"Vatican City is the geographic home of the Holy See, which has UN observer status. This atlas counts this single stop in its 196-destination discovery collection.","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-VAT","natural-earth","ref-Q652","ref-Q397","check-VAT"],"discoveries":[{"id":"VAT-languages","title":"Italian daily, Latin officially","text":"Italian is used in daily life in Vatican City, while Latin remains an official language for documents. It is the only state that still uses Latin this way, and it maintains a Latin vocabulary for modern things.","sources":["wd-VAT","natural-earth","ref-Q652","ref-Q397","check-VAT"]},{"id":"VAT-money","title":"Euro coins from the smallest state","text":"Vatican City uses the euro under an agreement and mints a very small number of coins. It is the smallest country in the world, smaller than many city parks.","sources":["wd-VAT","natural-earth","ref-Q652","ref-Q397","check-VAT"]}]},{"id":"VEN","name":"Venezuela","aliases":["Venezuela"],"region":"South America","subregion":"South America","coordinate":[-64.599381,7.182476],"capitals":["Caracas"],"languages":["Spanish","Venezuelan Sign Language"],"currencies":["sovereign bolivar"],"landscape":"Find Venezuela in South America. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-VEN","natural-earth","ref-Q1533","ref-Q1321","ref-Q3322064","ref-Q56349362","ref-Q97"],"discoveries":[{"id":"VEN-languages","title":"Spanish and thirty more","text":"Spanish is Venezuela's official language, and around thirty Indigenous languages are official within their own territories, including Wayuu, Warao and Pemon. Venezuelan Sign Language is also recognised.","sources":["wd-VEN","natural-earth","ref-Q1533","ref-Q1321","ref-Q3322064","ref-Q56349362","ref-Q97"]},{"id":"VEN-money","title":"Zeros removed three times","text":"The bolívar, named after Simón Bolívar, has had zeros struck off it three times since 2008, fourteen zeros in all. Many prices are now quoted in United States dollars instead.","sources":["wd-VEN","natural-earth","ref-Q1533","ref-Q1321","ref-Q3322064","ref-Q56349362","ref-Q97"]}]},{"id":"VNM","name":"Vietnam","aliases":["Vietnam","Việt Nam"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"South-Eastern Asia","coordinate":[105.387292,21.715416],"capitals":["Hanoi"],"languages":["Vietnamese"],"currencies":["Vietnamese đồng"],"landscape":"The Red River delta lies in northern Vietnam, near Hanoi. The Mekong delta lies in the south. Both are shaped by river sediment, but they are different places far apart along the country.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":true,"sources":["wd-VNM","natural-earth","ref-Q1858","ref-Q9199","ref-Q192090","wiki-VNM-0","wiki-VNM-1","voyage-VNM","institution-VNM"],"discoveries":[{"title":"Marks belong to the name","text":"Vietnamese is written with the Latin alphabet in a system called chữ Quốc ngữ. In Việt Nam and Hà Nội, the small marks do two jobs: some change the vowel itself, and others show which of the six tones the syllable carries, so removing them can change the meaning entirely. Earlier centuries used chữ Nôm, characters based on Chinese ones. A map without those marks may still be useful for searching, but preserving the local spelling helps us learn the name more carefully.","question":"A map prints Ha Noi without its marks. What has been lost?","answer":"Part of how the name is properly written.","others":["The city's position on the map.","The country the city belongs to.","The number of words in the name."],"id":"VNM-culture-0","sources":["wiki-VNM-0","wiki-VNM-1","voyage-VNM","institution-VNM"]},{"title":"A stage on the water","text":"Water puppetry, or múa rối nước, developed in the villages of northern Vietnam's Red River delta, where flooded rice fields made a ready stage. Performers stand waist-deep in the water behind a bamboo screen and guide the wooden puppets using long rods and strings hidden below the surface. Music played on instruments such as the one-stringed đàn bầu, along with drums and singing, helps the audience follow the action, and the stories often show village life, fishing, festivals and dragons.","question":"Water puppets look as though they move by themselves. What explains it?","answer":"Their controls run under the water, out of sight.","others":["The puppets float freely on the current.","The performers stand in front of the screen.","The puppets are pulled by strings from above."],"id":"VNM-culture-1","sources":["wiki-VNM-0","wiki-VNM-1","voyage-VNM","institution-VNM"]}]},{"id":"WLF","name":"Wallis and Futuna","aliases":["Territoire des îles Wallis-et-Futuna","Wallis and Futuna","Wallis and Futuna Islands"],"region":"Oceania","subregion":"Polynesia","coordinate":[-178.137436,-14.286415],"capitals":["Mata-Utu"],"languages":["French","Futunan","Wallisian"],"currencies":["CFP Franc"],"landscape":"Find Wallis and Futuna in Polynesia. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-WLF","natural-earth","ref-Q31002","ref-Q150","ref-Q35334","ref-Q36979","ref-Q214393"],"discoveries":[{"id":"WLF-languages","title":"Three languages, two island groups","text":"French is official in Wallis and Futuna, and Wallisian and Futunan are the languages spoken at home. The two are Polynesian and related but distinct, and the islands lie far enough apart to have kept them separate.","sources":["wd-WLF","natural-earth","ref-Q31002","ref-Q150","ref-Q35334","ref-Q36979","ref-Q214393"]},{"id":"WLF-money","title":"The Pacific franc","text":"Wallis and Futuna uses the CFP franc, shared with New Caledonia and French Polynesia thousands of kilometres away. Sharing a currency does not require being close.","sources":["wd-WLF","natural-earth","ref-Q31002","ref-Q150","ref-Q35334","ref-Q36979","ref-Q214393"]}]},{"id":"SAH","name":"Western Sahara","aliases":["Western Sahara","الصحراء الغربية"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","coordinate":[-12.630304,23.967592],"capitals":[],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Moroccan dirham","Sahrawi peseta"],"landscape":"Find Western Sahara in Northern Africa. Water features linked to this place include Atlantic Ocean.","note":"Western Sahara has disputed status and boundaries. This atlas shows the source map’s separation and does not score sovereignty claims.","scored":false,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-SAH","natural-earth","ref-Q13955","ref-Q200192","ref-Q2094914","ref-Q97","check-SAH"],"discoveries":[{"id":"SAH-languages","title":"Hassaniya Arabic","text":"Hassaniya Arabic is the language most widely spoken in Western Sahara, along with Spanish from an earlier period of colonial rule. The territory's status is disputed and unresolved, and this atlas does not settle it.","sources":["wd-SAH","natural-earth","ref-Q13955","ref-Q200192","ref-Q2094914","ref-Q97","check-SAH"]},{"id":"SAH-money","title":"Money that follows control","text":"The Moroccan dirham is used in the areas Morocco administers, and the Algerian dinar in the refugee camps near Tindouf. Which money circulates can follow who governs.","sources":["wd-SAH","natural-earth","ref-Q13955","ref-Q200192","ref-Q2094914","ref-Q97","check-SAH"]}]},{"id":"YEM","name":"Yemen","aliases":["Yemen","الجمهوريّة اليمنية"],"region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","coordinate":[45.874383,15.328226],"capitals":["Sanaa","Aden"],"languages":["Arabic"],"currencies":["Yemeni Rial"],"landscape":"Find Yemen in Western Asia. Water features linked to this place include Red Sea, Arabian Sea.","note":"Sanaa is the constitutional capital. Aden also functions as a government centre during the conflict. No capital quiz is scored here.","scored":true,"quizCapital":false,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-YEM","natural-earth","ref-Q2471","ref-Q131694","ref-Q13955","ref-Q240512","ref-Q23406","ref-Q58705","check-YEM"],"discoveries":[{"id":"YEM-languages","title":"Arabic and older tongues","text":"Arabic is Yemen's official language. On Socotra and in the far east, Modern South Arabian languages such as Soqotri and Mehri are still spoken; they are related to Arabic but separated from it a very long time ago.","sources":["wd-YEM","natural-earth","ref-Q2471","ref-Q131694","ref-Q13955","ref-Q240512","ref-Q23406","ref-Q58705","check-YEM"]},{"id":"YEM-money","title":"Two banks, one name","text":"Yemen's rial is issued from two places by rival authorities, so notes accepted in one part of the country may be refused in another. A currency can split without changing its name.","sources":["wd-YEM","natural-earth","ref-Q2471","ref-Q131694","ref-Q13955","ref-Q240512","ref-Q23406","ref-Q58705","check-YEM"]}]},{"id":"ZMB","name":"Zambia","aliases":["Republic of Zambia","Zambia"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[26.395298,-14.660804],"capitals":["Lusaka"],"languages":["English"],"currencies":["Zambian Kwacha"],"landscape":"Find Zambia in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ZMB","natural-earth","ref-Q3881","ref-Q1860","ref-Q73408"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ZMB-languages","title":"English and seven regional languages","text":"English is Zambia's official language, and seven regional languages are used in schools and broadcasting, among them Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga and Lozi. More than seventy languages are spoken in total.","sources":["wd-ZMB","natural-earth","ref-Q3881","ref-Q1860","ref-Q73408"]},{"id":"ZMB-money","title":"Money named after dawn","text":"The kwacha means dawn, the same word as Malawi's currency, and it was chosen at independence to mean a new day. Zambia struck three zeros off it in 2013.","sources":["wd-ZMB","natural-earth","ref-Q3881","ref-Q1860","ref-Q73408"]}]},{"id":"ZWE","name":"Zimbabwe","aliases":["Zimbabwe"],"region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","coordinate":[29.925444,-18.91164],"capitals":["Harare"],"languages":["English","Shona","Northern Ndebele","Chewa","Barwe","Kalanga","Khoisan","Ndau","Tsonga","Zimbabwe Sign Language","Sesotho","Tonga","Tswana","Venda","Xhosa","Nambya"],"currencies":["Zimbabwe ZiG","United States dollar"],"landscape":"Find Zimbabwe in Eastern Africa. Compare the land and water around its location on the map.","note":"","scored":true,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":false,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ZWE","natural-earth","ref-Q3921","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34004","ref-Q35613","ref-Q33273","ref-Q8826802","ref-Q33672","ref-Q33614","ref-Q13311","ref-Q34327","ref-Q8072097","ref-Q34340","ref-Q34101","ref-Q34137","ref-Q32704","ref-Q13218","ref-Q3553981","ref-Q4917","ref-Q125352135","ref-Q25224","ref-Q259502","ref-Q181907","ref-Q8146","ref-Q39099","ref-Q80524","ref-Q182803","check-ZWE"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ZWE-languages","title":"Sixteen official languages","text":"Zimbabwe recognises sixteen official languages, more than almost any country: Shona, Ndebele, English and thirteen others including Tonga, Kalanga, Nambya and sign language. Shona has the most speakers.","sources":["wd-ZWE","natural-earth","ref-Q3921","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34004","ref-Q35613","ref-Q33273","ref-Q8826802","ref-Q33672","ref-Q33614","ref-Q13311","ref-Q34327","ref-Q8072097","ref-Q34340","ref-Q34101","ref-Q34137","ref-Q32704","ref-Q13218","ref-Q3553981","ref-Q4917","ref-Q125352135","ref-Q25224","ref-Q259502","ref-Q181907","ref-Q8146","ref-Q39099","ref-Q80524","ref-Q182803","check-ZWE"]},{"id":"ZWE-money","title":"A currency that keeps restarting","text":"Zimbabwe's money has been abandoned and restarted several times after prices rose extraordinarily fast. The latest attempt, introduced in 2024 and called the ZiG, is backed by gold and foreign currency reserves, and United States dollars are still widely used alongside it.","sources":["wd-ZWE","natural-earth","ref-Q3921","ref-Q1860","ref-Q34004","ref-Q35613","ref-Q33273","ref-Q8826802","ref-Q33672","ref-Q33614","ref-Q13311","ref-Q34327","ref-Q8072097","ref-Q34340","ref-Q34101","ref-Q34137","ref-Q32704","ref-Q13218","ref-Q3553981","ref-Q4917","ref-Q125352135","ref-Q25224","ref-Q259502","ref-Q181907","ref-Q8146","ref-Q39099","ref-Q80524","ref-Q182803","check-ZWE"]}]},{"id":"ALD","name":"Åland","aliases":["Åland","Åland Islands"],"region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","coordinate":[19.869671,60.156467],"capitals":["Mariehamn"],"languages":["Swedish"],"currencies":["euro"],"landscape":"Find Åland in Northern Europe. Water features linked to this place include Sea of Åland, Archipelago Sea.","note":"This is a territory, dependency, or other geographic area. It is available to explore and is not part of destination-completion scoring.","scored":false,"quizCapital":true,"tiny":true,"adventure":false,"sources":["wd-ALD","natural-earth","ref-Q48329","ref-Q9027","ref-Q271043","ref-Q650654","check-ALD"],"discoveries":[{"id":"ALD-languages","title":"Swedish inside Finland","text":"Åland is part of Finland, but Swedish is its only official language, protected by an agreement that has held for a century. Signs, schools and government here all work in Swedish rather than Finnish.","sources":["wd-ALD","natural-earth","ref-Q48329","ref-Q9027","ref-Q271043","ref-Q650654","check-ALD"]},{"id":"ALD-money","title":"The euro across the islands","text":"Åland uses the euro because Finland does. The islands number in the thousands, so a shop on a small one is reached by ferry, and what it stocks depends on when the boat comes.","sources":["wd-ALD","natural-earth","ref-Q48329","ref-Q9027","ref-Q271043","ref-Q650654","check-ALD"]}]}],"adventures":[{"placeId":"CAN","description":"Follow waterways, read a bilingual map, and see how a canal changes with the seasons.","name":{"label":"Canada","text":"English and French both use the name Canada. A place can keep the same written name in different languages. Ottawa is a city in Canada; Canada is a country in North America.","question":"Which name identifies the country, rather than its capital city?","answer":"Canada","others":["Ottawa","North America","Atlantic Ocean"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Two languages, many voices","text":"Canada uses English and French in federal public life. French is the majority language in Quebec and is also spoken by Acadian communities in New Brunswick, the one officially bilingual province. These are not the only languages people speak: First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities have distinct cultures and languages, including Cree, Ojibwe, Inuktitut and Michif, and Inuktitut is written with syllabic characters in some regions. Families have also brought many other languages to Canada, among them Mandarin, Punjabi, Tagalog and Arabic.","question":"Canada has two official languages. Which conclusion does that actually support?","answer":"Federal public life uses both English and French.","others":["Only two languages are spoken in Canada.","Every person in Canada speaks both of them.","First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities share one language."]},{"title":"A canal with changing seasons","text":"The Rideau Canal was built in the 1820s and early 1830s as a protected route between the Ottawa River and Lake Ontario, with locks that raise and lower boats between different water levels. Boats use it in the warmer months. In Ottawa, part of the canal becomes a skateway when the ice grows thick enough to be safe, and staff test it before it opens. Some winters it stays open for weeks, and some winters barely at all. The same waterway supports different activities as the weather changes.","question":"One stretch of the Rideau Canal carries boats in July and skaters in February. Why?","answer":"Cold winters can turn the water into a firm surface.","others":["The canal is drained and refilled each season.","Boats and skates use two canals that share a name.","The canal is only open to the public in winter."]}],"landscape":"Canada reaches the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. Our map simplifies a long coastline and many islands.","landmark":"Rideau Canal","cultureTitle":"A waterway for the seasons","compare":"Different seasons can change how people use the same place.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"Canada reaches the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. Our map simplifies a long coastline and many islands.","question":"Which set of ocean labels belongs around Canada's coasts?","answer":"Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic","others":["Atlantic, Indian and Arctic","Pacific, Indian and Southern","Atlantic, Pacific and Southern"]},"sources":["wiki-CAN-0","wiki-CAN-1","voyage-CAN"],"missions":[{"id":"CAN-map","title":"Three coasts","kind":"map","placeId":"CAN","sources":["wiki-CAN-0","wiki-CAN-1","voyage-CAN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"CAN-names","title":"Country or capital?","kind":"names","placeId":"CAN","sources":["wiki-CAN-0","wiki-CAN-1","voyage-CAN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"CAN-culture","title":"A waterway for the seasons","kind":"culture","placeId":"CAN","sources":["wiki-CAN-0","wiki-CAN-1","voyage-CAN","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"MEX","description":"Look for México, explore a city built beside lakes, and investigate gardens surrounded by canals.","name":{"label":"México","text":"México is the Spanish spelling of Mexico. The accent is part of its spelling. Mexico City is the capital city; the country includes many other cities, towns, and rural communities.","question":"Which label is another spelling of the country's English name?","answer":"México","others":["Mexico City","North America","Pacific Ocean"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Language belongs to many communities","text":"Spanish is widely used in Mexico, alongside 68 recognised Indigenous languages with many local varieties. Nahuatl has the most speakers, Yucatec Maya is used across the Yucatán Peninsula, and Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomí and Tzeltal are among the others. Many words used around the world, including chocolate, tomato and avocado, came into Spanish from Nahuatl. A Spanish name on a map cannot tell us which language every person in that place speaks.","question":"A town in Mexico is labelled in Spanish. What might you still hear spoken there?","answer":"Indigenous languages such as Nahuatl or Yucatec Maya.","others":["Only the language printed on the map.","A language that nobody uses any more.","Exactly the same mix as every other town."]},{"title":"Growing food beside the water","text":"At Xochimilco in Mexico City, farmers cultivate raised plots called chinampas, with canals between them. Each plot was built up by piling mud from the lakebed inside a frame of woven branches, and willows planted at the corners hold it in place with their roots. Soil supports the plants: these gardens do not float freely like boats. Canals bring water right to the roots and carry flat trajinera boats between the plots. The method has been used since Aztec times, and farming knowledge helps people work with a wet landscape.","question":"Chinampas are sometimes called floating gardens. Why is that name misleading?","answer":"The plots are built up from soil, not floating free.","others":["There is no water anywhere near them.","The plots drift about only in the dry season.","Nothing is actually grown on them."]}],"landscape":"Mexico has coasts facing the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Inland areas include high plateaus and mountains.","landmark":"Xochimilco","cultureTitle":"Gardens between canals","compare":"People can adapt farming methods to the water around them.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"Mexico has coasts facing the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Inland areas include high plateaus and mountains.","question":"A journey from Mexico's coast to its interior could reach which landscape?","answer":"High plateaus and mountains","others":["Only low coastal plains","Only river deltas","An ice sheet"]},"sources":["wiki-MEX-0","wiki-MEX-1","voyage-MEX"],"missions":[{"id":"MEX-map","title":"Desert to peninsula","kind":"map","placeId":"MEX","sources":["wiki-MEX-0","wiki-MEX-1","voyage-MEX","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"MEX-names","title":"An accent that stays","kind":"names","placeId":"MEX","sources":["wiki-MEX-0","wiki-MEX-1","voyage-MEX","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"MEX-culture","title":"Gardens between canals","kind":"culture","placeId":"MEX","sources":["wiki-MEX-0","wiki-MEX-1","voyage-MEX","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"BRA","description":"Cross the Equator, find Brasil on a map, and discover movement and music in a capoeira circle.","name":{"label":"Brasil","text":"Brasil is the Portuguese spelling of Brazil. Brasília, with an accent and a different ending, is its capital city. Similar names can refer to different kinds of places.","question":"Which label names the capital city?","answer":"Brasília","others":["Brasil","South America","Atlantic Ocean"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A language clue","text":"Portuguese is used in Brazil's public life, schools and media, and Brazil has more Portuguese speakers than any other country. The language arrived through Portuguese colonisation from the 1500s. Spanish is widely used in many nearby countries, but a country's neighbours do not determine its language. More than 150 Indigenous languages are still spoken in Brazil, and communities who came from Italy, Germany, Japan, Lebanon and elsewhere brought languages too.","question":"Many countries near Brazil use Spanish in public life. What does that tell us about Brazil?","answer":"Nothing on its own, since Brazil's public life uses Portuguese.","others":["That Brazil must use Spanish as well.","That Brazil's neighbours copied their language from Brazil.","That Brazil uses no European language at all."]},{"title":"Movement with music","text":"Capoeira developed among Afro-Brazilian communities, drawing on traditions carried from Africa. During a roda, participants form a circle around two players, and music guides what happens inside it: a berimbau, a bow strung over a hollow gourd, sets the rhythm, often with a pandeiro tambourine and an atabaque drum, while the circle sings and claps in answer to a leader. Players take turns entering, and the speed and mood of the music can change how they move. Capoeira connects physical skill with music and shared participation.","question":"At a roda, why does the circle of people matter as much as the two players?","answer":"The circle takes part, and its music shapes the event.","others":["The circle decides which player wins.","The circle keeps the players from hearing the berimbau.","The circle counts how many instruments are allowed."]}],"landscape":"Brazil includes part of the Amazon basin, Atlantic coastline, grasslands, and many cities. The Equator crosses its northern part.","landmark":"Amazon basin","cultureTitle":"Inside the music circle","compare":"A cultural practice can combine movement, music, and community.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"Brazil includes part of the Amazon basin, Atlantic coastline, grasslands, and many cities. The Equator crosses its northern part.","question":"Which feature would a map of only Brazil's Amazon basin leave out?","answer":"Its Atlantic coastline","others":["The Equator in northern Brazil","Part of the Amazon river system","Land in northern Brazil"]},"sources":["wiki-BRA-0","wiki-BRA-1","voyage-BRA"],"missions":[{"id":"BRA-map","title":"A continent-sized country","kind":"map","placeId":"BRA","sources":["wiki-BRA-0","wiki-BRA-1","voyage-BRA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"BRA-names","title":"Country and capital","kind":"names","placeId":"BRA","sources":["wiki-BRA-0","wiki-BRA-1","voyage-BRA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"BRA-culture","title":"Inside the music circle","kind":"culture","placeId":"BRA","sources":["wiki-BRA-0","wiki-BRA-1","voyage-BRA","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"PER","description":"Travel from the Pacific toward the Andes and listen for the many languages behind place names.","name":{"label":"Perú","text":"Perú is the Spanish spelling of Peru. Lima names its capital city. Quechua and Aymara names also appear across the region, so not every place name on a Peruvian map comes from Spanish.","question":"Which label names the country?","answer":"Perú","others":["Lima","Andes","Pacific Ocean"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Languages beyond borders","text":"Quechua is a family of related Indigenous languages rather than a single one, with Southern Quechua the most widely used. Speakers live in Peru, where it is official alongside Spanish, and also in Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and Colombia, so the language family reaches across several borders. Aymara is another Andean language, used especially around Lake Titicaca. Words including llama, condor and quinoa came into other languages from Quechua. These are living languages used by people today, not just a subject for history books.","question":"Quechua speakers live in Peru and in neighbouring countries. What does that show?","answer":"A language can be used across national borders.","others":["A language stops where a border begins.","Each country must have a language of its own.","Quechua is one single language, not a family."]},{"title":"More than one kind of landscape","text":"Peru is often described in three parts: the costa, a narrow dry Pacific coast kept cool by the Humboldt Current; the sierra, the high Andes, where Huascarán rises above 6,700 metres; and the selva, the Amazonian forest that covers more than half the country. Lima sits on the coast, and a journey inland climbs thousands of metres in a matter of hours. Lives, foods and journeys vary between these regions. One picture of a mountain village cannot represent every Peruvian community.","question":"A traveller crosses Peru from the Pacific toward the Amazon. What is met along the way?","answer":"Dry coast, then high mountains, then forest.","others":["Forest, then coast, then mountains.","One kind of landscape the whole way.","Mountains only near the ocean."]}],"landscape":"The Andes run through Peru between the Pacific coast and the Amazonian lowlands.","landmark":"Andes","cultureTitle":"Voices across the Andes","compare":"National borders do not divide cultures into identical, separate boxes.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"The Andes run through Peru between the Pacific coast and the Amazonian lowlands.","question":"Travelling inland from Peru's Pacific coast toward the Amazon, what mountain range lies between?","answer":"The Andes","others":["The Alps","The Atlas Mountains","The Himalayas"]},"sources":["wiki-PER-0","wiki-PER-1","voyage-PER"],"missions":[{"id":"PER-map","title":"Coast, mountains, forest","kind":"map","placeId":"PER","sources":["wiki-PER-0","wiki-PER-1","voyage-PER","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"PER-names","title":"Country, city, mountains","kind":"names","placeId":"PER","sources":["wiki-PER-0","wiki-PER-1","voyage-PER","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"PER-culture","title":"Voices across the Andes","kind":"culture","placeId":"PER","sources":["wiki-PER-0","wiki-PER-1","voyage-PER","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"GBR","description":"Follow a map through the United Kingdom and discover why one place may have more than one name.","name":{"label":"Cymru","text":"Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales, one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom. London is the UK capital. Wales and the United Kingdom do not refer to the same-sized area.","question":"Which place does Cymru name?","answer":"Wales","others":["London","All of the United Kingdom","The Atlantic Ocean"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Two names on a sign","text":"In Wales, Welsh and English are used on many public signs, and public bodies are required to provide both. Welsh is a Celtic language, related to Breton and Cornish, and it is also used in schools, broadcasting and everyday conversation; around a fifth of people in Wales can speak it. Many Welsh place names describe the land, so aber marks a river mouth and llan an early church settlement. Two names on a sign may point to one destination, rather than to two different places.","question":"A road sign in Wales shows two names above a single arrow. What follows?","answer":"One destination is named in two languages.","others":["The road splits toward two different towns.","Welsh names appear only on road signs.","The English name came first in every case."]},{"title":"A country made of countries","text":"The United Kingdom includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England, Scotland and Wales share the island of Great Britain, while Northern Ireland lies on the island of Ireland. London is the capital of the whole United Kingdom, and Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland also have their own devolved governments with powers over matters such as schools and health. Each has its own histories, communities and languages, including Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Irish. Calling every person in the UK English would miss these differences.","question":"A visitor calls everyone in the United Kingdom English. What has the visitor missed?","answer":"The UK includes four countries with distinct identities.","others":["England is not part of the United Kingdom.","Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland share one identity.","The United Kingdom has no capital city."]}],"landscape":"The UK includes much of Great Britain, part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands off northwestern Europe.","landmark":"Wales","cultureTitle":"One sign, two languages","compare":"A shared state can include several national identities.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"The UK includes much of Great Britain, part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands off northwestern Europe.","question":"Why does a map of Great Britain alone leave out part of the UK?","answer":"Northern Ireland is on a different island","others":["Wales is on the island of Ireland","Scotland is on the European mainland","England is on a separate island"]},"sources":["wiki-GBR-0","wiki-GBR-1","voyage-GBR"],"missions":[{"id":"GBR-map","title":"Four countries, one state","kind":"map","placeId":"GBR","sources":["wiki-GBR-0","wiki-GBR-1","voyage-GBR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"GBR-names","title":"What Cymru names","kind":"names","placeId":"GBR","sources":["wiki-GBR-0","wiki-GBR-1","voyage-GBR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"GBR-culture","title":"One sign, two languages","kind":"culture","placeId":"GBR","sources":["wiki-GBR-0","wiki-GBR-1","voyage-GBR","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"ITA","description":"Find Italia, trace a peninsula, and explore how water shapes daily journeys in Venice.","name":{"label":"Italia","text":"Italia is the Italian name for Italy. Roma names its capital, known in English as Rome. Venezia is the Italian name for Venice. These pairs help us recognise places on maps in different languages.","question":"Which pair names the same capital city?","answer":"Roma and Rome","others":["Roma and Italy","Venice and Europe","Italia and Venice"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A city connected by water","text":"Venice's historic centre spreads across more than a hundred small islands in a lagoon, with buildings standing on wooden piles driven deep into the mud. Bridges connect walking routes, and public water buses called vaporetti carry passengers along the canals, with the Grand Canal curving through the middle. When unusually high tides bring acqua alta, the lowest squares flood. The shape of the place influences how people get around.","question":"In historic Venice, water buses do work that road buses do elsewhere. Why?","answer":"The old centre is split across islands by water.","others":["Venice was built without any bridges.","The lagoon is too shallow for boats.","Italy has no roads outside its cities."]},{"title":"Look beyond one city","text":"Italy includes Alpine mountains in the north, the Apennines running down a long peninsula, and large islands such as Sicily and Sardinia. It has twenty regions, five of which hold special powers, and regional languages including Sardinian, Friulian, Neapolitan and Sicilian are still spoken, with German widely used in South Tyrol. Food, farming and daily routines differ a great deal between them. Venice offers one example of Italian life, not a pattern that fits every town.","question":"A notebook about Italy uses Venice alone. What is most likely to be missing?","answer":"Mountain, peninsular and island regions.","others":["Any mention of water in Italy.","Italy's position within Europe.","The fact that Italy has cities."]}],"landscape":"Italy's peninsula extends into the Mediterranean. The Alps lie in the north; Sicily and Sardinia are large islands.","landmark":"Venice","cultureTitle":"The water-bus journey","compare":"The shape of a city can influence its public transport.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"Italy's peninsula extends into the Mediterranean. The Alps lie in the north; Sicily and Sardinia are large islands.","question":"Which pair needs island outlines on a map of Italy?","answer":"Sicily and Sardinia","others":["The Alps and the Apennines","Rome and the Alps","The peninsula and the Alps"]},"sources":["wiki-ITA-0","wiki-ITA-1","voyage-ITA"],"missions":[{"id":"ITA-map","title":"A city built on water","kind":"map","placeId":"ITA","sources":["wiki-ITA-0","wiki-ITA-1","voyage-ITA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ITA-names","title":"Roma and Rome","kind":"names","placeId":"ITA","sources":["wiki-ITA-0","wiki-ITA-1","voyage-ITA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ITA-culture","title":"The water-bus journey","kind":"culture","placeId":"ITA","sources":["wiki-ITA-0","wiki-ITA-1","voyage-ITA","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"MAR","description":"Explore Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, then investigate the languages on a Moroccan map.","name":{"label":"المغرب","text":"المغرب is Morocco's short Arabic name. Rabat is the capital city. Names written in different scripts can identify the same country; a script is a way of writing, not a separate place.","question":"What does المغرب identify in this notebook?","answer":"Morocco","others":["Rabat alone","All of Africa","The Atlantic Ocean"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Amazigh voices","text":"Arabic and Amazigh have official status in Morocco. Amazigh communities speak several related varieties, including Tashelhit in the south-west, Central Atlas Tamazight in the mountains and Tarifit in the north. Tifinagh is a script used for Standard Moroccan Amazigh; its letters come from much older writing used in North Africa, and a standardised form is now taught in schools. Everyday speech also includes Moroccan Arabic, called Darija, and French is widely used in business and higher education. Language and writing system are connected, but they are not the same thing.","question":"Amazigh and Tifinagh are different kinds of thing. What is the difference?","answer":"One is a language, the other a writing system.","others":["One is a country, the other a city.","One is a region, the other a mountain range.","They are two names for the same script."]},{"title":"Different sides of a country","text":"Morocco has Atlantic and Mediterranean shores, the High, Middle and Anti-Atlas mountain ranges, desert country to the south-east, and inland cities. Snow falls in the mountains in winter while the coast stays mild. Casablanca is the largest city and a major Atlantic port, Rabat is the capital, and Tangier looks across the Strait of Gibraltar toward Europe. A coastal city and a mountain community can have very different daily journeys and local traditions. A national border does not make all places inside it alike.","question":"Two Moroccan communities sit inside one border. Why can daily journeys differ so much?","answer":"Coast, mountains and cities are not alike.","others":["A national border changes the weather inside it.","Only capital cities have daily journeys.","Places inside one country share one landscape."]}],"landscape":"Morocco faces the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlas Mountains cross its interior.","landmark":"Atlas Mountains","cultureTitle":"Names in different scripts","compare":"One country can contain several languages and varied landscapes.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"Morocco faces the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlas Mountains cross its interior.","question":"Which feature would you explore inland from Morocco's coasts?","answer":"The Atlas Mountains","others":["The Mediterranean Sea","The Atlantic Ocean","The Pacific Ocean"]},"sources":["wiki-MAR-0","wiki-MAR-1","voyage-MAR"],"missions":[{"id":"MAR-map","title":"Two coasts and a mountain range","kind":"map","placeId":"MAR","sources":["wiki-MAR-0","wiki-MAR-1","voyage-MAR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"MAR-names","title":"What المغرب names","kind":"names","placeId":"MAR","sources":["wiki-MAR-0","wiki-MAR-1","voyage-MAR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"MAR-culture","title":"Names in different scripts","kind":"culture","placeId":"MAR","sources":["wiki-MAR-0","wiki-MAR-1","voyage-MAR","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"KEN","description":"Locate the Equator, find Nairobi, and follow a language that connects communities across East Africa.","name":{"label":"Nairobi","text":"Nairobi is Kenya's capital city. Kenya names the country, while East Africa names a wider region. Kiswahili is a name for the Swahili language: it is not the name of a city.","question":"Which label names a city?","answer":"Nairobi","others":["Kenya","East Africa","Kiswahili"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A connecting language","text":"Swahili, also called Kiswahili, grew along the East African coast as a Bantu language that took in many Arabic words through centuries of trade. It is official in Kenya and Tanzania and widely used in Uganda, Rwanda and parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Kenya many people use it alongside English and their community's language, such as Kikuyu, Luo, Kalenjin or Somali. Sharing a language can help people communicate across a border.","question":"Swahili is used in Kenya and in nearby countries. What does that make possible?","answer":"People can talk across a border in a shared language.","others":["Those countries end up sharing one culture.","People's other languages fall out of use.","The border between them disappears."]},{"title":"Coast, highlands, and city streets","text":"Kenya includes an Indian Ocean coast, highlands, dry northern regions and busy cities, with the Great Rift Valley cutting through and Mount Kenya rising near the middle. Nairobi is inland and sits around 1,700 metres above sea level, which keeps it noticeably cooler than Mombasa on the coast. Reaching the sea from the capital means a long journey by road, rail or air. Learning only about wildlife would leave out the people who live, study, work and create in these varied places.","question":"Nairobi is inland, yet Kenya has an ocean coast. What does that tell a route planner?","answer":"Reaching the coast from the capital takes a journey.","others":["Nairobi must be Kenya's only large city.","Kenya's highlands must lie along the coast.","A country with an inland capital has no coast."]}],"landscape":"The Equator crosses Kenya. Its Indian Ocean coast lies east of the inland capital, Nairobi.","landmark":"Nairobi","cultureTitle":"A language that travels","compare":"Shared languages can connect places without erasing their differences.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"The Equator crosses Kenya. Its Indian Ocean coast lies east of the inland capital, Nairobi.","question":"A traveller goes from Nairobi to Kenya's ocean coast. Which ocean will they reach?","answer":"The Indian Ocean","others":["The Atlantic Ocean","The Pacific Ocean","The Arctic Ocean"]},"sources":["wiki-KEN-0","wiki-KEN-1","voyage-KEN"],"missions":[{"id":"KEN-map","title":"Coast, highlands, city","kind":"map","placeId":"KEN","sources":["wiki-KEN-0","wiki-KEN-1","voyage-KEN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"KEN-names","title":"Country or city?","kind":"names","placeId":"KEN","sources":["wiki-KEN-0","wiki-KEN-1","voyage-KEN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"KEN-culture","title":"A language that travels","kind":"culture","placeId":"KEN","sources":["wiki-KEN-0","wiki-KEN-1","voyage-KEN","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"IND","description":"Trace a railway journey, look for भारत, and discover how languages change from region to region.","name":{"label":"भारत","text":"भारत is the Hindi spelling of Bharat, a name for India. New Delhi names the capital. India has many languages and writing systems, so this is one way to write the country's name, not the only one.","question":"What does भारत name in this activity?","answer":"India","others":["New Delhi alone","The Himalayas","The subcontinent and its neighbours"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Many languages in public life","text":"Hindi and English are used by India's Union government, and the Constitution also lists 22 scheduled languages. States and communities use many others, including Tamil, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada and Punjabi, and several states were formed around the language most spoken there. Writing systems differ too, among them Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil and Gurmukhi. Many people use three or more languages in a single day, so a national language list cannot tell us what every child speaks at home.","question":"Why is a list of India's Union government languages not a list of home languages?","answer":"States and communities use many other languages.","others":["Government languages are never spoken at home.","India uses only one writing system.","Every state uses the same two languages."]},{"title":"Railways link everyday journeys","text":"India's railway network is one of the largest in the world, begun in the 1850s and now carrying millions of passengers and large amounts of freight every day. A map can show stations, junctions and which lines connect, but it does not tell us how long a journey takes, how full a train will be, or why a line was built where it is. Cities, villages and different landscapes offer many ways of travelling, and a railway map does not mean that every person travels by train.","question":"A railway map shows stations and lines. Which question can it actually answer?","answer":"Which stations lie along one route.","others":["How long each journey takes.","How crowded each train will be.","Why the line was built where it is."]}],"landscape":"India includes Himalayan mountains in the north, river plains, plateaus, and long coasts facing the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.","landmark":"Indian railway network","cultureTitle":"Connections on the railway","compare":"A transport map shows connections, not everything about people's lives.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"India includes Himalayan mountains in the north, river plains, plateaus, and long coasts facing the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.","question":"Which two bodies of water belong beside India's coasts?","answer":"The Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal","others":["The Mediterranean and Black Sea","The Baltic and North Sea","The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico"]},"sources":["wiki-IND-0","wiki-IND-1","voyage-IND"],"missions":[{"id":"IND-map","title":"Following the railway","kind":"map","placeId":"IND","sources":["wiki-IND-0","wiki-IND-1","voyage-IND","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"IND-names","title":"What भारत covers","kind":"names","placeId":"IND","sources":["wiki-IND-0","wiki-IND-1","voyage-IND","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"IND-culture","title":"Connections on the railway","kind":"culture","placeId":"IND","sources":["wiki-IND-0","wiki-IND-1","voyage-IND","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"JPN","description":"Explore an island country, match 日本 to Japan, and investigate different kinds of writing.","name":{"label":"日本","text":"日本 names Japan in Japanese. It can be read as Nihon or Nippon. Tokyo is a city; Japan is an island country. Different names and readings can point to the same place.","question":"Which two readings can name Japan?","answer":"Nihon and Nippon","others":["Tokyo and Kyoto","Asia and Pacific","Hiragana and katakana"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Writing with several systems","text":"Japanese writing uses kanji, characters borrowed long ago from Chinese, alongside two sets of syllable signs, hiragana and katakana, that were developed from them. All three can appear in a single sentence: kanji often carry the main meaning, hiragana show grammar, and katakana are frequently used for borrowed words. Latin letters appear too. Text may be set in horizontal lines or in vertical columns read from right to left. Seeing different kinds of characters does not necessarily mean the text has changed to another language.","question":"One Japanese sentence uses three kinds of characters. What does that mean?","answer":"Japanese writing combines several systems.","others":["The sentence switches between three languages.","Two of the systems are printing mistakes.","Each system belongs to a different island."]},{"title":"Island connections","text":"Japan includes four large main islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, and thousands of smaller ones. Boats, bridges, tunnels and air routes connect different places: the Seikan Tunnel runs under the sea between Honshu and Hokkaido, and long bridges cross to Shikoku, while many smaller islands are reached only by ferry or light aircraft. Where water separates land, travellers need a suitable crossing instead of simply following a road.","question":"A route between two Japanese islands looks short on the map. What must a traveller check?","answer":"Whether a bridge, tunnel, boat or flight links them.","others":["Whether the islands belong to different countries.","Whether a road can be driven across open sea.","Whether the map has north at the top."]}],"landscape":"Japan's islands lie in the Pacific region east of the Asian mainland. Much of their land is mountainous.","landmark":"Japan's islands","cultureTitle":"A notebook with three scripts","compare":"Several writing systems can belong to one language.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"Japan's islands lie in the Pacific region east of the Asian mainland. Much of their land is mountainous.","question":"What should a map of Japan show about its land?","answer":"Many islands with mountainous areas","others":["One broad mainland plain","One island with no mountains","A peninsula attached to mainland Asia"]},"sources":["wiki-JPN-0","wiki-JPN-1","voyage-JPN"],"missions":[{"id":"JPN-map","title":"Islands in a chain","kind":"map","placeId":"JPN","sources":["wiki-JPN-0","wiki-JPN-1","voyage-JPN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"JPN-names","title":"Nihon or Nippon","kind":"names","placeId":"JPN","sources":["wiki-JPN-0","wiki-JPN-1","voyage-JPN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"JPN-culture","title":"A notebook with three scripts","kind":"culture","placeId":"JPN","sources":["wiki-JPN-0","wiki-JPN-1","voyage-JPN","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"AUS","description":"Find the Southern Hemisphere, distinguish Canberra from Australia, and learn why local perspectives matter.","name":{"label":"Canberra","text":"Canberra is Australia's capital city. Australia names the country. Oceania is the wider region used in this atlas. A city, country, and region can all describe where a person is, at different scales.","question":"Which label gives the smallest of these three areas?","answer":"Canberra","others":["Australia","Oceania","The Southern Hemisphere"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Many First Nations","text":"Aboriginal peoples belong to many distinct nations with their own languages and connections to Country, among them Wiradjuri, Yolŋu, Arrernte and Noongar. More than 250 languages were spoken across the continent before 1788, and many are still used or are being revived. Torres Strait Islander peoples, from the islands north of Cape York, have distinct identities and languages of their own, including Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir. One story or artwork cannot stand for every First Nations community in Australia.","question":"A class reads one story from one Aboriginal community. What can they fairly say afterwards?","answer":"They have learned about one community among many.","others":["They have learned what Aboriginal peoples across Australia believe.","They have learned the language used everywhere in Australia.","They have learned a story Torres Strait Islander peoples share."]},{"title":"Country means more than a border","text":"For many Aboriginal peoples, Country expresses relationships with ancestral lands, waters and living things, and with responsibilities to care for them. That knowledge covers seasons, fire, water and animals, and is carried in song, story, dance and art across generations. It means more than a coloured shape on a political map, whose borders were drawn far more recently. The people connected to a place can help us understand meanings a map cannot show.","question":"A political map of Australia shows coloured states and borders. Which of these can it not show?","answer":"People's ties to ancestral lands and waters.","others":["The names of the states.","Which state covers the most area.","Where one state ends and the next begins."]}],"landscape":"Australia lies south of the Equator. It includes dry inland regions, tropical areas in the north, and long coastlines.","landmark":"Country and coastlines","cultureTitle":"More than a coloured shape","compare":"Maps cannot fully show the relationships people have with a place.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"Australia lies south of the Equator. It includes dry inland regions, tropical areas in the north, and long coastlines.","question":"A picture shows Australia's dry interior. Which other landscape belongs in the notebook?","answer":"Tropical areas in the north","others":["Arctic tundra around the North Pole","Himalayan mountain valleys","Amazonian river plains"]},"sources":["wiki-AUS-0","wiki-AUS-1","voyage-AUS"],"missions":[{"id":"AUS-map","title":"South of the Equator","kind":"map","placeId":"AUS","sources":["wiki-AUS-0","wiki-AUS-1","voyage-AUS","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"AUS-names","title":"City, country, region","kind":"names","placeId":"AUS","sources":["wiki-AUS-0","wiki-AUS-1","voyage-AUS","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"AUS-culture","title":"More than a coloured shape","kind":"culture","placeId":"AUS","sources":["wiki-AUS-0","wiki-AUS-1","voyage-AUS","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"NZL","description":"Find Aotearoa, explore an island map, and discover how communities help a language thrive.","name":{"label":"Aotearoa","text":"Aotearoa is a Māori name used for New Zealand. Wellington is the capital city. A name can carry cultural meaning as well as helping us find a place on a map.","question":"Which label names New Zealand in Māori?","answer":"Aotearoa","others":["Wellington","Pacific Ocean","Oceania"]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A language learned together","text":"Te reo Māori is the Māori language, a Polynesian language related to Tahitian, Hawaiian and Cook Islands Māori. It became an official language of New Zealand in 1987. Community efforts help pass it between generations, including kōhanga reo language nests where very young children spend the day surrounded by speakers, and kura kaupapa Māori schools that teach through the language. Languages are living parts of people's lives and can be supported through learning together.","question":"How does a kōhanga reo help te reo Māori continue?","answer":"Young children use it with speakers around them.","others":["It records the language so it can be stored.","It teaches the language to adults instead.","It swaps the language for English."]},{"title":"More than spoken words","text":"New Zealand Sign Language became one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006, alongside te reo Māori, and English is also widely used. It is a full language with its own grammar, built from handshapes, movement, position and facial expression rather than from sounds, and it is not a signed version of English. It is related to British and Australian sign languages, and it has signs of its own for New Zealand places and Māori concepts. Signed languages remind us that communication and culture are not limited to spoken sounds.","question":"New Zealand Sign Language is one of the country's official languages. What does that show?","answer":"A language does not have to be spoken aloud.","others":["Signed languages are versions of English.","A country may have only one official language.","Everyone in New Zealand uses all three."]}],"landscape":"New Zealand lies in the South Pacific and includes the North Island, South Island, and many smaller islands.","landmark":"Aotearoa New Zealand","cultureTitle":"Helping a language thrive","compare":"Learning together can help a language continue across generations.","geography":{"title":"Read the landscape","text":"New Zealand lies in the South Pacific and includes the North Island, South Island, and many smaller islands.","question":"Why would drawing just two islands leave a map of New Zealand incomplete?","answer":"There are many smaller islands too","others":["The South Island is part of Australia","The North Island is on the mainland","Both main islands are in the Atlantic"]},"sources":["wiki-NZL-0","wiki-NZL-1","voyage-NZL"],"missions":[{"id":"NZL-map","title":"Two main islands","kind":"map","placeId":"NZL","sources":["wiki-NZL-0","wiki-NZL-1","voyage-NZL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"NZL-names","title":"Aotearoa and New Zealand","kind":"names","placeId":"NZL","sources":["wiki-NZL-0","wiki-NZL-1","voyage-NZL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"NZL-culture","title":"Helping a language thrive","kind":"culture","placeId":"NZL","sources":["wiki-NZL-0","wiki-NZL-1","voyage-NZL","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"CHN","description":"Follow a river toward the coast, decode three country labels, and look closely at a garden.","city":"Beijing","name":{"title":"","text":"中国 is a Chinese name for China. Zhōngguó writes that name with Latin letters using pinyin. China is the English name. These labels can point to the same country without looking alike.","question":"Which pair labels the same country?","answer":"中国 and China","others":["Beijing and Europe","Suzhou and Africa","Yangtze and Beijing"],"label":"中国"},"mapTask":{"title":"From inland to coast","text":"The Yangtze passes through inland Chongqing and Wuhan before reaching the sea near Shanghai. Our numbered markers show these study locations, not every bend of the river. East is toward the right.","question":"Which marked city is farthest east, near the river mouth?","answer":"Shanghai","others":["Chongqing","Wuhan","Beijing"],"points":[{"label":"Chongqing","coordinate":[106.55,29.56]},{"label":"Wuhan","coordinate":[114.3,30.59]},{"label":"Shanghai","coordinate":[121.47,31.23]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"One country, several labels","text":"Pinyin helps readers represent Mandarin sounds with Latin letters, and has been the standard system since the 1950s. The marks in Zhōngguó carry tone information: Mandarin has four tones plus a neutral one, and changing the tone changes the word. Chinese characters are another writing system, with simplified forms standard in mainland China and traditional forms used in some other places. Mandarin is the most widely spoken language in China, alongside Cantonese, Wu, Hokkien and many others, so a Latin-letter map is not the only way to label a place.","question":"Zhōngguó is written with Latin letters and tone marks. What is pinyin doing here?","answer":"Showing how the Mandarin name sounds.","others":["Translating the meaning of the name into English.","Replacing Chinese characters in everyday writing.","Showing which characters are the oldest."]},{"title":"A garden in a small space","text":"In Suzhou, garden designers arranged water, rocks, plants and buildings to suggest a landscape much larger than the walls around it. Winding paths, moon gates and latticed windows frame a view, then hide it and offer another, so a visitor notices something different after only a few steps. Designers also borrowed scenery from beyond the garden, letting a distant tree or pagoda become part of the picture. Many of these gardens were made by scholars and officials between the eleventh and nineteenth centuries. This is one garden tradition, not a picture of every home in China.","question":"A Suzhou garden is small, yet it can feel much larger. Which design choice helps?","answer":"Features are arranged so a path reveals new views.","others":["Every wall is removed so visitors can see out.","One identical view is repeated along the path.","The garden is built to the same shape as the city."]}],"landscape":"The Yangtze passes through inland Chongqing and Wuhan before reaching the sea near Shanghai. Our numbered markers show these study locations, not every bend of the river. East is toward the right.","landmark":"Classical Gardens of Suzhou","cultureTitle":"A garden in a small space","compare":"Changing our viewpoint can reveal details we missed.","geography":{"title":"From inland to coast","text":"The Yangtze passes through inland Chongqing and Wuhan before reaching the sea near Shanghai. Our numbered markers show these study locations, not every bend of the river. East is toward the right.","question":"Which study city is closest to where the Yangtze reaches the sea?","answer":"Shanghai","others":["Chongqing","Wuhan","All three are coastal cities"]},"sources":["wiki-CHN-0","wiki-CHN-1","voyage-CHN","institution-CHN"],"missions":[{"id":"CHN-map","title":"From inland to coast","kind":"map","placeId":"CHN","sources":["wiki-CHN-0","wiki-CHN-1","voyage-CHN","institution-CHN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"CHN-names","title":"Two ways to write China","kind":"names","placeId":"CHN","sources":["wiki-CHN-0","wiki-CHN-1","voyage-CHN","institution-CHN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"CHN-culture","title":"A garden in a small space","kind":"culture","placeId":"CHN","sources":["wiki-CHN-0","wiki-CHN-1","voyage-CHN","institution-CHN","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"USA","description":"Trace the Mississippi, untangle two Washingtons, and meet a city through its music.","city":"Washington, D.C.","name":{"title":"","text":"Washington State lies in the northwestern United States. Washington, D.C., is the national capital on the eastern side of the country. D.C. helps distinguish the capital from the state.","question":"Which label identifies the national capital?","answer":"Washington, D.C.","others":["Washington State","Mississippi River","North America"],"label":"United States"},"mapTask":{"title":"A river across states","text":"The Mississippi runs from Minnesota toward the Gulf coast. Minneapolis, St. Louis, and New Orleans are study stops along this river system. The river links places in several states.","question":"Which study stop lies farthest south?","answer":"New Orleans","others":["Minneapolis","St. Louis","Washington State"],"points":[{"label":"Minneapolis","coordinate":[-93.27,44.98]},{"label":"St. Louis","coordinate":[-90.2,38.63]},{"label":"New Orleans","coordinate":[-90.07,29.95]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Two Washingtons","text":"A state and a national capital district are different kinds of places. Washington State is in the Pacific Northwest, on the other side of the country from Washington, D.C., which stands on the east coast between Maryland and Virginia. The letters D.C. stand for District of Columbia, and the district is the federal capital rather than a state. Checking the complete label prevents a map reader from confusing the two.","question":"A label on a map reads Washington. What tells a reader which one it is?","answer":"The rest of the label and where it sits.","others":["The number of letters in the name.","Whether the name is printed in capitals.","Which of the two is listed first."]},{"title":"Listening to New Orleans","text":"African American musicians and other communities helped shape jazz in New Orleans in the early 1900s, drawing on blues, ragtime, spirituals, brass band playing and Caribbean rhythms. Players can improvise: create musical ideas while performing together, so the same tune sounds different each night. Bands also listen and respond to one another, and brass bands still play through the streets in parades. Musicians carried the music up the Mississippi to Chicago and on to New York. Jazz is one of many musical traditions in the United States.","question":"Two jazz bands play the same tune and it sounds different each time. Why?","answer":"Players invent and respond while performing.","others":["The tune changes its name each night.","Only written-out parts are ever played.","Each band is really playing a different tune."]}],"landscape":"The Mississippi runs from Minnesota toward the Gulf coast. Minneapolis, St. Louis, and New Orleans are study stops along this river system. The river links places in several states.","landmark":"New Orleans","cultureTitle":"Listening to New Orleans","compare":"Looking closely at one city reveals stories a country outline cannot show.","geography":{"title":"A river across states","text":"The Mississippi runs from Minnesota toward the Gulf coast. Minneapolis, St. Louis, and New Orleans are study stops along this river system. The river links places in several states.","question":"Why do Minneapolis, St. Louis and New Orleans belong in the same river study?","answer":"They are linked by the Mississippi river system","others":["They are all in one state","They are all on the Gulf coast","They are all at the river's source"]},"sources":["wiki-USA-0","wiki-USA-1","voyage-USA","institution-USA"],"missions":[{"id":"USA-map","title":"A river across states","kind":"map","placeId":"USA","sources":["wiki-USA-0","wiki-USA-1","voyage-USA","institution-USA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"USA-names","title":"Two Washingtons","kind":"names","placeId":"USA","sources":["wiki-USA-0","wiki-USA-1","voyage-USA","institution-USA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"USA-culture","title":"Listening to New Orleans","kind":"culture","placeId":"USA","sources":["wiki-USA-0","wiki-USA-1","voyage-USA","institution-USA","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"IDN","description":"Hop between island markers, sort island and city names, and investigate how wax helps make patterns.","city":"Jakarta","name":{"title":"","text":"Indonesia is a country made up of many islands. Java is one of those islands. Jakarta is a city on Java. Country, island, and city labels describe different scales on a map.","question":"Which label identifies an island?","answer":"Java","others":["Indonesia","Jakarta","Asia"],"label":"Indonesia"},"mapTask":{"title":"An island chain","text":"Indonesia stretches across many islands. Sumatra lies west of Java, and Sulawesi is northeast of Java. The markers show example locations on these islands; they do not show a ferry route.","question":"Which marked island lies west of Java?","answer":"Sumatra","others":["Sulawesi","Java","Australia"],"points":[{"label":"Sumatra","coordinate":[101,0]},{"label":"Java","coordinate":[110,-7.5]},{"label":"Sulawesi","coordinate":[121,-2]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"An island is not a country","text":"Java is only part of Indonesia, a country made of thousands of islands including Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and the Indonesian part of New Guinea. Java holds more people than any other island in the world, which is one reason it appears so often in reports. More than 700 languages are used across the country, such as Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese, alongside Indonesian, a form of Malay adopted as a shared national language. One island cannot tell us everything about the country.","question":"A report about Java is offered as a report about Indonesia. What is the problem?","answer":"Java is one island in a country of many.","others":["Java is not part of Indonesia at all.","Indonesia has no shared national language.","An island can never be studied on its own."]},{"title":"Patterns protected by wax","text":"In Javanese batik workshops, makers draw hot wax onto cloth with a small spouted tool called a canting, or stamp it on with a copper cap. The wax protects those areas from the next dye, so cloth is usually dyed from the lightest colour to the darkest, with more wax added between dips. At the end the wax is boiled or scraped away to reveal the pattern. Motifs such as parang and kawung carry meanings, and designs vary by maker and community.","question":"A batik maker waxes an area, dyes the cloth, waxes more, then dyes again. Why repeat?","answer":"Each round adds another colour to chosen areas.","others":["The wax must come off before any dye is used.","Repeating makes the cloth thicker rather than patterned.","The second dye replaces the first one everywhere."]}],"landscape":"Indonesia stretches across many islands. Sumatra lies west of Java, and Sulawesi is northeast of Java. The markers show example locations on these islands; they do not show a ferry route.","landmark":"Javanese batik","cultureTitle":"Patterns protected by wax","compare":"Learning about one island or workshop is a beginning, not the whole story.","geography":{"title":"An island chain","text":"Indonesia stretches across many islands. Sumatra lies west of Java, and Sulawesi is northeast of Java. The markers show example locations on these islands; they do not show a ferry route.","question":"What would you need before planning a ferry journey between the Indonesian study islands?","answer":"Ferry routes and timetables","others":["Only the island markers","Only the north arrow","Only the spelling of each island"]},"sources":["wiki-IDN-0","wiki-IDN-1","voyage-IDN","institution-IDN"],"missions":[{"id":"IDN-map","title":"An island chain","kind":"map","placeId":"IDN","sources":["wiki-IDN-0","wiki-IDN-1","voyage-IDN","institution-IDN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"IDN-names","title":"Island or country?","kind":"names","placeId":"IDN","sources":["wiki-IDN-0","wiki-IDN-1","voyage-IDN","institution-IDN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"IDN-culture","title":"Patterns protected by wax","kind":"culture","placeId":"IDN","sources":["wiki-IDN-0","wiki-IDN-1","voyage-IDN","institution-IDN","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"PAK","description":"Find a river journey through Pakistan, compare scripts, and discover art on working vehicles.","city":"Islamabad","name":{"title":"","text":"پاکستان is the Urdu spelling of Pakistan. Urdu writing runs from right to left. Pakistan is its English label; Islamabad names a city. A different script does not mean a different country.","question":"Which pair names the same country?","answer":"پاکستان and Pakistan","others":["Islamabad and Asia","Indus and Islamabad","Karachi and Europe"],"label":"پاکستان"},"mapTask":{"title":"Along the Indus","text":"The Indus travels from mountain regions toward the Arabian Sea. Sukkur is downstream of the northern mountain region, while the Indus delta is near the coast. A delta is land shaped by sediment near a river mouth.","question":"Which study location is closest to the sea?","answer":"Indus delta","others":["Northern mountains","Sukkur","Islamabad"],"points":[{"label":"Northern mountains","coordinate":[74.5,35.5]},{"label":"Sukkur","coordinate":[68.86,27.71]},{"label":"Indus delta","coordinate":[67.5,24]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Read the label in its direction","text":"Urdu and English labels use different writing systems and reading directions: Urdu is written right to left in a flowing style of the Perso-Arabic script called nastaliq, in which words slope downward. Urdu is the national language and English is also used in government and higher education. Pakistan has communities using Punjabi, which has the most speakers, along with Sindhi, Pashto, Saraiki, Balochi and other languages. Our two labels are examples, not a complete language list.","question":"A sign shows Urdu on one line and English on the next. What changes between them?","answer":"The script and the direction of reading.","others":["The place being named.","The number of destinations.","The country the sign stands in."]},{"title":"Artists on the road","text":"Truck artists in Pakistan decorate working vehicles with painted scenes, flowers, birds, portraits and lines of poetry, together with hammered metal panels, mirror work, carved wood and hanging chains that jingle as the truck moves. A painter, a metalworker and a craftsperson who changes the bodywork may all contribute, and a full decoration can take weeks and cost a large share of the vehicle's price. Workshops in Karachi, Rawalpindi and Peshawar have their own regional styles. A truck can carry goods and the work of several artists.","question":"One decorated truck can involve several workers. Why?","answer":"Painting and metalwork call for different skills.","others":["Each truck is repainted by its driver daily.","One artist must finish before the truck is built.","Decoration takes the place of carrying goods."]}],"landscape":"The Indus travels from mountain regions toward the Arabian Sea. Sukkur is downstream of the northern mountain region, while the Indus delta is near the coast. A delta is land shaped by sediment near a river mouth.","landmark":"Truck art","cultureTitle":"Artists on the road","compare":"Everyday objects can reveal the skills of the people who make them.","geography":{"title":"Along the Indus","text":"The Indus travels from mountain regions toward the Arabian Sea. Sukkur is downstream of the northern mountain region, while the Indus delta is near the coast. A delta is land shaped by sediment near a river mouth.","question":"What helps form the land of the Indus delta?","answer":"Sediment deposited near the river mouth","others":["Ice building up on mountain peaks","Lava spreading from a volcano","Sand carried uphill from the coast"]},"sources":["wiki-PAK-0","wiki-PAK-1","voyage-PAK","institution-PAK"],"missions":[{"id":"PAK-map","title":"Along the Indus","kind":"map","placeId":"PAK","sources":["wiki-PAK-0","wiki-PAK-1","voyage-PAK","institution-PAK","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"PAK-names","title":"Two scripts, one country","kind":"names","placeId":"PAK","sources":["wiki-PAK-0","wiki-PAK-1","voyage-PAK","institution-PAK","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"PAK-culture","title":"Artists on the road","kind":"culture","placeId":"PAK","sources":["wiki-PAK-0","wiki-PAK-1","voyage-PAK","institution-PAK","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"NGA","description":"Meet two rivers, separate similar country names, and explore cloth assembled from narrow strips.","city":"Abuja","name":{"title":"","text":"Nigeria and Niger are two different countries. The Niger River flows through Nigeria as well as other countries. A river and a country can share a name without being the same kind of place.","question":"Which statement matches our labels?","answer":"Nigeria and Niger are different countries.","others":["Niger is another spelling of Nigeria.","The Niger River stays inside Niger.","Abuja and Niamey are the same city."],"label":"Nigeria"},"mapTask":{"title":"Where rivers meet","text":"At Lokoja, the Benue joins the Niger. A place where rivers meet is called a confluence. Water continues south through the Niger system toward the coast.","question":"Which marker identifies the confluence?","answer":"Lokoja","others":["Niamey","Makurdi","Abuja"],"points":[{"label":"Niamey","coordinate":[2.11,13.51]},{"label":"Lokoja","coordinate":[6.74,7.8]},{"label":"Makurdi","coordinate":[8.53,7.73]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Similar names need a careful look","text":"Nigeria, Niger and the Niger River belong to different map entries. Nigeria and Niger are separate countries that share a border. The river is one of Africa's longest: it rises in the highlands of Guinea, curves north-east into Mali, bends back through the country of Niger, and then flows south through Nigeria to a wide delta on the Atlantic. Check both spelling and the type of feature, because a river may cross a border instead of staying inside a country with a similar name.","question":"Nigeria, Niger and the Niger River share part of a name. What should a map reader compare?","answer":"The spelling and the kind of feature each names.","others":["Only which name is printed largest.","Only which name comes first alphabetically.","Only the colour used for each label."]},{"title":"Many strips, one cloth","text":"Yoruba makers weave aṣọ òkè, whose name means top cloth, in narrow strips on a long loom, each strip only a few centimetres wide. The finished strips are laid side by side and sewn together into a much larger piece for wrappers, caps and gowns. Choices of thread and pattern give different cloths their character, and named types include the dark indigo etu, the pale sanyan woven from wild silk, and the crimson alaari. Such cloth is often worn for weddings and celebrations. Yoruba weaving is one of Nigeria's many cultural traditions.","question":"Aṣọ òkè is woven in narrow strips. How does a wide cloth come from them?","answer":"The strips are sewn edge to edge.","others":["The loom grows wider as the work goes on.","The strips are stretched out sideways.","Each strip is folded into a square."]}],"landscape":"At Lokoja, the Benue joins the Niger. A place where rivers meet is called a confluence. Water continues south through the Niger system toward the coast.","landmark":"Yoruba aṣọ òkè","cultureTitle":"Many strips, one cloth","compare":"Small details help us distinguish places and understand how things are made.","geography":{"title":"Where rivers meet","text":"At Lokoja, the Benue joins the Niger. A place where rivers meet is called a confluence. Water continues south through the Niger system toward the coast.","question":"What makes Lokoja a confluence?","answer":"The Benue and Niger meet there","others":["The Niger reaches the sea there","The Niger begins there","A river divides into two oceans there"]},"sources":["wiki-NGA-0","wiki-NGA-1","voyage-NGA","institution-NGA"],"missions":[{"id":"NGA-map","title":"Where rivers meet","kind":"map","placeId":"NGA","sources":["wiki-NGA-0","wiki-NGA-1","voyage-NGA","institution-NGA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"NGA-names","title":"Nigeria and Niger","kind":"names","placeId":"NGA","sources":["wiki-NGA-0","wiki-NGA-1","voyage-NGA","institution-NGA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"NGA-culture","title":"Many strips, one cloth","kind":"culture","placeId":"NGA","sources":["wiki-NGA-0","wiki-NGA-1","voyage-NGA","institution-NGA","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"BGD","description":"Read a delta map, find Bangladesh in Bangla, and consider why boats have different jobs.","city":"Dhaka","name":{"title":"","text":"বাংলাদেশ is Bangladesh written in Bangla, also called Bengali. Dhaka names the capital city. Keep the complete country name together when matching labels in different scripts.","question":"Which label names the country in Bangla?","answer":"বাংলাদেশ","others":["Dhaka","Bay of Bengal","Asia"],"label":"বাংলাদেশ"},"mapTask":{"title":"Rivers reaching the sea","text":"The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river systems help form a large delta. In Bangladesh, rivers branch and join as they approach the Bay of Bengal. These markers show the broad north-to-south relationship.","question":"Which marked water body lies to the south?","answer":"Bay of Bengal","others":["Northern river plain","Dhaka","Himalayas"],"points":[{"label":"Northern river plain","coordinate":[89.7,25.2]},{"label":"Dhaka","coordinate":[90.41,23.81]},{"label":"Bay of Bengal","coordinate":[90.5,21.5]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A name in another script","text":"Bangla uses its own script, in which letters hang from a horizontal line running along the top. The same script is used for Assamese and some other languages. Bangla is among the most widely spoken languages in the world, used in Bangladesh and in West Bengal in India. The country's name joins Bangla with desh, a word for country. An English label and a Bangla label can identify the same place, but learning one written name does not mean we have learned the whole language.","question":"You match বাংলাদেশ to Bangladesh on a map. What have you actually worked out?","answer":"That two written labels name the same country.","others":["How the name is pronounced in Bangla.","What each Bangla letter means on its own.","Which language every family in the country uses."]},{"title":"Boats with different jobs","text":"Bangladesh sits on one of the world's largest deltas, where the Padma, Jamuna and Meghna rivers meet before reaching the Bay of Bengal, and hundreds of smaller rivers and channels cross the land. Boats carry people and goods, support fishing, and take part in races: small country boats work narrow channels, large ferries cross wide water, and long, slender nouka are rowed by big crews in monsoon-season races. Their shapes and sizes reflect different jobs and waters. River transport is part of everyday life for many communities, alongside roads and other transport.","question":"Two boats on the same Bangladeshi river are built quite differently. What does that suggest?","answer":"They may be built for different jobs or waters.","others":["One of them must have been built wrongly.","The wider boat must be the older one.","A boat's shape is decided by the river's name."]}],"landscape":"The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river systems help form a large delta. In Bangladesh, rivers branch and join as they approach the Bay of Bengal. These markers show the broad north-to-south relationship.","landmark":"River boats","cultureTitle":"Boats with different jobs","compare":"A landscape helps explain choices, but does not tell us everyone’s daily routine.","geography":{"title":"Rivers reaching the sea","text":"The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river systems help form a large delta. In Bangladesh, rivers branch and join as they approach the Bay of Bengal. These markers show the broad north-to-south relationship.","question":"Why are river channels important on a map of Bangladesh's delta?","answer":"Rivers branch and join toward the Bay of Bengal","others":["All the rivers end in one lake","The rivers stay in separate straight channels","The delta has no connection to the sea"]},"sources":["wiki-BGD-0","wiki-BGD-1","voyage-BGD","institution-BGD"],"missions":[{"id":"BGD-map","title":"Rivers reaching the sea","kind":"map","placeId":"BGD","sources":["wiki-BGD-0","wiki-BGD-1","voyage-BGD","institution-BGD","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"BGD-names","title":"The country in Bangla","kind":"names","placeId":"BGD","sources":["wiki-BGD-0","wiki-BGD-1","voyage-BGD","institution-BGD","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"BGD-culture","title":"Boats with different jobs","kind":"culture","placeId":"BGD","sources":["wiki-BGD-0","wiki-BGD-1","voyage-BGD","institution-BGD","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"RUS","description":"Compare places across two continents, recognize Cyrillic letters, and think about connections by rail.","city":"Moscow","name":{"title":"","text":"Россия is a Russian name for Russia, written in Cyrillic. Moscow is a city name. Russia extends across Europe and Asia; this atlas files its country card under Europe for browsing.","question":"Which label names the country in Russian?","answer":"Россия","others":["Moscow","Asia","Vladivostok"],"label":"Россия"},"mapTask":{"title":"Across a wide country","text":"Moscow is in the European part of Russia. Vladivostok is far to the east in Asia. Irkutsk is another study stop between them. A regional browsing label does not describe all the land a country covers.","question":"Which marked city lies farthest east?","answer":"Vladivostok","others":["Moscow","Irkutsk","Berlin"],"points":[{"label":"Moscow","coordinate":[37.62,55.75]},{"label":"Irkutsk","coordinate":[104.3,52.29]},{"label":"Vladivostok","coordinate":[131.89,43.12]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Labels and regions","text":"Russian uses Cyrillic letters. Other languages are also used by communities in Russia, among them Tatar, Bashkir, Chechen and Sakha, and more than a hundred in total. Russia is the largest country in the world by area and stretches across eleven time zones, with the Ural Mountains marking the usual line between its European and Asian parts. Likewise, the single Europe browsing category does not erase the country's Asian regions.","question":"This atlas files Russia under Europe. What does that category not mean?","answer":"That all of Russia lies in Europe.","others":["That Russia can be found in a browsing list.","That Russia has land west of the Urals.","That a country can appear in a category."]},{"title":"Journeys connect communities","text":"The Trans-Siberian Railway links Moscow with Vladivostok through many stops, running about 9,300 kilometres in roughly a week and making it the longest continuous railway line in the world. It crosses the Volga, Ob and Yenisei rivers, skirts the shore of Lake Baikal, and has branches heading south into Mongolia and China. People use railways for journeys and for moving goods. A line on a small map leaves out the lives, languages and landscapes along it.","question":"A thin line marks the Trans-Siberian route on a small map. What does the line hide?","answer":"The communities and landscapes along the way.","others":["Which two cities the route joins.","That the route is a railway.","The direction the route runs."]}],"landscape":"Moscow is in the European part of Russia. Vladivostok is far to the east in Asia. Irkutsk is another study stop between them. A regional browsing label does not describe all the land a country covers.","landmark":"Trans-Siberian Railway","cultureTitle":"Journeys connect communities","compare":"A single label or line cannot describe every place it connects.","geography":{"title":"Across a wide country","text":"Moscow is in the European part of Russia. Vladivostok is far to the east in Asia. Irkutsk is another study stop between them. A regional browsing label does not describe all the land a country covers.","question":"Why is the atlas's Europe label not enough to describe Russia's location?","answer":"Russia also extends across part of Asia","others":["All of Russia is in Asia","Moscow is on the Pacific coast","Vladivostok is in western Europe"]},"sources":["wiki-RUS-0","wiki-RUS-1","voyage-RUS","institution-RUS"],"missions":[{"id":"RUS-map","title":"Across a wide country","kind":"map","placeId":"RUS","sources":["wiki-RUS-0","wiki-RUS-1","voyage-RUS","institution-RUS","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"RUS-names","title":"The name in Cyrillic","kind":"names","placeId":"RUS","sources":["wiki-RUS-0","wiki-RUS-1","voyage-RUS","institution-RUS","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"RUS-culture","title":"Journeys connect communities","kind":"culture","placeId":"RUS","sources":["wiki-RUS-0","wiki-RUS-1","voyage-RUS","institution-RUS","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"ETH","description":"Compare mountains with lowlands, examine an Ethiopic-script label, and explore hospitality around coffee.","city":"Addis Ababa","name":{"title":"","text":"አዲስ አበባ writes Addis Ababa in Amharic using Ethiopic script. Addis Ababa is a city in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has many languages; this is one city-label example.","question":"What kind of place does አዲስ አበባ name here?","answer":"A city","others":["A country","A region of Africa","A language"],"label":"አዲስ አበባ"},"mapTask":{"title":"Highlands and lowlands","text":"Ethiopia has high mountain areas and much lower land. The Simien Mountains are north of Addis Ababa. The Danakil area lies farther northeast and includes very low ground. A position map alone does not show height.","question":"Which marked place lies west of the Danakil area?","answer":"Simien Mountains","others":["Indian Ocean","Somalia","Red Sea"],"points":[{"label":"Simien Mountains","coordinate":[38.3,13.2]},{"label":"Addis Ababa","coordinate":[38.76,9.03]},{"label":"Danakil area","coordinate":[40.5,14]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A city label is one example","text":"Amharic is one of several languages used in Ethiopia and serves as a working language of the federal government, while Oromo has the largest number of speakers, and Tigrinya, Somali, Afar and many others are widely used. They are written in Ethiopic script, sometimes called fidäl, in which each character stands for a consonant together with a vowel. Knowing a script or one city name does not tell us which language each family uses.","question":"A city in Ethiopia is labelled in Ethiopic script. What does that label not tell us?","answer":"Which language the people there speak at home.","others":["That the label uses Ethiopic script.","That the script can be used for more than one language.","That the city's name has a written form."]},{"title":"Time for guests","text":"Coffee plants grow wild in Ethiopia's highlands, and coffee has been part of life there for a very long time. In an Ethiopian coffee ceremony, hosts may wash and roast green beans in a pan, carry the aroma around the room, grind them, and brew the coffee in a clay pot called a jebena before pouring it from a height into small cups. Guests are often served several rounds, and incense, popcorn or other snacks may be shared alongside. Sharing time with guests matters as much as the drink. Practices differ among households and communities; related traditions also exist in Eritrea.","question":"The host roasts and grinds the beans while the guests are already there. What does that add?","answer":"Time spent together becomes part of the gathering.","others":["It makes the coffee cool down faster.","It shows every household uses one method.","It removes the need for a jebena."]}],"landscape":"Ethiopia has high mountain areas and much lower land. The Simien Mountains are north of Addis Ababa. The Danakil area lies farther northeast and includes very low ground. A position map alone does not show height.","landmark":"Coffee hospitality","cultureTitle":"Time for guests","compare":"A local example opens a conversation about the many ways people share time.","geography":{"title":"Highlands and lowlands","text":"Ethiopia has high mountain areas and much lower land. The Simien Mountains are north of Addis Ababa. The Danakil area lies farther northeast and includes very low ground. A position map alone does not show height.","question":"What extra map information would help compare the Simien Mountains with Danakil's low ground?","answer":"Elevation shading or height labels","others":["Larger city-name lettering","A list of country spellings","An arrow pointing north"]},"sources":["wiki-ETH-0","wiki-ETH-1","voyage-ETH","institution-ETH"],"missions":[{"id":"ETH-map","title":"Highlands and lowlands","kind":"map","placeId":"ETH","sources":["wiki-ETH-0","wiki-ETH-1","voyage-ETH","institution-ETH","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ETH-names","title":"What kind of place?","kind":"names","placeId":"ETH","sources":["wiki-ETH-0","wiki-ETH-1","voyage-ETH","institution-ETH","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ETH-culture","title":"Time for guests","kind":"culture","placeId":"ETH","sources":["wiki-ETH-0","wiki-ETH-1","voyage-ETH","institution-ETH","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"DEU","description":"Follow Rhine-side cities, connect Germany with Deutschland, and discover reusable printing letters.","city":"Berlin","name":{"title":"","text":"Deutschland is the German name for Germany. Berlin names its capital city. Mainz is another city, known for the Gutenberg Museum and its printing collections.","question":"Which pair names the same country?","answer":"Deutschland and Germany","others":["Mainz and Europe","Berlin and Rhine","Rhine and Germany"],"label":"Deutschland"},"mapTask":{"title":"Along the Rhine","text":"The Rhine connects several European countries. Mainz, Koblenz, and Cologne are German cities beside it. From Mainz the river travels generally north toward Cologne, with many bends between.","question":"Which marked city is farthest north?","answer":"Cologne","others":["Mainz","Koblenz","Berlin"],"points":[{"label":"Mainz","coordinate":[8.25,50]},{"label":"Koblenz","coordinate":[7.59,50.36]},{"label":"Cologne","coordinate":[6.96,50.94]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Country, city, river","text":"Deutschland names a country, Mainz names a city, and Rhine names a river. The Rhine rises in the Swiss Alps and flows north to the North Sea through the Netherlands, and Mainz stands where the River Main joins it. Berlin, further east, is Germany's capital. Maps often use different type styles for these different kinds of feature, so sorting labels by feature type helps us understand a map even before we know all its names.","question":"A map shows Deutschland, Mainz and Rhine close together. How do the three labels relate?","answer":"A country, a city in it, and a river.","others":["Three cities of different sizes.","Three names for the same country.","A country and two of its neighbours."]},{"title":"Letters you can rearrange","text":"Printing workshops associated with Gutenberg in Mainz, around the 1450s, used separate pieces of metal type to build lines of text, along with oily ink and a screw press. After printing, the pieces could be sorted and used again for a completely different page. Movable type had been invented earlier in East Asia, with ceramic type in China and metal type in Korea. Mainz's Gutenberg Museum explores this work alongside the broader history of printing in different cultures.","question":"Why could a printing workshop set a brand new page without making new letters?","answer":"The separate pieces of type could be rearranged.","others":["Each page was carved as one single block.","The letters were added by hand after printing.","Every page printed used the same words."]}],"landscape":"The Rhine connects several European countries. Mainz, Koblenz, and Cologne are German cities beside it. From Mainz the river travels generally north toward Cologne, with many bends between.","landmark":"Printing in Mainz","cultureTitle":"Letters you can rearrange","compare":"Names and printed pages both depend on arranging meaningful signs.","geography":{"title":"Along the Rhine","text":"The Rhine connects several European countries. Mainz, Koblenz, and Cologne are German cities beside it. From Mainz the river travels generally north toward Cologne, with many bends between.","question":"Why might a river journey from Mainz to Cologne be longer than a straight line between the cities?","answer":"The Rhine bends between them","others":["The Rhine is a straight canal","Both cities mark the same location","The north arrow measures river length"]},"sources":["wiki-DEU-0","wiki-DEU-1","voyage-DEU","institution-DEU"],"missions":[{"id":"DEU-map","title":"Along the Rhine","kind":"map","placeId":"DEU","sources":["wiki-DEU-0","wiki-DEU-1","voyage-DEU","institution-DEU","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"DEU-names","title":"Deutschland and Germany","kind":"names","placeId":"DEU","sources":["wiki-DEU-0","wiki-DEU-1","voyage-DEU","institution-DEU","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"DEU-culture","title":"Letters you can rearrange","kind":"culture","placeId":"DEU","sources":["wiki-DEU-0","wiki-DEU-1","voyage-DEU","institution-DEU","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"FRA","description":"Read Paris’s river setting, sort city and river names, and investigate a baker’s work.","city":"Paris","name":{"title":"","text":"France names the country in both English and French. Paris is a city, and the Seine is a river passing through it. The same spelling can be shared across languages.","question":"Which label names the river?","answer":"Seine","others":["France","Paris","Europe"],"label":"France"},"mapTask":{"title":"The Seine toward the coast","text":"The Seine passes through Paris and Rouen before reaching the English Channel near Le Havre. The numbered study points help us compare inland cities with a coastal location.","question":"Which marked city is nearest the river mouth?","answer":"Le Havre","others":["Paris","Rouen","Lyon"],"points":[{"label":"Paris","coordinate":[2.35,48.86]},{"label":"Rouen","coordinate":[1.1,49.44]},{"label":"Le Havre","coordinate":[0.11,49.49]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"One spelling, different voices","text":"France is spelled alike in English and French, but the two languages say it differently: French uses nasal vowels that English does not have, and its r is made further back in the mouth. French is spoken in many countries beyond France, and inside France people also use regional languages including Breton, Occitan, Alsatian, Corsican and Basque. Reading a label is useful; it does not teach us every pronunciation or every language used in the country.","question":"France is spelled the same way in English and in French. What can still differ?","answer":"How the name is said aloud.","others":["Which country the name points to.","The letters used to write it.","Whether it can be printed on a map."]},{"title":"A baker’s daily decisions","text":"A baguette is a long loaf associated with French baking, made from just flour, water, salt and yeast. Bakers work with dough, fermentation, shaping and baking time, and a slow rise gives more flavour than a fast one. Before baking, the baker slashes the top so the loaf can expand in a controlled way, and steam in the oven helps form the crisp crust. A French rule sets out what a traditional baguette may contain, and UNESCO has listed the craft and culture around it. Skills pass through practice and teaching. This bread is one part of a varied food culture, not everyone's entire meal.","question":"Two bakers follow the same baguette recipe and get different loaves. Which explanation fits?","answer":"Handling, fermentation and baking time can differ.","others":["A recipe decides the finished loaf completely.","Only the shape of the oven can matter.","Bread cannot vary once we know the country."]}],"landscape":"The Seine passes through Paris and Rouen before reaching the English Channel near Le Havre. The numbered study points help us compare inland cities with a coastal location.","landmark":"Bread-making","cultureTitle":"A baker’s daily decisions","compare":"Familiar everyday things can contain skills that take time to learn.","geography":{"title":"The Seine toward the coast","text":"The Seine passes through Paris and Rouen before reaching the English Channel near Le Havre. The numbered study points help us compare inland cities with a coastal location.","question":"Which study location would you choose to investigate the Seine's meeting with the sea?","answer":"Le Havre","others":["Paris","Rouen","All three are river sources"]},"sources":["wiki-FRA-0","wiki-FRA-1","voyage-FRA","institution-FRA"],"missions":[{"id":"FRA-map","title":"The Seine toward the coast","kind":"map","placeId":"FRA","sources":["wiki-FRA-0","wiki-FRA-1","voyage-FRA","institution-FRA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"FRA-names","title":"Country, city, river","kind":"names","placeId":"FRA","sources":["wiki-FRA-0","wiki-FRA-1","voyage-FRA","institution-FRA","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"FRA-culture","title":"A baker’s daily decisions","kind":"culture","placeId":"FRA","sources":["wiki-FRA-0","wiki-FRA-1","voyage-FRA","institution-FRA","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"ESP","description":"Compare mainland and island locations, discover multilingual names, and learn about a team tradition.","city":"Madrid","name":{"title":"","text":"España is the Spanish name for Spain. Some places have names in more than one local language: Donostia and San Sebastián refer to the same city in Basque and Spanish.","question":"Which pair names the same city?","answer":"Donostia and San Sebastián","others":["España and Madrid","Spain and Europe","Canary Islands and Barcelona"],"label":"España"},"mapTask":{"title":"Mainland and islands","text":"Spain includes land on the Iberian Peninsula and island groups. The Balearic Islands lie east of the mainland in the Mediterranean. The Canary Islands lie southwest, in the Atlantic off northwest Africa.","question":"Which marked island group is southwest of mainland Spain?","answer":"Canary Islands","others":["Balearic Islands","Madrid","Pyrenees"],"points":[{"label":"Madrid","coordinate":[-3.7,40.42]},{"label":"Balearic Islands","coordinate":[3,39.7]},{"label":"Canary Islands","coordinate":[-15.6,28.1]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Names in several languages","text":"Spanish, Catalan, Basque and Galician are among the languages used in Spain, and several have official status in their own regions. Catalan is used in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and, as Valencian, in Valencia; Galician is close to Portuguese; and Basque, or Euskara, is not related to any other known language. A bilingual sign can show two names for one place. It need not mean there are two separate towns.","question":"A sign near a Spanish town carries two names. Which reading is the most careful?","answer":"One place may be named in two languages.","others":["Two towns must be sharing one signpost.","One of the names must be a spelling mistake.","Everyone in the town uses both names equally."]},{"title":"Many roles in one team","text":"In Catalonia, trained teams called colles build human towers known as castells, a tradition that grew in the Valls area more than two centuries ago. A dense crowd called the pinya packs together at the bottom to steady and cushion the tower, levels of the trunk climb up in turn, and last of all a light child, the enxaneta, reaches the top and raises a hand before everyone comes down. Children wear helmets, and teams practise for months. Cooperation is central to the tradition. Our activity is about observing teamwork, not attempting a tower.","question":"In a castell, why do the people at the base matter as much as the person at the top?","answer":"Each role carries part of the tower's weight and balance.","others":["The base chooses which music is played.","Only the tallest people are allowed at the base.","The base climbs up last, after the top."]}],"landscape":"Spain includes land on the Iberian Peninsula and island groups. The Balearic Islands lie east of the mainland in the Mediterranean. The Canary Islands lie southwest, in the Atlantic off northwest Africa.","landmark":"Castells in Catalonia","cultureTitle":"Many roles in one team","compare":"Different roles and languages can belong within a shared community.","geography":{"title":"Mainland and islands","text":"Spain includes land on the Iberian Peninsula and island groups. The Balearic Islands lie east of the mainland in the Mediterranean. The Canary Islands lie southwest, in the Atlantic off northwest Africa.","question":"Which sea or ocean pairing correctly locates Spain's two island groups?","answer":"Balearics: Mediterranean; Canaries: Atlantic","others":["Balearics: Atlantic; Canaries: Mediterranean","Both groups: Mediterranean","Both groups: Atlantic"]},"sources":["wiki-ESP-0","wiki-ESP-1","voyage-ESP","institution-ESP"],"missions":[{"id":"ESP-map","title":"Mainland and islands","kind":"map","placeId":"ESP","sources":["wiki-ESP-0","wiki-ESP-1","voyage-ESP","institution-ESP","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ESP-names","title":"One city, two languages","kind":"names","placeId":"ESP","sources":["wiki-ESP-0","wiki-ESP-1","voyage-ESP","institution-ESP","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ESP-culture","title":"Many roles in one team","kind":"culture","placeId":"ESP","sources":["wiki-ESP-0","wiki-ESP-1","voyage-ESP","institution-ESP","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"UKR","description":"Follow the Dnipro, recognize Ukrainian labels, and discover how makers build patterns with wax and dye.","city":"Kyiv","name":{"title":"","text":"Україна is Ukraine written in Ukrainian Cyrillic. Київ names Kyiv. Kyiv is the English spelling based on the Ukrainian name; older English maps may use Kiev.","question":"Which label names the country?","answer":"Україна","others":["Київ","Dnipro","Black Sea"],"label":"Україна"},"mapTask":{"title":"Along the Dnipro","text":"The Dnipro passes through Kyiv and the city of Dnipro toward the Black Sea. The river and one city share a name, so the complete map label matters. Our map is a geographic learning model, not a current travel guide.","question":"Which marked city is north of Dnipro city?","answer":"Kyiv","others":["Kherson","Black Sea","Odesa"],"points":[{"label":"Kyiv","coordinate":[30.52,50.45]},{"label":"Dnipro city","coordinate":[35.05,48.46]},{"label":"Kherson","coordinate":[32.62,46.64]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Names can change on maps","text":"Kyiv and the older English spelling Kiev can point to the same city: Kyiv follows the Ukrainian form of the name and Kiev follows the Russian one, and many governments, atlases and news organisations changed to Kyiv from around 2019. Ukrainian is written in Cyrillic, with letters such as і, ї, є and ґ that Russian does not use. The river running through the city is the Dnipro, also written Dnieper. Check the language, date and context of a map rather than assuming that different spellings always identify different places.","question":"An older map prints Kiev where a newer one prints Kyiv. What is the careful conclusion?","answer":"One city, written with two different conventions.","others":["Two cities that lie near one another.","One city that has since moved.","A printing error made on the older map."]},{"title":"Patterns with wax and dye","text":"Makers of Ukrainian pysanky use wax and dye to decorate eggs, drawing with a small funnel-tipped tool called a kistka that holds heated beeswax. Wax keeps the covered areas from taking the next colour, so the egg is dipped from the palest dye to the darkest, with more lines drawn between each dip. At the end the wax is warmed away and the layers of colour appear together. Patterns such as suns, deer, wheat and nets vary by region, their meanings vary, and knowledge is passed between people. These traditions are also practiced by Ukrainian communities abroad.","question":"A pysanka maker draws with wax, then dips the egg in dye. What does the wax do?","answer":"Keeps the covered areas from taking that colour.","others":["Helps the dye soak in more deeply.","Colours the egg wherever it is drawn.","Spreads the dye evenly over the whole shell."]}],"landscape":"The Dnipro passes through Kyiv and the city of Dnipro toward the Black Sea. The river and one city share a name, so the complete map label matters. Our map is a geographic learning model, not a current travel guide.","landmark":"Ukrainian pysanky","cultureTitle":"Patterns with wax and dye","compare":"Names and craft knowledge travel with people across places and generations.","geography":{"title":"Along the Dnipro","text":"The Dnipro passes through Kyiv and the city of Dnipro toward the Black Sea. The river and one city share a name, so the complete map label matters. Our map is a geographic learning model, not a current travel guide.","question":"Why should a map distinguish the Dnipro river from the city of Dnipro?","answer":"The same name identifies two different features","others":["The city includes the river's entire course","Every river label names a capital","The river and city are in different continents"]},"sources":["wiki-UKR-0","wiki-UKR-1","voyage-UKR","institution-UKR"],"missions":[{"id":"UKR-map","title":"Along the Dnipro","kind":"map","placeId":"UKR","sources":["wiki-UKR-0","wiki-UKR-1","voyage-UKR","institution-UKR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"UKR-names","title":"The name in Ukrainian","kind":"names","placeId":"UKR","sources":["wiki-UKR-0","wiki-UKR-1","voyage-UKR","institution-UKR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"UKR-culture","title":"Patterns with wax and dye","kind":"culture","placeId":"UKR","sources":["wiki-UKR-0","wiki-UKR-1","voyage-UKR","institution-UKR","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"POL","description":"Follow the Vistula toward the Baltic, recognize Polish names, and explore paper shapes in Łowicz.","city":"Warsaw","name":{"title":"","text":"Polska is the Polish name for Poland. Warszawa is the Polish name for Warsaw. Łowicz is a different town; its letter Ł is part of the written name.","question":"Which pair names Poland’s capital city?","answer":"Warszawa and Warsaw","others":["Polska and Europe","Łowicz and Baltic Sea","Vistula and Poland"],"label":"Polska"},"mapTask":{"title":"Toward the Baltic","text":"The Vistula passes through Kraków and Warsaw, then reaches the Baltic coast near Gdańsk. These study locations show a broad south-to-north relationship, not every turn in the river.","question":"Which marked location is farthest north?","answer":"Gdańsk","others":["Kraków","Warsaw","Łowicz"],"points":[{"label":"Kraków","coordinate":[19.94,50.06]},{"label":"Warsaw","coordinate":[21.01,52.23]},{"label":"Gdańsk","coordinate":[18.65,54.35]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Keep the details in a name","text":"Polish labels may include letters such as Ł and ó, along with ą, ę, ć, ń, ś, ź and ż. These are meaningful writing details rather than decoration: ł sounds close to an English w, and ó sounds like u, so dropping the marks changes how a name should be read. Our search also accepts familiar English forms so that a learner can find Warsaw before learning Warszawa.","question":"Why keep the letter Ł when writing Łowicz?","answer":"The letter is part of how the name is spelled.","others":["It shows how large the town is.","It marks the town as a capital.","It tells readers how far away the town lies."]},{"title":"Paper pictures in Łowicz","text":"Paper-cutting artists in the Łowicz region make wycinanki using cut shapes and layers of coloured paper, often building up flowers, birds and village scenes; the cutting was traditionally done with large sheep shears. Other regions have their own approaches, and in Kurpie the cuttings are usually a single colour and folded so both halves match. The pictures were pasted onto walls and beams and renewed for spring festivals. A flower or bird design is an artist's example, not a pattern used by every Polish person.","question":"Why name the region when describing a paper-cutting style?","answer":"Different regions developed different styles.","others":["Only one region in Poland makes crafts.","A region's name decides the colour of the paper.","Naming a region proves every household cuts paper."]}],"landscape":"The Vistula passes through Kraków and Warsaw, then reaches the Baltic coast near Gdańsk. These study locations show a broad south-to-north relationship, not every turn in the river.","landmark":"Łowicz paper-cutting","cultureTitle":"Paper pictures in Łowicz","compare":"Small differences in letters and designs deserve a closer look.","geography":{"title":"Toward the Baltic","text":"The Vistula passes through Kraków and Warsaw, then reaches the Baltic coast near Gdańsk. These study locations show a broad south-to-north relationship, not every turn in the river.","question":"Which study location is nearest the Vistula's arrival at the Baltic coast?","answer":"Gdańsk","others":["Kraków","Warsaw","All three are equally coastal"]},"sources":["wiki-POL-0","wiki-POL-1","voyage-POL","institution-POL"],"missions":[{"id":"POL-map","title":"Toward the Baltic","kind":"map","placeId":"POL","sources":["wiki-POL-0","wiki-POL-1","voyage-POL","institution-POL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"POL-names","title":"Warszawa and Warsaw","kind":"names","placeId":"POL","sources":["wiki-POL-0","wiki-POL-1","voyage-POL","institution-POL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"POL-culture","title":"Paper pictures in Łowicz","kind":"culture","placeId":"POL","sources":["wiki-POL-0","wiki-POL-1","voyage-POL","institution-POL","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"ROU","description":"Trace the Danube toward its delta, read Romanian names, and learn how clay becomes pottery.","city":"Bucharest","name":{"title":"","text":"România is the Romanian spelling of Romania. București is the Romanian name for Bucharest. The marks on â and ș are parts of these spellings.","question":"Which label is the Romanian name for Bucharest?","answer":"București","others":["România","Danube","Europe"],"label":"România"},"mapTask":{"title":"A river reaching a delta","text":"The Danube reaches the Black Sea through a delta. Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Galați, and the delta are study points along its approach. Delta channels branch rather than ending at one single straight shoreline.","question":"Which study point is farthest east?","answer":"Danube delta","others":["Galați","Drobeta-Turnu Severin","Bucharest"],"points":[{"label":"Drobeta-Turnu Severin","coordinate":[22.66,44.63]},{"label":"Galați","coordinate":[28.05,45.44]},{"label":"Danube delta","coordinate":[29.5,45.1]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A country and its capital","text":"România labels a country. București labels its capital city. A map can use the English forms Romania and Bucharest instead. Romanian is a Romance language, related to Italian, Spanish and French, written in the Latin alphabet with the extra letters ă, â, î, ș and ț. The Carpathian Mountains curve through the country, and the Danube forms much of the southern border before spreading into a delta on the Black Sea. The scale and position of a label help us match it to the right kind of place.","question":"România and București are printed at different sizes on a map. What does that suggest?","answer":"One label names a country, the other a city.","others":["One label is older than the other.","One lies in Europe and the other does not.","They name the same place twice."]},{"title":"Clay, hands, and heat","text":"In Horezu, in Vâlcea county, potters dig and clean local clay, knead it, and shape vessels on a kick wheel. They decorate the surface with liquid clay in other colours, drawing patterns such as spirals, waves and the well-known Horezu rooster using a cow's horn as a pouring tool and a fine point to trace lines. Only firing in a kiln turns the soft shaped clay into hard pottery. People learn through families and workshops, and UNESCO has listed the craft. A finished bowl carries choices about form and decoration as well as knowledge of materials.","question":"A Horezu bowl has been shaped and decorated, but the clay is still soft. What step remains?","answer":"Firing it with heat.","others":["Shaping the vessel.","Choosing its decoration.","Preparing the clay."]}],"landscape":"The Danube reaches the Black Sea through a delta. Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Galați, and the delta are study points along its approach. Delta channels branch rather than ending at one single straight shoreline.","landmark":"Horezu pottery","cultureTitle":"Clay, hands, and heat","compare":"Making something well combines material knowledge with skills learned from others.","geography":{"title":"A river reaching a delta","text":"The Danube reaches the Black Sea through a delta. Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Galați, and the delta are study points along its approach. Delta channels branch rather than ending at one single straight shoreline.","question":"How should a detailed map show the Danube near its mouth?","answer":"Branching delta channels toward the Black Sea","others":["One channel ending in a mountain lake","A river beginning in the Black Sea","A channel crossing the Baltic coast"]},"sources":["wiki-ROU-0","wiki-ROU-1","voyage-ROU","institution-ROU"],"missions":[{"id":"ROU-map","title":"A river reaching a delta","kind":"map","placeId":"ROU","sources":["wiki-ROU-0","wiki-ROU-1","voyage-ROU","institution-ROU","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ROU-names","title":"Country and capital","kind":"names","placeId":"ROU","sources":["wiki-ROU-0","wiki-ROU-1","voyage-ROU","institution-ROU","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ROU-culture","title":"Clay, hands, and heat","kind":"culture","placeId":"ROU","sources":["wiki-ROU-0","wiki-ROU-1","voyage-ROU","institution-ROU","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"NLD","description":"Compare water and land, untangle Holland and the Netherlands, and investigate shared flood protection.","city":"Amsterdam","name":{"title":"","text":"Nederland is the Dutch name for the Netherlands. North Holland and South Holland are two provinces, not the whole country. Amsterdam is the capital; the government meets in The Hague.","question":"Which city is the seat of government?","answer":"The Hague","others":["Amsterdam","Rotterdam","Utrecht"],"label":"Nederland"},"mapTask":{"title":"Living beside water","text":"The Netherlands includes low-lying land protected by water-management works. Amsterdam lies north of Rotterdam. The Beemster polder is a reclaimed area north of Amsterdam; a location map alone does not show its elevation.","question":"Which marked place is north of Amsterdam?","answer":"Beemster polder","others":["Rotterdam","Belgium","The Hague"],"points":[{"label":"Beemster polder","coordinate":[4.91,52.55]},{"label":"Amsterdam","coordinate":[4.9,52.37]},{"label":"Rotterdam","coordinate":[4.48,51.92]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Names and government roles","text":"Holland is often used informally for the Netherlands, but it properly refers to North Holland and South Holland, two of the country's twelve provinces. Amsterdam and The Hague also have different roles: Amsterdam is the capital, while the government, the parliament and the monarch's working palace are in The Hague. Careful labels help avoid turning a familiar nickname into a misleading fact.","question":"Someone calls the whole Netherlands Holland. Why is that imprecise?","answer":"Holland names only part of the country.","others":["Holland names a country next door.","Holland is another name for the North Sea.","Holland is another word for The Hague."]},{"title":"Water needs shared care","text":"About a quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level, and much of that land was drained to make polders. Dikes hold water back, while canals, ditches and pumps move it and keep the levels right; windmills once did the pumping and electric pumps do it now. Large barriers known as the Delta Works can close against storm surges from the sea. Water boards, some of the oldest elected bodies in the country, maintain these shared systems and charge for their upkeep. One household alone cannot manage a whole network of waterways.","question":"Why can one household not manage the water around its own house alone?","answer":"Dikes, canals and pumps work as one connected system.","others":["Water only moves when a pump is switched on.","Each garden holds its own separate water.","Dikes keep working without any care."]}],"landscape":"The Netherlands includes low-lying land protected by water-management works. Amsterdam lies north of Rotterdam. The Beemster polder is a reclaimed area north of Amsterdam; a location map alone does not show its elevation.","landmark":"Water boards and polders","cultureTitle":"Water needs shared care","compare":"Careful names and shared responsibilities help us understand a place.","geography":{"title":"Living beside water","text":"The Netherlands includes low-lying land protected by water-management works. Amsterdam lies north of Rotterdam. The Beemster polder is a reclaimed area north of Amsterdam; a location map alone does not show its elevation.","question":"What would you add to the Netherlands location map to study low-lying land?","answer":"Land heights and water-management works","others":["Only larger city markers","Only an alphabetical city list","Only the country name in another language"]},"sources":["wiki-NLD-0","wiki-NLD-1","voyage-NLD","institution-NLD"],"missions":[{"id":"NLD-map","title":"Living beside water","kind":"map","placeId":"NLD","sources":["wiki-NLD-0","wiki-NLD-1","voyage-NLD","institution-NLD","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"NLD-names","title":"Capital and seat of government","kind":"names","placeId":"NLD","sources":["wiki-NLD-0","wiki-NLD-1","voyage-NLD","institution-NLD","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"NLD-culture","title":"Water needs shared care","kind":"culture","placeId":"NLD","sources":["wiki-NLD-0","wiki-NLD-1","voyage-NLD","institution-NLD","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"PHL","description":"Navigate island groups, connect Pilipinas and Philippines, and learn from weavers in Kiangan.","city":"Manila","name":{"title":"","text":"Pilipinas is a Filipino name for the Philippines. Luzon and Mindanao name large islands and island groups; Visayas names a group of islands. Manila is a city on Luzon.","question":"Which label names the country?","answer":"Pilipinas","others":["Manila","Luzon","Mindanao"],"label":"Pilipinas"},"mapTask":{"title":"Three island groups","text":"Luzon is the northern main island group, the Visayas lie between, and Mindanao is to the south. Our markers show example locations within those groups, not their full boundaries.","question":"Which group lies between Luzon and Mindanao?","answer":"Visayas","others":["Luzon","Mindanao","Japan"],"points":[{"label":"Luzon","coordinate":[121,16]},{"label":"Visayas","coordinate":[123.5,11]},{"label":"Mindanao","coordinate":[125,8]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Many islands, many languages","text":"The Philippines is made of more than 7,000 islands, and about 180 languages are used across them, including Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray and Bikol. Filipino, based largely on Tagalog, and English are used in public life and school. An older script called Baybayin was once used for writing before the Latin alphabet arrived. A national label such as Pilipinas does not tell us what language each person on each island speaks.","question":"Pilipinas is one label for a country of many islands. What can it not tell us?","answer":"Which languages people use on each island.","others":["The country's name in Filipino.","That the country has a name at all.","How that label is spelled."]},{"title":"Learning from Kiangan weavers","text":"Kiangan, in Ifugao province in the mountains of northern Luzon, is a place where weaving knowledge is shared through demonstrations and teaching. Weavers work on a backstrap loom, tensioned by leaning away from a fixed point, and cloth can carry patterns and colours connected to occasions, families and standing in community life. The famous Ifugao rice terraces climb the slopes nearby. Learners should ask local makers about particular textiles instead of treating every Philippine weaving tradition as the same.","question":"You want to know what one Ifugao textile means. Who is the best source?","answer":"The makers and knowledgeable community members.","others":["A guidebook covering all of Southeast Asia.","Weavers from a different community.","A map showing where Kiangan lies."]}],"landscape":"Luzon is the northern main island group, the Visayas lie between, and Mindanao is to the south. Our markers show example locations within those groups, not their full boundaries.","landmark":"Weaving in Kiangan","cultureTitle":"Learning from Kiangan weavers","compare":"Listen to people connected to a place when learning what its objects mean.","geography":{"title":"Three island groups","text":"Luzon is the northern main island group, the Visayas lie between, and Mindanao is to the south. Our markers show example locations within those groups, not their full boundaries.","question":"Which island group would you investigate between Luzon and Mindanao?","answer":"The Visayas","others":["The Canary Islands","The Balearic Islands","The Azores"]},"sources":["wiki-PHL-0","wiki-PHL-1","voyage-PHL","institution-PHL"],"missions":[{"id":"PHL-map","title":"Three island groups","kind":"map","placeId":"PHL","sources":["wiki-PHL-0","wiki-PHL-1","voyage-PHL","institution-PHL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"PHL-names","title":"The name in Filipino","kind":"names","placeId":"PHL","sources":["wiki-PHL-0","wiki-PHL-1","voyage-PHL","institution-PHL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"PHL-culture","title":"Learning from Kiangan weavers","kind":"culture","placeId":"PHL","sources":["wiki-PHL-0","wiki-PHL-1","voyage-PHL","institution-PHL","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"VNM","description":"Compare two deltas, look closely at Vietnamese spelling, and discover a stage made of water.","city":"Hanoi","name":{"title":"","text":"Việt Nam is the Vietnamese spelling of Vietnam. Hà Nội names Hanoi. Marks around letters belong to the spelling; they help represent sounds and tones.","question":"Which pair names the same country?","answer":"Việt Nam and Vietnam","others":["Hà Nội and Asia","Hanoi and Mekong","Red River and Vietnam"],"label":"Việt Nam"},"mapTask":{"title":"Two deltas","text":"The Red River delta lies in northern Vietnam, near Hanoi. The Mekong delta lies in the south. Both are shaped by river sediment, but they are different places far apart along the country.","question":"Which marked delta is farther north?","answer":"Red River delta","others":["Mekong delta","The central coast at Da Nang","The Cà Mau peninsula"],"points":[{"label":"Red River delta","coordinate":[106,20.6]},{"label":"Huế","coordinate":[107.59,16.46]},{"label":"Mekong delta","coordinate":[105.7,10]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Marks belong to the name","text":"Vietnamese is written with the Latin alphabet in a system called chữ Quốc ngữ. In Việt Nam and Hà Nội, the small marks do two jobs: some change the vowel itself, and others show which of the six tones the syllable carries, so removing them can change the meaning entirely. Earlier centuries used chữ Nôm, characters based on Chinese ones. A map without those marks may still be useful for searching, but preserving the local spelling helps us learn the name more carefully.","question":"A map prints Ha Noi without its marks. What has been lost?","answer":"Part of how the name is properly written.","others":["The city's position on the map.","The country the city belongs to.","The number of words in the name."]},{"title":"A stage on the water","text":"Water puppetry, or múa rối nước, developed in the villages of northern Vietnam's Red River delta, where flooded rice fields made a ready stage. Performers stand waist-deep in the water behind a bamboo screen and guide the wooden puppets using long rods and strings hidden below the surface. Music played on instruments such as the one-stringed đàn bầu, along with drums and singing, helps the audience follow the action, and the stories often show village life, fishing, festivals and dragons.","question":"Water puppets look as though they move by themselves. What explains it?","answer":"Their controls run under the water, out of sight.","others":["The puppets float freely on the current.","The performers stand in front of the screen.","The puppets are pulled by strings from above."]}],"landscape":"The Red River delta lies in northern Vietnam, near Hanoi. The Mekong delta lies in the south. Both are shaped by river sediment, but they are different places far apart along the country.","landmark":"Water puppetry","cultureTitle":"A stage on the water","compare":"A close look can reveal the skills behind something that first seems mysterious.","geography":{"title":"Two deltas","text":"The Red River delta lies in northern Vietnam, near Hanoi. The Mekong delta lies in the south. Both are shaped by river sediment, but they are different places far apart along the country.","question":"A notebook labels both Vietnamese deltas as the Mekong. What correction is needed?","answer":"The northern delta near Hanoi is the Red River delta","others":["The southern delta is the Red River delta","Both deltas are parts of the Red River","The Mekong delta is near Hanoi"]},"sources":["wiki-VNM-0","wiki-VNM-1","voyage-VNM","institution-VNM"],"missions":[{"id":"VNM-map","title":"Two deltas","kind":"map","placeId":"VNM","sources":["wiki-VNM-0","wiki-VNM-1","voyage-VNM","institution-VNM","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"VNM-names","title":"Marks that matter","kind":"names","placeId":"VNM","sources":["wiki-VNM-0","wiki-VNM-1","voyage-VNM","institution-VNM","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"VNM-culture","title":"A stage on the water","kind":"culture","placeId":"VNM","sources":["wiki-VNM-0","wiki-VNM-1","voyage-VNM","institution-VNM","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"IRN","description":"Compare mountains and dry inland places, match Persian and English labels, and investigate underground water channels.","city":"Tehran","name":{"title":"","text":"ایران is Iran written in Persian. Persian uses a script read from right to left. Persia appears on many historical English maps; check a map’s date and context before treating its names as current.","question":"Which pair names the same present-day country?","answer":"ایران and Iran","others":["Tehran and Asia","Yazd and Europe","Persia and Iraq"],"label":"ایران"},"mapTask":{"title":"Mountains and dry country","text":"Iran includes mountain ranges and dry inland regions. Mount Damavand stands northeast of Tehran, while Yazd lies farther south in the dry interior. These markers show position, not a relief map of mountain heights.","question":"Which marked place is farthest south?","answer":"Yazd","others":["Tehran","Mount Damavand","Tabriz"],"points":[{"label":"Tehran","coordinate":[51.39,35.69]},{"label":"Mount Damavand","coordinate":[52.11,35.95]},{"label":"Yazd","coordinate":[54.37,31.9]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Read names in context","text":"Iran is the current English country name; the government asked other countries to use it in 1935. Historical uses of Persia have their own context and did not always cover the same area. Persian, also called Farsi, is the country's official language and is written in a form of the Arabic script, but Persian is also a language name rather than a country name. Communities in Iran use other languages too, including Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Balochi and Arabic.","question":"An old map is labelled Persia. What should a reader do first?","answer":"Check the map's date and what it covered.","others":["Assume it shows exactly today's Iran.","Assume Persia named a language, not a place.","Assume everyone shown there used one language."]},{"title":"Water below the ground","text":"A qanat brings groundwater along a gently sloping underground channel toward a lower outlet, so gravity moves the water with no pump at all. Diggers sink a mother well where the water table is high, usually near hills, then cut a tunnel toward the fields, adding vertical shafts along the way for air and for lifting out soil. Some qanats run for many kilometres and have been in use for centuries. In Iranian communities using qanats, people share knowledge about maintenance and about how the water is divided. Related systems exist elsewhere under names such as karez, falaj and foggara.","question":"A qanat has no pump anywhere along it. What moves the water?","answer":"The channel's gentle downward slope.","others":["Wind pushing along the tunnel.","Rain falling straight into the outlet.","Water rising toward the drier ground."]}],"landscape":"Iran includes mountain ranges and dry inland regions. Mount Damavand stands northeast of Tehran, while Yazd lies farther south in the dry interior. These markers show position, not a relief map of mountain heights.","landmark":"Qanats","cultureTitle":"Water below the ground","compare":"Landscapes and cooperation both matter when people manage water.","geography":{"title":"Mountains and dry country","text":"Iran includes mountain ranges and dry inland regions. Mount Damavand stands northeast of Tehran, while Yazd lies farther south in the dry interior. These markers show position, not a relief map of mountain heights.","question":"Which information is missing if you want to compare Damavand's height with Yazd's?","answer":"Elevation measurements","others":["The locations of the markers","The names of the places","The direction of north"]},"sources":["wiki-IRN-0","wiki-IRN-1","voyage-IRN","institution-IRN"],"missions":[{"id":"IRN-map","title":"Mountains and dry country","kind":"map","placeId":"IRN","sources":["wiki-IRN-0","wiki-IRN-1","voyage-IRN","institution-IRN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"IRN-names","title":"Iran today, Persia before","kind":"names","placeId":"IRN","sources":["wiki-IRN-0","wiki-IRN-1","voyage-IRN","institution-IRN","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"IRN-culture","title":"Water below the ground","kind":"culture","placeId":"IRN","sources":["wiki-IRN-0","wiki-IRN-1","voyage-IRN","institution-IRN","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"TUR","description":"Look across the Bosporus, distinguish Istanbul from Ankara, and explore a shadow stage.","city":"Ankara","name":{"title":"","text":"Türkiye is the Turkish country name and is used here as the English display name. Turkey remains a familiar English search term. Ankara is the capital; Istanbul is a different city beside the Bosporus.","question":"Which city is the capital?","answer":"Ankara","others":["Istanbul","Bursa","Izmir"],"label":"Türkiye"},"mapTask":{"title":"A narrow water connection","text":"The Bosporus passes through Istanbul between its European and Asian sides. It connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Türkiye spans Europe and Asia; this atlas groups its country card under Asia.","question":"Which marked sea lies north of Istanbul?","answer":"Black Sea","others":["Sea of Marmara","Mediterranean Sea","Aegean Sea"],"points":[{"label":"Black Sea","coordinate":[29.15,41.4]},{"label":"Istanbul","coordinate":[28.98,41.01]},{"label":"Sea of Marmara","coordinate":[28.5,40.7]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A city across a strait","text":"Istanbul includes places on both sides of the Bosporus, the strait joining the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, so parts of the city lie in Europe and parts in Asia; bridges and the Marmaray rail tunnel connect them. Ankara, inland on the Anatolian plateau, became the capital in 1923. A famous or very large city is not automatically a country's capital.","question":"Istanbul is Turkey's best-known city, yet Ankara is the capital. What does that show?","answer":"The biggest city is not always the capital.","others":["A country may have two capitals at once.","Capital cities always sit beside a strait.","Fame decides which city governs a country."]},{"title":"Stories in shadow","text":"Karagöz shadow theatre uses jointed figures cut from thin animal hide, scraped until light passes through and then coloured. A performer holds them on rods against a stretched cotton screen with a lamp behind, so the audience sees glowing shapes rather than plain dark shadows. One performer, the hayali, gives every character a different voice, with Karagöz and Hacivat as the two who argue their way through most plays, and Bursa is associated with the tradition. Shadow traditions also exist in other places, with their own histories.","question":"What does the audience of a Karagöz performance actually see on the screen?","answer":"Figures lit from behind the screen.","others":["The performer standing behind the cloth.","Paintings moved along the front of the screen.","Light shining through holes cut in the screen."]}],"landscape":"The Bosporus passes through Istanbul between its European and Asian sides. It connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Türkiye spans Europe and Asia; this atlas groups its country card under Asia.","landmark":"Karagöz shadow theatre","cultureTitle":"Stories in shadow","compare":"A map label or a stage image becomes clearer when we learn what lies behind it.","geography":{"title":"A narrow water connection","text":"The Bosporus passes through Istanbul between its European and Asian sides. It connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Türkiye spans Europe and Asia; this atlas groups its country card under Asia.","question":"Which waters does the Bosporus connect?","answer":"The Black Sea and Sea of Marmara","others":["The Black Sea and Caspian Sea","The Red Sea and Arabian Sea","The Baltic Sea and North Sea"]},"sources":["wiki-TUR-0","wiki-TUR-1","voyage-TUR","institution-TUR"],"missions":[{"id":"TUR-map","title":"A narrow water connection","kind":"map","placeId":"TUR","sources":["wiki-TUR-0","wiki-TUR-1","voyage-TUR","institution-TUR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"TUR-names","title":"Which city is capital?","kind":"names","placeId":"TUR","sources":["wiki-TUR-0","wiki-TUR-1","voyage-TUR","institution-TUR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"TUR-culture","title":"Stories in shadow","kind":"culture","placeId":"TUR","sources":["wiki-TUR-0","wiki-TUR-1","voyage-TUR","institution-TUR","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"CHE","description":"Compare lakeside cities, find Switzerland in several languages, and explore the sound of an alphorn.","city":"Bern","name":{"title":"","text":"Switzerland has several local-language names: Schweiz in German, Suisse in French, Svizzera in Italian, and Svizra in Romansh. Bern serves as the federal city. Different country labels do not necessarily mean different countries.","question":"Which pair names Switzerland in two languages?","answer":"Schweiz and Suisse","others":["Bern and Europe","Geneva and Asia","Rhine and Zurich"],"label":"Schweiz"},"mapTask":{"title":"Cities beside lakes","text":"Geneva lies beside Lake Geneva in western Switzerland. Lucerne and Zurich are farther east beside other lakes. The study markers show city positions, not the heights of the Alps or a walking route.","question":"Which marked city lies farthest west?","answer":"Geneva","others":["Lucerne","Zurich","Bern"],"points":[{"label":"Geneva","coordinate":[6.14,46.2]},{"label":"Lucerne","coordinate":[8.31,47.05]},{"label":"Zurich","coordinate":[8.54,47.38]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Several national languages","text":"German, French, Italian and Romansh are Switzerland's four national languages. German is the most widely spoken, followed by French and then Italian, while Romansh is used by a small number of people, mainly in the canton of Graubünden. Each canton decides which languages it uses officially, so the mix changes from place to place, and many residents speak other languages as well. A multilingual sign is a clue about a place, not proof that every person speaks all four.","question":"A Swiss sign gives a place name in three languages. What can we conclude?","answer":"More than one language is used for that place.","others":["Everyone living there speaks all three.","Switzerland has three national languages.","The three names belong to three different towns."]},{"title":"A long wooden instrument","text":"The alphorn is a long wooden wind instrument associated with Alpine communities, often several metres long and traditionally cut from a spruce that grew with a bend at its base. A player's breath and lip vibration make the sound, and because there are no finger holes or valves, only the notes of the natural harmonic series can be played. That set of notes gives alphorn tunes their particular character. The instrument was once used to signal across valleys and call cattle home, and makers and musicians keep developing its craft and music.","question":"An alphorn has no finger holes. How does the player change the sound?","answer":"By changing breath and lip vibration.","others":["By covering holes along the tube.","By pressing keys near the mouthpiece.","By shortening the horn while playing."]}],"landscape":"Geneva lies beside Lake Geneva in western Switzerland. Lucerne and Zurich are farther east beside other lakes. The study markers show city positions, not the heights of the Alps or a walking route.","landmark":"Alphorn music","cultureTitle":"A long wooden instrument","compare":"Local languages and skills can differ within a shared country.","geography":{"title":"Cities beside lakes","text":"Geneva lies beside Lake Geneva in western Switzerland. Lucerne and Zurich are farther east beside other lakes. The study markers show city positions, not the heights of the Alps or a walking route.","question":"Which study city would you choose to explore Lake Geneva?","answer":"Geneva","others":["Lucerne","Zurich","All three are on Lake Geneva"]},"sources":["wiki-CHE-0","wiki-CHE-1","voyage-CHE","institution-CHE"],"missions":[{"id":"CHE-map","title":"Cities beside lakes","kind":"map","placeId":"CHE","sources":["wiki-CHE-0","wiki-CHE-1","voyage-CHE","institution-CHE","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"CHE-names","title":"One country, several names","kind":"names","placeId":"CHE","sources":["wiki-CHE-0","wiki-CHE-1","voyage-CHE","institution-CHE","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"CHE-culture","title":"A long wooden instrument","kind":"culture","placeId":"CHE","sources":["wiki-CHE-0","wiki-CHE-1","voyage-CHE","institution-CHE","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"IRL","description":"Compare Irish coastal cities, distinguish an island from a state, and listen for teamwork in a music session.","city":"Dublin","name":{"title":"","text":"Éire is the Irish name of the state called Ireland in English. Republic of Ireland is a description used to distinguish the state from the island of Ireland. Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom and shares the island.","question":"Why might a map use the description Republic of Ireland?","answer":"To distinguish the state from the whole island.","others":["To give the island a second name.","To say the island holds only one state.","To mark a change of capital city."],"label":"Éire"},"mapTask":{"title":"Across the island","text":"Dublin is on the eastern side of Ireland, Galway is on the west, and Cork is in the south. All three study cities are in the Republic of Ireland. The outline of an island and the boundary of a state are different map features.","question":"Which marked city lies farthest east?","answer":"Dublin","others":["Galway","Cork","Limerick"],"points":[{"label":"Dublin","coordinate":[-6.26,53.35]},{"label":"Galway","coordinate":[-9.05,53.27]},{"label":"Cork","coordinate":[-8.47,51.9]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Irish and English place names","text":"Dublin is Baile Átha Cliath in Irish, meaning the town of the hurdled ford, while the English name comes from Dubh Linn, a dark pool. Galway is Gaillimh. Irish is the first official language of Ireland, and it is the everyday community language in Gaeltacht areas along the western coast. Signs across the country show Irish and English names together. Matching them is more reliable than assuming two written names always mean two towns.","question":"A sign reads Gaillimh above Galway. What is the safest conclusion?","answer":"One city is named in Irish and in English.","others":["Two towns lie next to one another.","Gaillimh is a district inside Galway.","The Irish name replaced the English one recently."]},{"title":"Tunes learned together","text":"In an Irish traditional music session, musicians gather in a pub or a house to play tunes they know and to learn from one another. Fiddles, flutes, tin whistles, uilleann pipes, concertinas, banjos and the bodhrán drum may take part. Most tunes are jigs, reels or hornpipes, usually learned by ear rather than from paper, and they are often strung together in sets. One player starts, and others join in when they recognise the tune, so listening carefully is what holds the music together. This tradition is practiced across the island and beyond it.","question":"Musicians at a session play together without sheet music. What makes that work?","answer":"They listen to each other and follow tunes they know.","others":["One player writes the tune out first.","Every instrument plays a different tune at once.","Only one instrument may take part."]}],"landscape":"Dublin is on the eastern side of Ireland, Galway is on the west, and Cork is in the south. All three study cities are in the Republic of Ireland. The outline of an island and the boundary of a state are different map features.","landmark":"Irish music sessions","cultureTitle":"Tunes learned together","compare":"Shared names and music can connect people across communities and borders.","geography":{"title":"Across the island","text":"Dublin is on the eastern side of Ireland, Galway is on the west, and Cork is in the south. All three study cities are in the Republic of Ireland. The outline of an island and the boundary of a state are different map features.","question":"Why should a map distinguish the island of Ireland from the Republic of Ireland?","answer":"An island outline and a state boundary describe different areas","others":["The Republic includes all of Great Britain","Dublin and Cork are on separate islands","Galway lies outside the island of Ireland"]},"sources":["wiki-IRL-0","wiki-IRL-1","voyage-IRL","institution-IRL"],"missions":[{"id":"IRL-map","title":"Across the island","kind":"map","placeId":"IRL","sources":["wiki-IRL-0","wiki-IRL-1","voyage-IRL","institution-IRL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"IRL-names","title":"Island and state","kind":"names","placeId":"IRL","sources":["wiki-IRL-0","wiki-IRL-1","voyage-IRL","institution-IRL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"IRL-culture","title":"Tunes learned together","kind":"culture","placeId":"IRL","sources":["wiki-IRL-0","wiki-IRL-1","voyage-IRL","institution-IRL","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"SGP","description":"Zoom in on an island city-state, match Singapore with Singapura, and discover shared spaces for meals.","city":"Singapore","name":{"title":"","text":"Singapura is Singapore’s Malay name. Singapore is a city-state: the name identifies a city and an independent country. It includes the main island and smaller islands. A city-state needs a different scale explanation from a city inside a much larger country.","question":"Which pair names the same city-state?","answer":"Singapura and Singapore","others":["Sentosa and Asia","Malaysia and Singapore","Changi and Europe"],"label":"Singapura"},"mapTask":{"title":"Zooming in on Singapore","text":"Singapore is small on the world map, so a closer view helps. Jurong is in the west, the Marina Bay area is farther east near the south coast, and Changi is toward the east. Markers show approximate study areas.","question":"Which marked area lies farthest east?","answer":"Changi","others":["Jurong","Marina Bay","Johor"],"points":[{"label":"Jurong","coordinate":[103.7,1.33]},{"label":"Marina Bay","coordinate":[103.86,1.28]},{"label":"Changi","coordinate":[103.99,1.36]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Names in several languages","text":"English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese and Tamil are Singapore's official languages. Malay is the national language and is used in the anthem, while English is the main language of school, government and business, which is one reason many people use it alongside another. Singapura is one name learners may meet. Many residents speak two or more languages and may switch between them in a single conversation, but their choices and fluency differ.","question":"Singapore has four official languages. What follows about one particular resident?","answer":"We cannot tell which of them they use.","others":["They must speak all four equally well.","They must speak exactly one of the four.","They must speak none of the four."]},{"title":"Meals in a shared space","text":"Singapore's hawker centres bring many food stalls together with shared seating for diners. They were built from the 1960s and 1970s so that street vendors could cook in places with running water and proper waste disposal, and stalls now display a hygiene grade. Cooks draw on Chinese, Malay, Indian and Peranakan food traditions and learn their skills through long practice, often specialising in one dish. Because the seating is shared rather than owned by a stall, a group can order from several stalls and still eat together. UNESCO added hawker culture to its heritage list in 2020.","question":"How can a group of friends at a hawker centre eat different meals together?","answer":"Many stalls share one seating area.","others":["Each stall has its own separate dining room.","Every stall cooks from one shared menu.","Everyone must order from a single stall."]}],"landscape":"Singapore is small on the world map, so a closer view helps. Jurong is in the west, the Marina Bay area is farther east near the south coast, and Changi is toward the east. Markers show approximate study areas.","landmark":"Hawker centres","cultureTitle":"Meals in a shared space","compare":"A shared space can welcome different languages, foods, and people.","cityLesson":{"title":"A city-state","text":"Singapore is both a city and a country. Unlike Dublin within Ireland, its city and country share a name and much of the same geographic space.","question":"What does city-state mean here?","answer":"A city that is also a country.","others":["A city that is a continent.","An island without any residents.","Another name for a river."]},"geography":{"title":"Zooming in on Singapore","text":"Singapore is small on the world map, so a closer view helps. Jurong is in the west, the Marina Bay area is farther east near the south coast, and Changi is toward the east. Markers show approximate study areas.","question":"Why use a closer map to compare Jurong, Marina Bay and Changi?","answer":"Singapore's small size makes local details hard to see on a world map","others":["A close-up changes the actual distances","A world map puts all three in different countries","A close-up makes Singapore a larger country"]},"sources":["wiki-SGP-0","wiki-SGP-1","voyage-SGP","institution-SGP"],"missions":[{"id":"SGP-map","title":"Zooming in on Singapore","kind":"map","placeId":"SGP","sources":["wiki-SGP-0","wiki-SGP-1","voyage-SGP","institution-SGP","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"SGP-names","title":"Singapura and Singapore","kind":"names","placeId":"SGP","sources":["wiki-SGP-0","wiki-SGP-1","voyage-SGP","institution-SGP","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"SGP-culture","title":"Meals in a shared space","kind":"culture","placeId":"SGP","sources":["wiki-SGP-0","wiki-SGP-1","voyage-SGP","institution-SGP","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"MYS","description":"Compare Malaysia’s two main regions, distinguish government-centre roles, and investigate shimmering woven patterns.","city":"Kuala Lumpur","name":{"title":"","text":"Malaysia is the country name in Malay and English. Kuala Lumpur is the capital. Putrajaya is the federal administrative centre. A map’s government-centre labels can describe different roles instead of competing answers.","question":"Which city is the federal administrative centre?","answer":"Putrajaya","others":["Kuala Lumpur","Kuching","Kota Kinabalu"],"label":"Malaysia"},"mapTask":{"title":"Land on two sides of the sea","text":"Malaysia has a peninsular region and an eastern region on Borneo. Kuala Lumpur is on the peninsula; Kuching and Kota Kinabalu are on Borneo. The sea between them belongs in a map of the whole country.","question":"Which marked city is on the peninsula?","answer":"Kuala Lumpur","others":["Kuching","Kota Kinabalu","Ipoh"],"points":[{"label":"Kuala Lumpur","coordinate":[101.69,3.14]},{"label":"Kuching","coordinate":[110.36,1.55]},{"label":"Kota Kinabalu","coordinate":[116.07,5.98]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A country can have separated regions","text":"Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia are parts of one country separated by about 600 kilometres of the South China Sea. East Malaysia is made up of the states of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo, which Malaysia shares with Indonesia and Brunei. Kuala Lumpur is the capital, and much of the government works from nearby Putrajaya. An island name is not necessarily the name of one country.","question":"Borneo appears on a map of Malaysia. What does a reader still need to check?","answer":"Which parts of the island are Malaysian.","others":["Whether Borneo is another name for Malaysia.","Whether all of Malaysia is on one island.","Whether an island can hold only one country."]},{"title":"Threads that catch the light","text":"In Malaysian songket weaving, extra decorative threads are worked into a base cloth on a handloom as the weaving goes along, lying on the surface to form the pattern. Gold- or silver-coloured threads catch the light and create the shimmer, and the cloth is often worn at weddings and ceremonies. Terengganu, Kelantan and Pahang are especially known for it. Different workshops and communities have their own designs, and related weaving traditions exist elsewhere in Southeast Asia.","question":"Where does the shimmer in songket come from?","answer":"Threads worked into the cloth as it is woven.","others":["A shiny coating brushed on afterwards.","Sunlight passing through very thin cloth.","Dye that changes colour when it moves."]}],"landscape":"Malaysia has a peninsular region and an eastern region on Borneo. Kuala Lumpur is on the peninsula; Kuching and Kota Kinabalu are on Borneo. The sea between them belongs in a map of the whole country.","landmark":"Songket weaving","cultureTitle":"Threads that catch the light","compare":"Look beyond one label or pattern to notice the parts and communities within it.","geography":{"title":"Land on two sides of the sea","text":"Malaysia has a peninsular region and an eastern region on Borneo. Kuala Lumpur is on the peninsula; Kuching and Kota Kinabalu are on Borneo. The sea between them belongs in a map of the whole country.","question":"Why must a map of Malaysia include sea between its regions?","answer":"Its peninsula and Borneo regions are separated by sea","others":["Kuala Lumpur is on Borneo","All three study cities are on the peninsula","Borneo and the peninsula are one continuous land area"]},"sources":["wiki-MYS-0","wiki-MYS-1","voyage-MYS","institution-MYS"],"missions":[{"id":"MYS-map","title":"Land on two sides of the sea","kind":"map","placeId":"MYS","sources":["wiki-MYS-0","wiki-MYS-1","voyage-MYS","institution-MYS","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"MYS-names","title":"Which city governs?","kind":"names","placeId":"MYS","sources":["wiki-MYS-0","wiki-MYS-1","voyage-MYS","institution-MYS","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"MYS-culture","title":"Threads that catch the light","kind":"culture","placeId":"MYS","sources":["wiki-MYS-0","wiki-MYS-1","voyage-MYS","institution-MYS","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"ISR","description":"Compare coastal and desert city locations, recognize a Hebrew label, and explore libraries as places for many voices.","city":"Haifa","name":{"title":"","text":"ישראל is Israel written in Hebrew. Hebrew text is read from right to left. Haifa and Tel Aviv–Yafo name cities. A name lesson helps us read a map; it does not settle disputed boundaries or capital claims.","question":"Which label names Israel in Hebrew?","answer":"ישראל","others":["Haifa","Tel Aviv–Yafo","Mediterranean Sea"],"label":"ישראל"},"mapTask":{"title":"Coast and desert","text":"Haifa and Tel Aviv–Yafo lie on the Mediterranean coast. Beersheba is farther south, inland in the Negev region. Our markers compare these city locations; the map is not a current travel guide.","question":"Which marked city lies farthest south?","answer":"Beersheba","others":["Haifa","Tel Aviv–Yafo","Netanya"],"points":[{"label":"Haifa","coordinate":[34.99,32.79]},{"label":"Tel Aviv–Yafo","coordinate":[34.78,32.08]},{"label":"Beersheba","coordinate":[34.8,31.25]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Writing has a direction","text":"Hebrew and Arabic are different languages with different scripts, though both belong to the Semitic family and both are generally written from right to left. Each mainly writes consonants, with small marks available to show vowels when needed, and numbers in both are written left to right. People in Israel also use other languages, including English, Russian and Amharic. Knowing a script does not tell us a person's beliefs or background.","question":"Hebrew and Arabic labels are both read right to left. What does that shared feature show?","answer":"Different languages can share a reading direction.","others":["The two languages use the same letters.","The two labels must mean the same word.","Reading direction reveals a person's background."]},{"title":"A library with many voices","text":"The National Library of Israel holds Hebrew and Arabic literature among its collections, along with manuscripts, printed books, maps, photographs and sound recordings. Keeping older editions lets readers compare how a text changed over time, and keeping several languages means more than one community's experiences stay available to learn from. Readers and writers can explore that older work and create new stories from it.","question":"Why might a library keep collections in more than one language?","answer":"Different communities' writing stays available to readers.","others":["Translations make the originals unnecessary.","One language's books can explain all the others.","Books in a second language take up less shelf space."]}],"landscape":"Haifa and Tel Aviv–Yafo lie on the Mediterranean coast. Beersheba is farther south, inland in the Negev region. Our markers compare these city locations; the map is not a current travel guide.","landmark":"Library collections","cultureTitle":"A library with many voices","compare":"Reading different voices helps us learn more than a single label can tell us.","geography":{"title":"Coast and desert","text":"Haifa and Tel Aviv–Yafo lie on the Mediterranean coast. Beersheba is farther south, inland in the Negev region. Our markers compare these city locations; the map is not a current travel guide.","question":"Which study city would you choose to learn about an inland Negev location?","answer":"Beersheba","others":["Haifa","Tel Aviv–Yafo","Both coastal cities"]},"sources":["wiki-ISR-0","wiki-ISR-1","voyage-ISR","institution-ISR"],"missions":[{"id":"ISR-map","title":"Coast and desert","kind":"map","placeId":"ISR","sources":["wiki-ISR-0","wiki-ISR-1","voyage-ISR","institution-ISR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ISR-names","title":"The name in Hebrew","kind":"names","placeId":"ISR","sources":["wiki-ISR-0","wiki-ISR-1","voyage-ISR","institution-ISR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ISR-culture","title":"A library with many voices","kind":"culture","placeId":"ISR","sources":["wiki-ISR-0","wiki-ISR-1","voyage-ISR","institution-ISR","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"ARE","description":"Find three emirate cities, unpack the initials UAE, and explore Bedouin weaving skills.","city":"Abu Dhabi","name":{"title":"","text":"UAE stands for United Arab Emirates. الإمارات العربية المتحدة is its Arabic name. The country is a federation of seven emirates. Abu Dhabi and Dubai can each name an emirate and its main city, so the map’s scale matters.","question":"What do the letters UAE stand for?","answer":"United Arab Emirates","others":["United Asian Earth","Upper Arabian Estuary","Union of Alpine Emirates"],"label":"الإمارات العربية المتحدة"},"mapTask":{"title":"Across the emirates","text":"Abu Dhabi city lies southwest of Dubai city. Fujairah city is farther east on the Gulf of Oman coast. These three study cities do not represent all seven emirates.","question":"Which marked city lies farthest east?","answer":"Fujairah","others":["Dubai","Abu Dhabi","Sharjah"],"points":[{"label":"Abu Dhabi","coordinate":[54.37,24.45]},{"label":"Dubai","coordinate":[55.27,25.2]},{"label":"Fujairah","coordinate":[56.33,25.13]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"City and emirate labels","text":"Dubai is both a city name and an emirate name. Abu Dhabi is used at both scales too, and Abu Dhabi city is the federal capital. The United Arab Emirates was formed in 1971 from seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah. Abu Dhabi covers by far the most land of the seven. Always check whether a map label refers to a city or to the larger area around it.","question":"On a map, the label Dubai stretches across a wide area of land. What does that tell us?","answer":"Here the name is being used for the emirate.","others":["Here the name is being used for the city.","Dubai must be the federal capital.","Abu Dhabi must sit inside Dubai."]},{"title":"Weaving knowledge together","text":"Al Sadu is a Bedouin weaving tradition practiced in the UAE and elsewhere in the region. Makers spin sheep wool, goat hair and camel hair, dye it, and weave narrow patterned bands on a loom pegged out on the ground. Pieces were historically used for tents, cushions and camel trappings, often in black, white, brown and red geometric designs. Knowledge passes through observation, practice and teaching, and UNESCO has listed the tradition as intangible cultural heritage. It is one tradition among many ways people live today.","question":"A young weaver learns Al Sadu without any written instructions. How is that possible?","answer":"Watching, practising and being taught can carry the skill.","others":["The patterns are simple enough to guess.","A craft only survives if someone writes it down.","Every Al Sadu weaver makes one identical pattern."]}],"landscape":"Abu Dhabi city lies southwest of Dubai city. Fujairah city is farther east on the Gulf of Oman coast. These three study cities do not represent all seven emirates.","landmark":"Al Sadu weaving","cultureTitle":"Weaving knowledge together","compare":"The scale of a place and the history of a craft both deserve careful attention.","geography":{"title":"Across the emirates","text":"Abu Dhabi city lies southwest of Dubai city. Fujairah city is farther east on the Gulf of Oman coast. These three study cities do not represent all seven emirates.","question":"Which study city would you choose to explore the Gulf of Oman coast?","answer":"Fujairah","others":["Abu Dhabi","Dubai","All three are on that coast"]},"sources":["wiki-ARE-0","wiki-ARE-1","voyage-ARE","institution-ARE"],"missions":[{"id":"ARE-map","title":"Across the emirates","kind":"map","placeId":"ARE","sources":["wiki-ARE-0","wiki-ARE-1","voyage-ARE","institution-ARE","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ARE-names","title":"Unpacking four letters","kind":"names","placeId":"ARE","sources":["wiki-ARE-0","wiki-ARE-1","voyage-ARE","institution-ARE","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"ARE-culture","title":"Weaving knowledge together","kind":"culture","placeId":"ARE","sources":["wiki-ARE-0","wiki-ARE-1","voyage-ARE","institution-ARE","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"NPL","description":"Compare lowland and mountain locations, read Nepal in Devanagari, and discover how bark becomes paper.","city":"Kathmandu","name":{"title":"","text":"नेपाल is Nepal written in Nepali using Devanagari script. Kathmandu is a city in Nepal. Devanagari is also used for other languages, so sharing a script does not make two languages the same.","question":"Which label names Nepal?","answer":"नेपाल","others":["Kathmandu","Himalayas","Asia"],"label":"नेपाल"},"mapTask":{"title":"Lowlands and mountains","text":"Nepal includes southern lowlands and high Himalayan mountains. Lumbini is a lowland study location, Kathmandu is in a valley, and Mount Everest stands on the Nepal–China border. A position map alone cannot show their very different heights.","question":"Which marked place lies farthest east?","answer":"Mount Everest","others":["Lumbini","Kathmandu","Pokhara"],"points":[{"label":"Lumbini","coordinate":[83.28,27.47]},{"label":"Kathmandu","coordinate":[85.32,27.72]},{"label":"Mount Everest","coordinate":[86.93,27.99]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A script shared by languages","text":"Nepali uses Devanagari, written from left to right with a line along the top, as do Hindi, Marathi and Sanskrit. Nepal also has more than a hundred languages, including Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tamang, Newar and Limbu, and some of them have their own writing traditions rather than Devanagari. Two languages sharing a script can still be very different from each other. A familiar-looking script is a clue to investigate, not a complete language identification.","question":"Nepali and Hindi both use Devanagari. What does the shared script not prove?","answer":"That the two languages are the same.","others":["That both can be written down.","That both use letters of the same shapes.","That a reader may recognise the letters."]},{"title":"Paper from a shrub","text":"Nepali lokta paper uses fibres from the inner bark of lokta shrubs, which grow high in the mountains between roughly 1,600 and 4,000 metres. Harvesters cut the stems above the root so the plant can grow back within a few years. Makers strip and boil the bark, beat it into a pulp, spread the pulp evenly across cloth frames floated on water, and dry the sheets in the sun. The paper is strong and resists insects, which is why it was long used for records and books, and it can become notebooks and other objects. Learning the craft includes understanding the plant material and the work of paper-makers.","question":"Lokta paper starts as bark. What has to happen before there is a sheet?","answer":"The fibres are made into pulp and formed.","others":["The bark is pressed flat while still on the shrub.","The bark is dyed before it is cut.","The sheet is woven like a cloth."]}],"landscape":"Nepal includes southern lowlands and high Himalayan mountains. Lumbini is a lowland study location, Kathmandu is in a valley, and Mount Everest stands on the Nepal–China border. A position map alone cannot show their very different heights.","landmark":"Lokta paper-making","cultureTitle":"Paper from a shrub","compare":"Learning where materials come from reveals work that a finished object can hide.","geography":{"title":"Lowlands and mountains","text":"Nepal includes southern lowlands and high Himalayan mountains. Lumbini is a lowland study location, Kathmandu is in a valley, and Mount Everest stands on the Nepal–China border. A position map alone cannot show their very different heights.","question":"What would help compare Lumbini's lowlands with Mount Everest on a map?","answer":"Height labels and elevation shading","others":["Larger dots for every place","Only the direction of east","Only the spelling of Kathmandu"]},"sources":["wiki-NPL-0","wiki-NPL-1","voyage-NPL","institution-NPL"],"missions":[{"id":"NPL-map","title":"Lowlands and mountains","kind":"map","placeId":"NPL","sources":["wiki-NPL-0","wiki-NPL-1","voyage-NPL","institution-NPL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"NPL-names","title":"The name in Devanagari","kind":"names","placeId":"NPL","sources":["wiki-NPL-0","wiki-NPL-1","voyage-NPL","institution-NPL","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"NPL-culture","title":"Paper from a shrub","kind":"culture","placeId":"NPL","sources":["wiki-NPL-0","wiki-NPL-1","voyage-NPL","institution-NPL","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"PRT","description":"Follow Portugal’s Atlantic side, connect Lisboa with Lisbon, and discover pictures made from tiles.","city":"Lisbon","name":{"title":"","text":"Lisboa is the Portuguese name for Lisbon, Portugal’s capital. Portugal has the same spelling in Portuguese and English. Porto is another city. A local city name and its English form may look different.","question":"Which pair names the same city?","answer":"Lisboa and Lisbon","others":["Porto and Portugal","Portugal and Atlantic Ocean","Faro and Europe"],"label":"Lisboa"},"mapTask":{"title":"Along the Atlantic side","text":"Porto lies in northern mainland Portugal, Lisbon farther south, and Faro near the south coast. Portugal also includes the Azores and Madeira island groups, outside this mainland close-up.","question":"Which marked city lies farthest north?","answer":"Porto","others":["Lisbon","Faro","Madeira"],"points":[{"label":"Porto","coordinate":[-8.61,41.15]},{"label":"Lisbon","coordinate":[-9.14,38.72]},{"label":"Faro","coordinate":[-7.93,37.02]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"A close-up leaves places out","text":"A map of mainland Portugal can leave the Azores and Madeira outside its frame. The Azores are nine islands roughly 1,400 kilometres out in the Atlantic, and Madeira lies about 1,000 kilometres to the south-west; both are autonomous regions of Portugal with their own governments. Mapmakers often place them in small inset boxes to fit them on the page. Read the map's title and extent before assuming it shows the whole country.","question":"A map titled Portugal shows only the mainland. What is missing from it?","answer":"The Azores and Madeira island groups.","others":["Portugal's border with Spain.","Portugal's Atlantic coastline.","The capital city."]},{"title":"Many tiles, one picture","text":"Azulejos are glazed ceramic tiles used in Portuguese buildings, and the name comes from an Arabic word for a small polished stone. Some repeat a pattern, while others are painted so that many tiles combine into one large scene across a wall, which means each tile must be fired and then laid in exactly the right place. Blue-and-white panels became common from the seventeenth century, and tiles cover churches, palaces and railway stations such as São Bento in Porto, as well as modern metro stations. Makers must consider both each tile and the arrangement of the whole panel. Tile traditions have connections beyond Portugal too.","question":"A wall of azulejos forms one large scene. What did the maker have to plan?","answer":"Each tile's part and its place in the whole.","others":["One tile painted, then copied by a machine.","Tiles arranged in whatever order fits.","A single tile enlarged to fill the wall."]}],"landscape":"Porto lies in northern mainland Portugal, Lisbon farther south, and Faro near the south coast. Portugal also includes the Azores and Madeira island groups, outside this mainland close-up.","landmark":"Azulejo tilework","cultureTitle":"Many tiles, one picture","compare":"A small part and the larger whole can tell different parts of a story.","geography":{"title":"Along the Atlantic side","text":"Porto lies in northern mainland Portugal, Lisbon farther south, and Faro near the south coast. Portugal also includes the Azores and Madeira island groups, outside this mainland close-up.","question":"Which areas need adding to this mainland Portugal close-up to show the whole country?","answer":"The Azores and Madeira","others":["Porto and Lisbon","Lisbon and Faro","The mainland Atlantic coast"]},"sources":["wiki-PRT-0","wiki-PRT-1","voyage-PRT","institution-PRT"],"missions":[{"id":"PRT-map","title":"Along the Atlantic side","kind":"map","placeId":"PRT","sources":["wiki-PRT-0","wiki-PRT-1","voyage-PRT","institution-PRT","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"PRT-names","title":"Lisboa and Lisbon","kind":"names","placeId":"PRT","sources":["wiki-PRT-0","wiki-PRT-1","voyage-PRT","institution-PRT","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"PRT-culture","title":"Many tiles, one picture","kind":"culture","placeId":"PRT","sources":["wiki-PRT-0","wiki-PRT-1","voyage-PRT","institution-PRT","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"KOR","description":"Compare peninsula and island locations, recognize 대한민국, and learn about making and sharing kimchi.","city":"Seoul","name":{"title":"","text":"대한민국 is the Korean name translated as Republic of Korea. This atlas uses South Korea as its familiar English label. 서울 names Seoul. Hangul letters are grouped into syllable blocks, which can make a word look different from a line of English letters.","question":"Which label refers to South Korea?","answer":"대한민국","others":["서울","Busan","Jeju"],"label":"대한민국"},"mapTask":{"title":"Peninsula and island","text":"Seoul and Busan are on the Korean Peninsula. Jeju City is on Jeju Island to the south. A map of South Korea needs to include islands as well as its mainland area.","question":"Which marked city lies on the island south of the mainland?","answer":"Jeju City","others":["Seoul","Busan","Incheon"],"points":[{"label":"Seoul","coordinate":[126.98,37.57]},{"label":"Busan","coordinate":[129.08,35.18]},{"label":"Jeju City","coordinate":[126.53,33.5]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"Letters grouped into blocks","text":"Hangul uses letters arranged into blocks representing syllables, so 서울 is two blocks, 서 and 울, which together write the name Seoul. The alphabet was created in the 1440s under King Sejong, and the shapes of its consonant letters were designed to suggest the position of the tongue, lips and throat when making each sound. Each block is fitted into a square of the same size. Learning to recognise a name is a first step, not the same as learning the whole Korean writing system.","question":"서울 is written as two blocks. What does each block stand for?","answer":"A syllable built from letters.","others":["A separate word.","A whole sentence.","A small picture of the city."]},{"title":"Making and sharing together","text":"Kimjang is a tradition of making and sharing kimchi, often preparing a large supply in late autumn to last through colder months. Napa cabbage is salted and rinsed, then coated with a paste that may include chilli powder, garlic, ginger, spring onion and salted seafood, and packed into jars or a kimchi refrigerator. Fermenting keeps the vegetables good to eat for a long time and changes their flavour as the weeks pass. Families and neighbours cooperate, share the work and give some away, and recipes vary. Learning about the tradition does not mean everyone prepares it in exactly the same way.","question":"Kimjang prepares a supply of kimchi ahead of the colder months. Why does fermenting suit that?","answer":"Fermented vegetables keep well for later.","others":["Fermenting has to finish within one day.","Cold weather is needed to start the fermenting.","The supply must be eaten before it ferments."]}],"landscape":"Seoul and Busan are on the Korean Peninsula. Jeju City is on Jeju Island to the south. A map of South Korea needs to include islands as well as its mainland area.","landmark":"Kimjang","cultureTitle":"Making and sharing together","compare":"A shared tradition can include many recipes and ways of taking part.","geography":{"title":"Peninsula and island","text":"Seoul and Busan are on the Korean Peninsula. Jeju City is on Jeju Island to the south. A map of South Korea needs to include islands as well as its mainland area.","question":"Which study journey would involve crossing water between the mainland and an island?","answer":"Busan to Jeju City","others":["Seoul to Busan","Between two mainland neighbourhoods","Along a mainland road"]},"sources":["wiki-KOR-0","wiki-KOR-1","voyage-KOR","institution-KOR"],"missions":[{"id":"KOR-map","title":"Peninsula and island","kind":"map","placeId":"KOR","sources":["wiki-KOR-0","wiki-KOR-1","voyage-KOR","institution-KOR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"KOR-names","title":"The country's full name","kind":"names","placeId":"KOR","sources":["wiki-KOR-0","wiki-KOR-1","voyage-KOR","institution-KOR","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"KOR-culture","title":"Making and sharing together","kind":"culture","placeId":"KOR","sources":["wiki-KOR-0","wiki-KOR-1","voyage-KOR","institution-KOR","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]},{"placeId":"TWN","description":"Follow Taiwan’s western cities, recognize traditional characters, and look behind a glove-puppet performance.","city":"Taipei","name":{"title":"","text":"臺灣 and 台灣 are written forms used for Taiwan. Republic of China (Taiwan), or ROC (Taiwan), is a name learners may recognize from passports. This is different from the People’s Republic of China, or PRC. Taipei names a city in northern Taiwan.","question":"Which pair of labels refers to Taiwan?","answer":"臺灣 and 台灣","others":["Taipei and Pacific Ocean","Taichung and Asia","Kaohsiung and Europe"],"label":"臺灣"},"mapTask":{"title":"Along the western side","text":"Taipei is in northern Taiwan, Taichung farther south in the west, and Kaohsiung toward the southwest. Taiwan has a mountainous interior and a different eastern coastline; these three cities do not show every landscape.","question":"Which marked city lies farthest south?","answer":"Kaohsiung","others":["Taipei","Taichung","Keelung"],"points":[{"label":"Taipei","coordinate":[121.57,25.03]},{"label":"Taichung","coordinate":[120.67,24.15]},{"label":"Kaohsiung","coordinate":[120.3,22.63]}]},"discoveries":[{"title":"One place, several voices","text":"Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka and Indigenous languages are among the languages used in Taiwan. Sixteen Indigenous peoples are officially recognised, and their Austronesian languages are related to languages of the Philippines and the Pacific islands. Writing generally uses traditional Chinese characters. A traditional-character label cannot tell us which language a particular person speaks. Learning from different communities helps us understand more of Taiwan's stories.","question":"A place in Taiwan is labelled in traditional characters. What does the label leave open?","answer":"Which language the people there actually speak.","others":["How the place name is written.","That the place has a name.","That characters can be printed on a map."]},{"title":"A hand brings a figure to life","text":"Taiwanese glove puppetry is called budaixi, meaning cloth-sack theatre. Performers put a hand inside the figure, with the index finger in the carved wooden head and the thumb and remaining fingers working the two arms, so the puppet's movements come directly from the hand. Voices, live music from gongs, drums and the reedy suona, embroidered costume-making and long practice all help tell the story. Groups teach the skills and also create new performances, including versions made for television. Related puppetry traditions exist elsewhere.","question":"What makes a Taiwanese glove puppet's arms move?","answer":"The performer's hand inside the figure.","others":["Threads pulled from above the stage.","Rods held up from below the stage.","A spring built into the puppet."]}],"landscape":"Taipei is in northern Taiwan, Taichung farther south in the west, and Kaohsiung toward the southwest. Taiwan has a mountainous interior and a different eastern coastline; these three cities do not show every landscape.","landmark":"Glove puppetry","cultureTitle":"A hand brings a figure to life","compare":"Learning who makes and performs a story reveals more than its surface appearance.","geography":{"title":"Along the western side","text":"Taipei is in northern Taiwan, Taichung farther south in the west, and Kaohsiung toward the southwest. Taiwan has a mountainous interior and a different eastern coastline; these three cities do not show every landscape.","question":"What would a study of only Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung leave underexplored?","answer":"The mountainous interior and eastern coastline","others":["The western cities in the study","Taipei's northern location","Kaohsiung's southwestern location"]},"sources":["wiki-TWN-0","wiki-TWN-1","voyage-TWN","institution-TWN","taiwan-passport"],"missions":[{"id":"TWN-map","title":"Along the western side","kind":"map","placeId":"TWN","sources":["wiki-TWN-0","wiki-TWN-1","voyage-TWN","institution-TWN","taiwan-passport","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"TWN-names","title":"Two ways to write Taiwan","kind":"names","placeId":"TWN","sources":["wiki-TWN-0","wiki-TWN-1","voyage-TWN","institution-TWN","taiwan-passport","natural-earth","map-skills"]},{"id":"TWN-culture","title":"A hand brings a figure to life","kind":"culture","placeId":"TWN","sources":["wiki-TWN-0","wiki-TWN-1","voyage-TWN","institution-TWN","taiwan-passport","natural-earth","map-skills"]}]}],"sources":[{"id":"natural-earth","title":"Natural Earth v5.1.2 · countries at 1:50 million","url":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Public-domain map geometry; simplified for display","license":"Public-Domain"},{"id":"map-skills","title":"Atlas Club original map exercises","url":"https://jaykayelle.com/AtlasClub/","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Original schematic maps and teaching activities; practice routes are imaginary","license":"LicenseRef-JKE-Proprietary"},{"id":"coverage","title":"United Nations · member states and non-member observers","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Coverage convention only; membership is not a geography quiz answer","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"ref-Q101418","title":"Lobamba","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101418","revision":null,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"CC0 structured-data label","license":"CC0-1.0"},{"id":"ref-Q10179","title":"Zulu","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10179","revision":null,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"CC0 structured-data label","license":"CC0-1.0"},{"id":"ref-Q104662","title":"Øresund","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104662","revision":null,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"CC0 structured-data label","license":"CC0-1.0"},{"id":"ref-Q1049963","title":"Kiribati dollar","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049963","revision":null,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"CC0 structured-data label","license":"CC0-1.0"},{"id":"ref-Q106720","title":"North Korean won","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106720","revision":null,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"CC0 structured-data 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text, maps, or media redistributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"institution-CHN","title":"UNESCO · Classical Gardens of Suzhou","url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/813/","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual corroboration only; no publisher text or media distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-USA-0","title":"Wikipedia · United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States","revision":1373097762,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-USA-1","title":"Wikipedia · New Orleans Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz","revision":1279500585,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"voyage-USA","title":"Wikivoyage · United States","url":"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/United_States","revision":5340147,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Destination research only; no article text, maps, or media redistributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"institution-USA","title":"Smithsonian · What is Jazz?","url":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/projects/smithsonian-jazz/education/what-is-jazz","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual corroboration only; no publisher text or media distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-IDN-0","title":"Wikipedia · Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia","revision":1373158238,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-IDN-1","title":"Wikipedia · Batik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik","revision":1369650961,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"voyage-IDN","title":"Wikivoyage · Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Indonesia","revision":5340748,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Destination research 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not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"voyage-DEU","title":"Wikivoyage · Germany","url":"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Germany","revision":5341615,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Destination research only; no article text, maps, or media redistributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"institution-DEU","title":"German National Library · European type printing","url":"https://mediengeschichte.dnb.de/DBSMZBN/Content/EN/Printing/04-europaeischer-typendruck-en.html","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual corroboration only; no publisher text or media distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-FRA-0","title":"Wikipedia · France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France","revision":1373166385,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-FRA-1","title":"Wikipedia · Baguette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguette","revision":1372508145,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual 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no article text, maps, or media redistributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"institution-CHE","title":"Switzerland Tourism · Alphorn","url":"https://www.myswitzerland.com/en-ch/planning/about-switzerland/custom-and-tradition/alphorn-the-sound-of-natural-tones/","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual corroboration only; no publisher text or media distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-IRL-0","title":"Wikipedia · Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland","revision":1371987630,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-IRL-1","title":"Wikipedia · Irish traditional music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_traditional_music","revision":1372387698,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"voyage-IRL","title":"Wikivoyage · 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Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal","revision":1372946554,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-PRT-1","title":"Wikipedia · Azulejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azulejo","revision":1365469610,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"voyage-PRT","title":"Wikivoyage · Portugal","url":"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portugal","revision":5321893,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Destination research only; no article text, maps, or media redistributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"institution-PRT","title":"Turismo de Portugal · National Tile Museum","url":"https://www.visitportugal.com/en/node/137922","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual corroboration only; no publisher text or media distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-KOR-0","title":"Wikipedia · South 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distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-TWN-0","title":"Wikipedia · Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan","revision":1373030398,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wiki-TWN-1","title":"Wikipedia · Glove puppetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glove_puppetry","revision":1301047070,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual research only; article wording is not distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"voyage-TWN","title":"Wikivoyage · Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Taiwan","revision":5340022,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Destination research only; no article text, maps, or media redistributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"institution-TWN","title":"Taiwan Ministry of Culture · Taipei Puppet Theater","url":"https://www.moc.gov.tw/en/News_Content2.aspx?n=497&s=214655","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual corroboration only; no publisher text or media distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"taiwan-passport","title":"Bureau of Consular Affairs · Republic of China (Taiwan) passport","url":"https://www.boca.gov.tw/cp-56-5844-d0064-2.html","retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"Factual naming research only; no official document text or artwork distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wd-ZWE","title":"Wikidata · Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954","revision":null,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"CC0 structured facts; selected and checked for this atlas","license":"CC0-1.0"},{"id":"check-ZWE","title":"Wikipedia · Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","retrieved":"2026-09-04","revision":1372822558,"use":"Factual cross-check; no article wording distributed","license":"Research-only"},{"id":"wd-ZMB","title":"Wikidata · Zambia","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953","revision":null,"retrieved":"2026-09-04","use":"CC0 structured facts; selected and checked for this 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The state also has a Civil Rights Trail marking churches, bridges and bus stops where people organised in the 1950s and 1960s.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q173","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q29364","regional-wd-Q499687","regional-wiki-US-AL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-AK","code":"US-AK","parentId":"USA","name":"Alaska","aliases":["Alaska","AK","US-AK","State of Alaska","Alaska, United States","The Last Frontier","Russian America"],"localName":"Alaska","type":"state","coordinate":[-151.604,65.3609],"landscape":"Alaska spans Arctic coasts, mountains, and islands. Its position far north contrasts with Louisiana’s Gulf coast.","names":"Alaska Native languages include Iñupiaq and Yupik languages; English is also used. These names refer to different language traditions.","culture":"In Alaska, Alaska Native carving traditions include work in wood and other locally available materials. Styles and materials differ between communities.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q797","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q788","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q27792","regional-wd-Q27183","regional-wd-Q27970","regional-wd-Q29445","regional-topic-US-AK","regional-wiki-US-AK"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-AZ","code":"US-AZ","parentId":"USA","name":"Arizona","aliases":["Arizona","AZ","The Grand Canyon State","State of Arizona","Grand Canyon State","Ariz.","US-AZ","Arizona, United States"],"localName":"Arizona","type":"state","coordinate":[-111.935,34.3046],"landscape":"Arizona holds the Grand Canyon, where the Colorado River has cut down through more than a mile of rock. The north is high plateau with pine forest and winter snow; the south is Sonoran Desert, the only place the tall saguaro cactus grows wild.","names":"The name most likely comes from an O'odham phrase meaning small spring. Navajo, Hopi, O'odham, Apache and Spanish are all spoken here, and the Navajo Nation covers much of the state's north-east corner.","culture":"Most of Arizona does not change its clocks for daylight saving, since summer evenings are long and hot enough already. The Navajo Nation inside it does change, so the time can differ on either side of a boundary within one state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q816","regional-wd-Q1265","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q16556","regional-wiki-US-AZ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-AR","code":"US-AR","parentId":"USA","name":"Arkansas","aliases":["Arkansas","AR","Ark.","State of Arkansas","The Natural State","Arkansas, United States","AR-kən-saw","ARkənsaw","Arkensaw","Arkansaw","US-AR"],"localName":"Arkansas","type":"state","coordinate":[-92.1428,34.7563],"landscape":"Arkansas is split by its terrain: the Ozark and Ouachita mountains cover the north-west, while the south-east is flat Mississippi delta farmland. At Hot Springs, water comes out of the ground already warm.","names":"Arkansas reached English through French from a name for the Quapaw people, which is why it keeps a French spelling with an English ending and the final s stays silent. The legislature passed a resolution in 1881 settling how it should be said.","culture":"At Crater of Diamonds, visitors dig in a ploughed field on top of an old volcanic pipe and keep whatever diamonds they find. It is the only diamond-bearing site in the world open to the public on those terms.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1612","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q33405","regional-wd-Q1268882","regional-wiki-US-AR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-CA","code":"US-CA","parentId":"USA","name":"California","aliases":["California","State of California","The Golden State","California, United States","Cal.","Golden State"],"localName":"California","type":"state","coordinate":[-119.591,36.7496],"landscape":"California runs about 1,300 kilometres down the Pacific coast, with the Sierra Nevada along its eastern side, the long flat Central Valley between, and the Mojave Desert in the south-east. Death Valley holds the lowest point in North America, and Mount Whitney, the highest peak outside Alaska, stands little more than a hundred kilometres away.","names":"The name came from a Spanish novel about an imaginary island before it was ever attached to real land. More people speak Spanish here than in any other state, and dozens of Indigenous languages belong to communities across California.","culture":"Coast redwoods here grow taller than any other trees on Earth, above 110 metres, and take much of their water from summer fog rather than rain. Whole groves were logged before people began setting them aside.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q99","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q18013","regional-wd-Q301467","regional-wiki-US-CA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-CO","code":"US-CO","parentId":"USA","name":"Colorado","aliases":["Colorado","CO","State of Colorado","Colo.","Colorado, United States","Centennial State","US-CO"],"localName":"Colorado","type":"state","coordinate":[-105.543,38.9998],"landscape":"Colorado is split down the middle: flat Great Plains in the east run up against the Rocky Mountains, which hold more than fifty peaks above 4,267 metres. Rivers rising here flow off in several directions, the Colorado among them.","names":"Colorado is Spanish for coloured red, used first for the river running through red rock canyons. Spanish place names are common in the south, where Hispano families settled long before statehood, and Ute names mark the western slope.","culture":"Denver's height changes ordinary things: water boils cooler, baking recipes need adjusting, and visiting sports teams complain about thin air. One step of the state capitol is marked at exactly a mile above sea level.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1261","regional-wd-Q1265","regional-wd-Q8319","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q16554","regional-wd-Q1265","regional-wiki-US-CO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-CT","code":"US-CT","parentId":"USA","name":"Connecticut","aliases":["Connecticut","CT","Connecticut, United States","State of Connecticut","Conneticut","The Constitution State","US-CT","CT, USA","Connecticut (state)","Constitution State","The Nutmeg State","5th State","Connecticut (U.S. state)","Conn.","Connecticut, U.S."],"localName":"Connecticut","type":"state","coordinate":[-72.7594,41.6486],"landscape":"Connecticut is small and mostly wooded hills, cut through the middle by the Connecticut River, which reaches Long Island Sound rather than the open Atlantic. Its coast faces a wide sheltered strait, so the water there is calm.","names":"The name comes from a Mohegan-Pequot word meaning the long tidal river. Mohegan, Pequot and Schaghticoke communities are still here, and their names sit on the map beside English ones.","culture":"Yale University in New Haven has been running since 1701, and the state's river valleys were once packed with small clock, gun and hardware works. Many of those mill buildings now hold flats and offices.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q779","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q33486","regional-wd-Q379648","regional-wiki-US-CT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-DE","code":"US-DE","parentId":"USA","name":"Delaware","aliases":["Delaware","DE","State of Delaware","The First State","The Small Wonder","Blue Hen State","The Diamond State","Delaware, United States","US-DE"],"localName":"Delaware","type":"state","coordinate":[-75.4112,38.8657],"landscape":"Delaware is the second smallest state and almost entirely flat, sitting on a coastal plain beside Delaware Bay. Only Florida has a lower high point, and much of the south is farm fields and salt marsh.","names":"The bay, the river and the state all take their name from an early English governor of Virginia. The Lenape people who lived here were later called Delaware by English speakers, a name given to them rather than chosen by them.","culture":"More than a million companies are registered in Delaware, drawn by business courts that are fast and experienced, so a great many firms operating elsewhere are legally based here. A small state can play a large part without most people noticing.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1393","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q738808","regional-wd-Q33518","regional-wd-Q738808","regional-wiki-US-DE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-DC","code":"US-DC","parentId":"USA","name":"District of Columbia","aliases":["District of Columbia","Washington","Washington, District of Columbia","D.C. 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A capital that is not a state is an unusual arrangement.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q61","regional-wd-Q179444","regional-wd-Q483607","regional-wd-Q23","regional-wd-Q7322","regional-wiki-US-DC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-FL","code":"US-FL","parentId":"USA","name":"Florida","aliases":["Florida","State of Florida","Fla.","Peninsular State","Sunshine State","The Sunshine State","Florida, United States","The Gator State"],"localName":"Florida","type":"state","coordinate":[-81.6228,28.1568],"landscape":"Florida is a long, low peninsula between the Atlantic and the Gulf, and its highest point is lower than any other state's. Underneath lies porous limestone full of water, which feeds hundreds of clear springs and sometimes collapses into sinkholes.","names":"A Spanish expedition named it La Florida in 1513, around the Easter season that Spanish calls Pascua Florida. Spanish is widely spoken today, especially in the south, alongside Haitian Creole and many other languages.","culture":"The Everglades is not really a swamp but a river some eighty kilometres wide flowing very slowly south through sawgrass. Draining it for farms and houses shrank it, and much of the work there now is about putting the water back.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q812","regional-wd-Q12630","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q37043","regional-wd-Q21196","regional-wiki-US-FL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-GA","code":"US-GA","parentId":"USA","name":"Georgia","aliases":["Georgia","State of Georgia","Georgia, United States","The Peach State","The Goober State","The Empire State of the South"],"localName":"Georgia","type":"state","coordinate":[-83.4078,32.8547],"landscape":"Georgia rises from a low coastal plain and barrier islands through rolling Piedmont hills to the Blue Ridge Mountains in the far north. The Okefenokee in the south-east is a vast peat bog whose name is usually given as trembling earth, for floating mats of peat that shake underfoot.","names":"The colony was named after a British king. Many rivers and towns keep Muskogee and Cherokee names, among them Chattahoochee and Dahlonega, from peoples forced west in the 1830s.","culture":"Atlanta's airport is among the busiest in the world, largely because so many journeys change planes there rather than begin or end. The state is famous for peaches but grows far more peanuts and pecans.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1428","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q23556","regional-wd-Q131981","regional-wiki-US-GA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-HI","code":"US-HI","parentId":"USA","name":"Hawaii","aliases":["Hawaii","State of Hawaii","Hawaii State","The Aloha State","Hawaii, United States","Kaimana Hila","Owyhee","Owhyhee"],"localName":"Hawaii","type":"state","coordinate":[-157.999,21.4919],"landscape":"Hawaii is a chain of volcanic islands in the middle of the Pacific, built one after another as the sea floor drifts slowly over a hot spot. Measured from its base on the ocean floor, Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain on Earth, and Kīlauea has erupted again and again in recent decades.","names":"ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi, the Hawaiian language, is an official language of the state alongside English. The ʻokina, a mark like a reversed apostrophe, stands for a catch in the throat and changes a word's meaning, so Hawaiʻi and Hawaii are not quite the same spelling.","culture":"Hawaiian was nearly lost after it was pushed out of schools, and immersion preschools begun in the 1980s helped carry it back to children. It is the only state where a Polynesian language is taught this way as a matter of course.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q782","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q33569","regional-wd-Q18094","regional-wd-Q68740","regional-wiki-US-HI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-ID","code":"US-ID","parentId":"USA","name":"Idaho","aliases":["Idaho","ID","Idaho, United States","Gem State","Potato State","State of Idaho","US-ID"],"localName":"Idaho","type":"state","coordinate":[-114.133,43.7825],"landscape":"Idaho is mountainous nearly everywhere except the curving Snake River Plain across its south, a band of old lava flows now irrigated for farming. Hells Canyon, on the Oregon border, is deeper than the Grand Canyon.","names":"Idaho's name was invented and then presented as an Indigenous word, which it is not, so the state is one of very few whose name means nothing in any language. Nez Perce, Coeur d'Alene and Shoshone-Bannock names on the map really do come from the languages of peoples here.","culture":"Volcanic soil and water from the Snake make this the biggest potato-growing state, and the crop is kept in long low cellars banked with earth to hold the temperature steady. Central Idaho also holds one of the largest areas without roads outside Alaska.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1221","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q35775","regional-wiki-US-ID"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-IL","code":"US-IL","parentId":"USA","name":"Illinois","aliases":["Illinois","US-IL","Illinois, United States","IL","Lincoln State","The Prairie State","Ill.","Ills.","State of Illinois","Prairie State","Land of Lincoln","The Land of Lincoln"],"localName":"Illinois","type":"state","coordinate":[-89.1991,39.946],"landscape":"Illinois is mostly flat former prairie, with the Mississippi along its west, the Ohio at its southern tip and Lake Michigan touching the north-east corner where Chicago sits. Ice sheets flattened the north; the far south, which they never reached, has hills.","names":"The name reached English through French from a word for the Illinois people. French explorers left names such as Des Plaines and Bourbonnais, and Chicago comes from a Miami-Illinois word for a strong-smelling wild plant.","culture":"Across the river from St. Louis, Cahokia was the largest city north of Mexico about a thousand years ago, and its biggest earthen mound covers more ground than the base of the Great Pyramid. Chicago rebuilt after an 1871 fire and put up some of the first steel-framed towers.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1204","regional-wd-Q1169","regional-wd-Q196183","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q28515","regional-wd-Q1543791","regional-wiki-US-IL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-IN","code":"US-IN","parentId":"USA","name":"Indiana","aliases":["Indiana","Indiana, United States","State of Indiana","Hoosier State","Ind."],"localName":"Indiana","type":"state","coordinate":[-86.1396,39.8874],"landscape":"Indiana is flat and glaciated in the north, with sand dunes along Lake Michigan, and hillier in the south where the ice never reached. Limestone quarried near Bloomington has been shipped out to face cathedrals and skyscrapers elsewhere.","names":"The name simply means land of the Indians and was given by outsiders. Miami, Potawatomi and Delaware peoples lived here, and rivers such as the Wabash and the Kankakee keep names from their languages.","culture":"The Indianapolis 500 has been run since 1911 on a rectangle with rounded corners, and by tradition the winner drinks milk. Basketball is unusually central to small-town life here, and old gyms sometimes seat more people than the town has residents.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1415","regional-wd-Q1169","regional-wd-Q4915","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q6346","regional-wd-Q777763","regional-wiki-US-IN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-IA","code":"US-IA","parentId":"USA","name":"Iowa","aliases":["Iowa","Iowa, United States","State of Iowa","The Land Between Two Rivers","Hawk-eye State","IA","US-IA"],"localName":"Iowa","type":"state","coordinate":[-93.3891,42.0423],"landscape":"Iowa lies between the Mississippi and the Missouri, in gently rolling country that was tallgrass prairie before it was ploughed. Along the western edge, wind-blown silt has piled into the Loess Hills, steep ridges of a kind found in only a couple of places on Earth.","names":"Iowa takes its name from the Ioway people. Meskwaki, Sauk and Ho-Chunk names also appear on the map, and the Meskwaki Settlement is land the community bought back for itself in the 1850s.","culture":"Iowa grows more corn than any other state, most of it fed to animals or turned into fuel rather than eaten as it is. Almost none of the original prairie survives, and small preserved patches now stand in for what the whole state once looked like.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1546","regional-wd-Q5419","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q39709","regional-wd-Q1517496","regional-wiki-US-IA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-KS","code":"US-KS","parentId":"USA","name":"Kansas","aliases":["Kansas","Kansas, United States of America","State of Kansas","Kans.","Kan.","Sunflower State","US-KS"],"localName":"Kansas","type":"state","coordinate":[-98.3309,38.5],"landscape":"Kansas climbs so gradually from east to west that it is much higher at the Colorado border than most people expect. The Flint Hills in the east hold one of the largest surviving pieces of tallgrass prairie, spared because the rocky ground was too hard to plough.","names":"Kansas is named for the Kaw or Kansa people, a name often given as people of the south wind. Arkansas shares the same root, which is why the two names look alike and sound so different.","culture":"Kansas grows more wheat than any other state, and grain elevators standing above small towns can be seen from many kilometres away. Cattle drives once ended at railheads here, and much of the country's cowboy imagery comes from those few decades.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1558","regional-wd-Q8319","regional-wd-Q1367638","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q41057","regional-wd-Q1367638","regional-wiki-US-KS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-KY","code":"US-KY","parentId":"USA","name":"Kentucky","aliases":["Kentucky","Commonwealth of Kentucky","KY","Kentucky, United States","Bluegrass State","Ky.","US-KY"],"localName":"Kentucky","type":"state","coordinate":[-85.5729,37.3994],"landscape":"Kentucky has Appalachian coalfields in the east, the rolling Bluegrass region through the middle, and limestone country in the south riddled with caves. Mammoth Cave has more mapped passage than any other cave known, well over six hundred kilometres of it.","names":"The name comes from an Iroquoian word whose meaning is debated, often given as on the meadow. Kentucky calls itself a commonwealth rather than a state, a difference of wording rather than of law.","culture":"Limestone water and pasture are often credited for the horses raised in the Bluegrass, and most bourbon, aged in charred oak barrels, is made in this state. Both trades turn on waiting: a barrel may sit for years before anyone tastes it.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1603","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q4915","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q28603","regional-wd-Q1544834","regional-wd-Q1028423","regional-wiki-US-KY"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-LA","code":"US-LA","parentId":"USA","name":"Louisiana","aliases":["Louisiana","State of Louisiana","18th State","Louisiana, United States","Pelican State"],"localName":"Louisiana","type":"state","coordinate":[-91.9991,30.5274],"landscape":"The Mississippi River reaches the Gulf through Louisiana’s delta. Low wetlands differ from Alaska’s mountains and New Mexico’s uplands.","names":"Louisiana names reflect French, Spanish, English, and Indigenous histories. Cajun French and Louisiana Creole are not interchangeable names for one language.","culture":"New Orleans in Louisiana is associated with the development of jazz. Musicians learned from several traditions; jazz is not the only music heard in Louisiana.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1588","regional-wd-Q12630","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q28218","regional-wd-Q7742","regional-topic-US-LA","regional-wiki-US-LA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-ME","code":"US-ME","parentId":"USA","name":"Maine","aliases":["Maine","ME","State of Maine","Maine, United States","The Pine Tree State","US-ME"],"localName":"Maine","type":"state","coordinate":[-69.1973,45.148],"landscape":"Maine is the most forested state, with a rocky, deeply notched coast scattered with thousands of islands and Mount Katahdin standing alone in the interior. Cadillac Mountain on the coast is among the first places in the country to catch the sunrise.","names":"Where the name came from is uncertain and still argued over. Wabanaki peoples, including the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy, have long lived here, and many rivers and lakes carry names from their languages.","culture":"Maine lands most of the country's lobster, in traps with openings that let undersized ones escape, and fishers cut a notch in the tail of any egg-bearing female so that nobody may keep her. Rules made by the people fishing help keep the catch coming.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q724","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q28206","regional-wd-Q1620150","regional-wiki-US-ME"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-MD","code":"US-MD","parentId":"USA","name":"Maryland","aliases":["Maryland","US-MD","Old Line State","State of Maryland","Md.","Maryland, United States"],"localName":"Maryland","type":"state","coordinate":[-77.0454,39.3874],"landscape":"Maryland wraps around Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the country, where river water and sea water mix. In the west the state narrows to less than three kilometres across, then widens again into the Appalachians.","names":"The colony was named after a queen of England. Piscataway and Nanticoke names remain on the map, and Baltimore takes its name from an Irish title held by the colony's founding family.","culture":"Blue crabs from the bay are steamed with a spiced salt mix and picked apart by hand at paper-covered tables, a slow meal people set an afternoon aside for. Crab numbers rise and fall, so the catch limits change from year to year.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1391","regional-wd-Q216868","regional-wd-Q179444","regional-wd-Q28271","regional-wd-Q848615","regional-wiki-US-MD"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-MA","code":"US-MA","parentId":"USA","name":"Massachusetts","aliases":["Massachusetts","Bay State","Commonwealth of Massachusetts","Mass.","The Commonwealth of Massachusetts","Massachusetts, United States","State of Massachusetts","The Bay State","Massachusetts (U.S. state)","6th State","Taxachusetts","Massachusetts state","Masshole Commonwealth","Commonwealth of MA"],"localName":"Massachusetts","type":"state","coordinate":[-71.9993,42.3739],"landscape":"Massachusetts curls out into the Atlantic at Cape Cod, a hook of sand left by a glacier and still being rearranged by storms. Inland the ground rises through hills to the Berkshires in the west, with the Connecticut River valley running down the middle.","names":"The name comes from a Massachusett word usually given as at the great hill, for the Blue Hills near Boston. Wampanoag and Nipmuc communities are here today, and the Wampanoag have rebuilt their language from documents written in it centuries ago.","culture":"Boston's subway opened in 1897, the first in the country, and threads under streets that grew without a plan. The state holds an unusually large number of universities, and students make up a big share of some of its cities.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q771","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q100","regional-wd-Q1544232","regional-wiki-US-MA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-MI","code":"US-MI","parentId":"USA","name":"Michigan","aliases":["Michigan","State of Michigan","Michigan, United States","Mich.","Wolverine State","Great Lakes State","US-MI"],"localName":"Michigan","type":"state","coordinate":[-84.9479,43.4343],"landscape":"Michigan comes in two pieces, a Lower Peninsula shaped like a mitten and an Upper Peninsula joined to it only by a bridge some eight kilometres long. It touches four Great Lakes and has more freshwater coastline than any other state.","names":"The name comes from an Ojibwe word for a large lake. Anishinaabe names are widespread, and Michigan also holds one of the largest Arab American communities in the country, centred on Dearborn.","culture":"Detroit built cars on moving assembly lines from 1913, cutting the time to make one from hours to minutes and changing factory work everywhere. The city's population later fell by more than half, and much of its work now is deciding what to do with the space.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1166","regional-wd-Q1169","regional-wd-Q1066","regional-wd-Q28237","regional-wd-Q7347","regional-wiki-US-MI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-MN","code":"US-MN","parentId":"USA","name":"Minnesota","aliases":["Minnesota","MN","Land of 10,000 Lakes","Minnesota, United States","State of Minnesota","Minn.","US-MN","North Star State"],"localName":"Minnesota","type":"state","coordinate":[-93.364,46.0592],"landscape":"Minnesota has more than eleven thousand lakes left by glaciers, and the Mississippi begins here as a stream shallow enough to walk across at Lake Itasca. Winters are severe, and the north regularly drops below minus thirty.","names":"Minnesota comes from a Dakota phrase for water that reflects the sky, describing the Minnesota River. Dakota and Ojibwe names cover the state, and Minnesota is home to the largest Somali and Hmong communities in the country.","culture":"In the Boundary Waters, motors are banned on most lakes, so travellers paddle and then carry their canoes overland between them. Iron ore from the Mesabi Range fed steel mills for a century and still leaves red dust on the roads.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1527","regional-wd-Q1066","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q28848","regional-wd-Q1136502","regional-wiki-US-MN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-MS","code":"US-MS","parentId":"USA","name":"Mississippi","aliases":["Mississippi","MS","State of Mississippi","Mississippi, United States","Miss.","US-MS","Mississippi (state)","Magnolia State"],"localName":"Mississippi","type":"state","coordinate":[-89.7189,32.8657],"landscape":"Mississippi is low and warm, with the great river along its western edge and the flat Delta behind the levees, where flooding once laid down rich soil every year. Pine forest covers much of the south, and the Gulf coast is a strip of bays and barrier islands.","names":"The name comes from an Ojibwe word for the great river, carried far south by French explorers. Choctaw and Chickasaw names are common here, and Biloxi, Yazoo and Tishomingo all come from Indigenous languages.","culture":"The blues developed in the Delta among African American workers on cotton plantations, using bent notes and slide guitar, and went on to shape most of the popular music that followed. Markers now stand at the crossroads, stations and juke joint sites where it happened.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1494","regional-wd-Q12630","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q28198","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wiki-US-MS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-MO","code":"US-MO","parentId":"USA","name":"Missouri","aliases":["Missouri","MO","State of Missouri","The Show Me State","Missouri, United States","Mo.","US-MO"],"localName":"Missouri","type":"state","coordinate":[-92.446,38.5487],"landscape":"Missouri sits where the Missouri River joins the Mississippi just above St. Louis. North of the Missouri the land is flat glaciated plain; south of it rise the Ozarks, worn old hills full of caves and clear springs.","names":"Missouri is named for the Missouria people, from a word describing people with dugout canoes. How to say the state's name is itself argued about, with both an -ee and an -uh ending in common use.","culture":"The Gateway Arch in St. Louis is a stainless steel curve 192 metres tall, built in the 1960s. Missouri also calls itself the Show-Me State, a nickname about wanting proof rather than promises.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1581","regional-wd-Q5419","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q28180","regional-wd-Q5419","regional-wiki-US-MO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-MT","code":"US-MT","parentId":"USA","name":"Montana","aliases":["Montana","MT","State of Montana","Big Sky Country","Montana, United States","Mont.","US-MT","Treasure State"],"localName":"Montana","type":"state","coordinate":[-110.044,46.9965],"landscape":"Montana is really two places: mountains and forest in the west, vast open plains in the east. At one peak on the Continental Divide, water can run off toward the Pacific, the Atlantic or Hudson Bay depending on which face it lands on.","names":"Montana comes from the Spanish word for mountain, although most of the state is not mountainous. Salish, Blackfeet, Crow, Cheyenne and Assiniboine names are used across it, and there are seven reservations.","culture":"Eastern Montana's badlands hold some of the richest dinosaur beds anywhere, and museums here keep large collections dug from them. Ranching still shapes the plains, where one ranch can cover more ground than a small country's farmland.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1212","regional-wd-Q664874","regional-wd-Q268532","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q38733","regional-wd-Q8502","regional-wiki-US-MT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-NE","code":"US-NE","parentId":"USA","name":"Nebraska","aliases":["Nebraska","NE","State of Nebraska","Nebr.","Neb.","Nebraska, United States","Cornhusker State","US-NE"],"localName":"Nebraska","type":"state","coordinate":[-99.6855,41.5002],"landscape":"Nebraska is crossed east to west by the Platte, a river so wide and shallow it was once described as too thick to drink and too thin to plough. The Sandhills in the north-west are grass-covered dunes, the largest such area in the Americas.","names":"Nebraska comes from an Otoe or Omaha word for flat water, describing the Platte. Omaha, Ponca, Pawnee and Otoe names are found across the state.","culture":"Nebraska is the only state with a single-chamber legislature, and its members are elected without party labels on the ballot. Each spring several hundred thousand sandhill cranes stop along the Platte to feed before flying further north.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1553","regional-wd-Q655754","regional-wd-Q1124558","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q28260","regional-wd-Q655754","regional-wiki-US-NE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-NV","code":"US-NV","parentId":"USA","name":"Nevada","aliases":["Nevada","State of Nevada","Nevada, United States","The Silver State","US-NV","Silver State"],"localName":"Nevada","type":"state","coordinate":[-117.02,39.4299],"landscape":"Nevada is the driest state, mostly Great Basin country where parallel mountain ranges run north to south with flat desert valleys between them. Rivers here often end in salt flats rather than reaching any sea.","names":"Nevada is Spanish for snow-covered, taken from the Sierra Nevada along its western edge, which is an odd name for so dry a place. Northern Paiute, Shoshone and Washoe names are used across the state.","culture":"More than four-fifths of Nevada's land is federally owned, a larger share than in any other state. Las Vegas grew from a small railway stop into a metropolitan area of more than two million within a single lifetime, watered largely from the Colorado.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1227","regional-wd-Q1361278","regional-wd-Q175554","regional-wd-Q40881","regional-wd-Q26777","regional-wiki-US-NV"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-NH","code":"US-NH","parentId":"USA","name":"New Hampshire","aliases":["New Hampshire","State of New Hampshire","New Hampshire, United States","The Granite State","N.H.","NH","US-NH","Granite State"],"localName":"New Hampshire","type":"state","coordinate":[-71.6301,43.5993],"landscape":"New Hampshire is mountainous in the north, where Mount Washington in the White Mountains has some of the harshest weather anywhere: a gust of 372 kilometres an hour was measured at its summit in 1934. Its Atlantic coastline is only about twenty-nine kilometres long.","names":"The colony was named after a county in England. Abenaki names remain across the state, including Winnipesaukee, its largest lake.","culture":"New Hampshire holds the first presidential primary in the country and has passed laws to keep that position, so candidates spend a great deal of time in very small halls here. Granite quarried in the state gave it its nickname.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q759","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q28249","regional-wd-Q23204","regional-wiki-US-NH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-NJ","code":"US-NJ","parentId":"USA","name":"New Jersey","aliases":["New Jersey","Garden State","Jersey","NJ","New Jersey, United States","State of New Jersey","N.J.","US-NJ","the State of New Jersey","the Garden State","Iersey","New Iersey"],"localName":"New Jersey","type":"state","coordinate":[-74.4653,40.0449],"landscape":"New Jersey is the most densely populated state, yet more than a fifth of it is the Pine Barrens, a sandy forest sitting on top of an enormous store of clean groundwater. Its shore is a long line of barrier beaches, and the Delaware forms its western border.","names":"The colony was named after Jersey in the Channel Islands. Lenape names such as Hoboken, Manasquan and Passaic are common, and residents between them speak a very large number of languages.","culture":"Despite its cities, the state grows enough tomatoes, blueberries and cranberries to be called the Garden State, and the cultivated highbush blueberry was first developed here. Boardwalks along the shore have been rebuilt many times after storms.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1408","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q25330","regional-wd-Q2335128","regional-wiki-US-NJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-NM","code":"US-NM","parentId":"USA","name":"New Mexico","aliases":["New Mexico","New Mexico, United States","State of New Mexico","N. Mex.","N.M.","Land of Enchantment"],"localName":"New Mexico","type":"state","coordinate":[-106.024,34.5002],"landscape":"New Mexico has high desert country and mountain ranges. Dry does not mean flat: compare its uplands with Louisiana’s low delta.","names":"Spanish, English, and Indigenous languages have shaped place names in New Mexico. Pueblo communities have their own languages and histories.","culture":"Pueblo pottery in New Mexico includes distinct community traditions. A pot from one pueblo does not stand for the work of every pueblo.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1522","regional-wd-Q160636","regional-wd-Q38555","regional-wd-Q921283","regional-topic-US-NM","regional-wiki-US-NM"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-NY","code":"US-NY","parentId":"USA","name":"New York","aliases":["New York","NY","New York, United States","State of New York","NYS","New York (state)","NY state","New York state","The Empire State","US-NY","Empire State"],"localName":"New York","type":"state","coordinate":[-75.3242,43.1988],"landscape":"New York reaches from Long Island and the Hudson estuary up to the Adirondacks, a dome of very old rock that is still slowly rising, and west to Niagara Falls and the Finger Lakes, long narrow troughs gouged by ice.","names":"The colony was renamed after an English duke, having been New Amsterdam under the Dutch, whose words survive in Brooklyn, Harlem and Yonkers. Haudenosaunee names cover much of the state, and more than two hundred languages are spoken in New York City.","culture":"The Adirondack Park is larger than several states and mixes public and private land, with a clause in the state constitution requiring much of it to stay forever wild. New York City's subway runs all night, which few systems anywhere do.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1384","regional-wd-Q5492","regional-wd-Q134750","regional-wd-Q24861","regional-wd-Q337222","regional-wiki-US-NY"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-NC","code":"US-NC","parentId":"USA","name":"North Carolina","aliases":["North Carolina","State of North Carolina","North Carolina, United States","NC, United States","The Tar Heel State","Tar Heel State","North Carolina (US)"],"localName":"North Carolina","type":"state","coordinate":[-78.866,35.6152],"landscape":"North Carolina runs from the Outer Banks, a thin chain of shifting sand islands, across the Piedmont to the Appalachians, where Mount Mitchell is the highest point east of the Mississippi at 2,037 metres. The banks shelter huge sounds behind them and take the brunt of hurricanes.","names":"Carolina comes from a Latin form of Charles, after an English king. Cherokee names are widespread in the mountains, and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians holds land in the west of the state.","culture":"The first sustained powered aeroplane flights were made on the Outer Banks in 1903, at a spot chosen for steady wind and soft sand. The state later became known for furniture and textiles, and the Research Triangle grew up around its universities.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1454","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q41087","regional-wd-Q1044394","regional-wiki-US-NC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-ND","code":"US-ND","parentId":"USA","name":"North Dakota","aliases":["North Dakota","North Dakota, United States","State of North Dakota","NoDak","N. Dakota","N. Dak.","Peace Garden State","Roughrider State","Flickertail State","US-ND"],"localName":"North Dakota","type":"state","coordinate":[-100.302,47.4675],"landscape":"North Dakota is prairie and farmland, flattest in the Red River valley of the east, which was the floor of an enormous glacial lake. In the west the Little Missouri has cut badlands of banded clay, and the Missouri itself is dammed into a very long reservoir.","names":"Dakota is a Sioux word often given as friend or ally, and the Dakota, Lakota, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara have long histories here. The two Dakotas were admitted on the same day in 1889, deliberately without recording which was signed first.","culture":"Oil found in the Bakken shale after 2006 brought a fast boom to the west, filling small towns with workers and then quieting again. Wheat and canola farming remains the steadier part of the state's work.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1207","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q37066","regional-wd-Q16148367","regional-wiki-US-ND"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-OH","code":"US-OH","parentId":"USA","name":"Ohio","aliases":["Ohio","State of Ohio","OH","Ohio, United States","Buckeye State","US-OH"],"localName":"Ohio","type":"state","coordinate":[-82.6719,40.0924],"landscape":"Ohio lies between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, mostly flat farmland scraped level by ice, with unglaciated hills in the south-east that belong to the Appalachian plateau.","names":"Ohio comes from a Seneca word for the great river. Shawnee, Miami and Wyandot names appear across the state, including Cuyahoga, Scioto and Sandusky.","culture":"Serpent Mound, an earthwork more than four hundred metres long in the shape of a snake, follows a ridge in the south of the state. Ohio also has a long history of making rubber, glass and steel in its lake and river cities.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1397","regional-wd-Q4915","regional-wd-Q5492","regional-wd-Q16567","regional-wd-Q4915","regional-wiki-US-OH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-OK","code":"US-OK","parentId":"USA","name":"Oklahoma","aliases":["Oklahoma","State of Oklahoma","Oklahoma, United States","The Sooner State","Okla.","Ekelahema","O.T. (Oklahoma Territory)","Ogalahoma","Oklahoma Territory","Oklahumma","OT (Oklahoma Territory)","Sooner State","Territory of Oklahoma","Uukaalaasuumaa"],"localName":"Oklahoma","type":"state","coordinate":[-97.1309,35.452],"landscape":"Oklahoma runs from the humid Ouachita Mountains in the south-east to a dry panhandle stretching west between Texas and Kansas. It lies in the part of the plains where tornadoes form most often.","names":"Oklahoma comes from Choctaw words meaning red people, proposed by a Choctaw leader during treaty talks. Thirty-nine tribal nations have their headquarters in the state, more than anywhere else, most of them forced here from elsewhere.","culture":"Because so many nations were removed to this territory, Oklahoma holds an unusual concentration of languages and governments, and tribal nations run their own courts, schools and health services. A court ruling in 2020 confirmed that much of eastern Oklahoma remains reservation land.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1649","regional-wd-Q8319","regional-wd-Q156032","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q34863","regional-wd-Q2017330","regional-wiki-US-OK"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-OR","code":"US-OR","parentId":"USA","name":"Oregon","aliases":["Oregon","OR","Oregon, United States","State of Oregon","Ore.","The Beaver State","Oreg.","US-OR"],"localName":"Oregon","type":"state","coordinate":[-120.386,43.8333],"landscape":"The Cascade Range splits Oregon in two: wet forest to the west, where rain falls steadily through winter, and dry high desert to the east in the mountains' rain shadow. Crater Lake fills a collapsed volcano and is the deepest lake in the country.","names":"Where the name Oregon came from is genuinely unknown, and several explanations compete. Chinuk Wawa, a trade language built from Indigenous languages together with French and English, was once widely used along the Columbia and is taught again today.","culture":"Oregon charges no sales tax, and its beaches are all public by a law passed in 1967 to keep the whole coast open. Timber shaped the state for a century, and its ports still ship logs and wood products.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q824","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q2251","regional-wd-Q43919","regional-wiki-US-OR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-PA","code":"US-PA","parentId":"USA","name":"Pennsylvania","aliases":["Pennsylvania","Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","PA","Keystone State","Penna.","Pennsylvania, United States","State of Pennsylvania","Pa.","US-PA"],"localName":"Pennsylvania","type":"state","coordinate":[-77.6094,40.8601],"landscape":"Pennsylvania is crossed by long parallel Appalachian ridges that curve across the map like waves, with the Allegheny Plateau behind them. Two rivers meet at Pittsburgh to form the Ohio, and anthracite, the hardest coal, lies in the north-east.","names":"The name means Penn's woods, after the founder's father, and much of the state is still forest. Pennsylvania Dutch, a German variety, is spoken by Amish and Mennonite communities, and the Dutch in that name comes from Deutsch.","culture":"Amish communities here farm with horses and decide as congregations which technologies to take up, rather than each household choosing for itself. Philadelphia was the country's capital for a decade and holds the building where the constitution was written.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1400","regional-wd-Q5492","regional-wd-Q143762","regional-wd-Q25280","regional-wd-Q656629","regional-wiki-US-PA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-RI","code":"US-RI","parentId":"USA","name":"Rhode Island","aliases":["Rhode Island","RI","State of Rhode Island","Rhode Island, United States","State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","Road Island","Little Rhody","The Ocean State","Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","US-RI","Providence Plantations","The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations","Ocean State","Rhode Island (state)","Rhode Island (U.S. state)"],"localName":"Rhode Island","type":"state","coordinate":[-71.5082,41.6242],"landscape":"Rhode Island is the smallest state, narrow enough to drive across in under an hour, and Narragansett Bay cuts deep into it with more than thirty islands inside. Despite the name, most of the state is on the mainland.","names":"Its full official name was the longest of any state until voters shortened it in 2020, removing a phrase that referred to plantations. Narragansett and Wampanoag names remain across the state.","culture":"Newport's harbour made it a centre of Atlantic trade, and enormous summer houses were later built there by very wealthy families. Rhode Island also has a large Portuguese-speaking community, many with roots in the Azores and Cape Verde.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1387","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q18383","regional-wd-Q1780007","regional-wiki-US-RI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-SC","code":"US-SC","parentId":"USA","name":"South Carolina","aliases":["South Carolina","State of South Carolina","South Carolina, United States","S. C.","S.C.","Palmetto State","US-SC"],"localName":"South Carolina","type":"state","coordinate":[-80.6471,33.8578],"landscape":"South Carolina slopes from the Blue Ridge in the north-west across the Piedmont to the Lowcountry, a belt of salt marsh, tidal creeks and sea islands. Several towns grew up along the fall line, where rivers drop off harder rock.","names":"Carolina comes from a Latin form of Charles. Catawba names survive in the north, and Gullah, an English-based creole with strong West African roots, is spoken by communities on the sea islands.","culture":"Gullah Geechee communities kept crafts including sweetgrass basket sewing, a coiling technique carried from West Africa and still practised near Charleston. Rice grown in tidal fields once made this coast wealthy, using knowledge and labour taken from enslaved West Africans.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1456","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q38453","regional-wd-Q1044394","regional-wiki-US-SC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-SD","code":"US-SD","parentId":"USA","name":"South Dakota","aliases":["South Dakota","SD","South Dakota, United States","State of South Dakota","SoDak","S. Dakota","The Mount Rushmore State","The Coyote State","S. Dak.","S.D.","US-SD"],"localName":"South Dakota","type":"state","coordinate":[-100.255,44.4711],"landscape":"The Missouri River divides South Dakota into a flatter, wetter east and a drier west of rangeland, badlands and the Black Hills, an island of dark pine-covered mountains rising out of the plains.","names":"Dakota is a Sioux word often given as friend or ally. The Black Hills are Ȟe Sápa to the Lakota, land at the centre of their history, and nine tribal nations have reservations in the state.","culture":"Two enormous carvings are being made in the Black Hills: the presidents' heads at Mount Rushmore, finished in 1941, and the Crazy Horse Memorial, begun in 1948 and still unfinished. Both are cut into rock the Lakota hold sacred, which is why both are argued about.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1211","regional-wd-Q1493200","regional-wd-Q859342","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q40747","regional-wd-Q16148367","regional-wiki-US-SD"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-TN","code":"US-TN","parentId":"USA","name":"Tennessee","aliases":["Tennessee","State of Tennessee","TN","Tennessee, United States","Volunteer State","Tenn.","US-TN","The Volunteer State"],"localName":"Tennessee","type":"state","coordinate":[-86.3415,35.7514],"landscape":"Tennessee is long and narrow, running from the Great Smoky Mountains in the east across the Cumberland Plateau and the Nashville basin to the Mississippi at Memphis. It is usually described in three parts, and three stars on its flag stand for them.","names":"Tennessee comes from Tanasi, a Cherokee town name whose meaning is not known. Cherokee names are common in the east, and the Cherokee syllabary, worked out in the early 1800s, is still used.","culture":"Memphis and Nashville developed different musical traditions, one around blues and soul and the other around country and songwriting, and both built recording industries. The Smokies are the most visited national park in the country, sitting within a day's drive of much of the eastern United States.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1509","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q23197","regional-wd-Q265234","regional-wiki-US-TN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-TX","code":"US-TX","parentId":"USA","name":"Texas","aliases":["Texas","Lone Star State","Texas, United States","State of Texas","US-TX","Tex."],"localName":"Texas","type":"state","coordinate":[-98.7607,31.131],"landscape":"Texas is large enough to hold several quite different regions: piney woods in the east, prairie and Hill Country through the middle, the high flat Panhandle in the north, and desert mountains at Big Bend where the Rio Grande makes a great turn.","names":"Texas comes from a Caddo word for friends or allies, taken up by Spanish colonists. Spanish is spoken by a large share of residents, and Texas was an independent republic for nine years before joining the United States.","culture":"Oil struck at Spindletop in 1901 gushed for days and remade the state's economy, and Texas now also leads the country in wind power. Cattle ranching and Tejano culture both long predate that, and the state's food shows the mix.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1439","regional-wd-Q12630","regional-wd-Q160636","regional-wd-Q16559","regional-wd-Q17297777","regional-wiki-US-TX"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-UT","code":"US-UT","parentId":"USA","name":"Utah","aliases":["Utah","State of Utah","Beehive State","Mormon State","UT","US-UT"],"localName":"Utah","type":"state","coordinate":[-111.544,39.5007],"landscape":"Southern Utah is red rock country where rivers have carved canyons, arches and towers out of sandstone. The Wasatch Range runs down the north, and the Great Salt Lake, saltier than the ocean and with no outlet at all, has been shrinking as water is taken upstream.","names":"Utah is named for the Ute people. Ute, Navajo, Paiute, Goshute and Shoshone communities live in the state, and many place names come from their languages alongside those given by later settlers.","culture":"Salt Lake City was laid out in 1847 on a grid of very wide streets numbered outward from one central point, so an address tells you exactly how far from the middle you are. Most of Utah's people live in a narrow strip along the Wasatch Front.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q829","regional-wd-Q178741","regional-wd-Q1265","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q23337","regional-wd-Q1253290","regional-wiki-US-UT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-VT","code":"US-VT","parentId":"USA","name":"Vermont","aliases":["Vermont","State of Vermont","Vermont, United States","The Green Mountain State","Vt.","US-VT"],"localName":"Vermont","type":"state","coordinate":[-72.7317,44.0886],"landscape":"Vermont is a narrow state of green ridges running north to south, with Lake Champlain along its western edge and no coastline at all. Its forests are mostly maple, beech and birch, which is why the autumn colour is so strong.","names":"The name comes from French words for green mountain. Abenaki communities have long lived here, and Vermont was briefly an independent republic before becoming a state in 1791.","culture":"Maple syrup is boiled down from sap collected in late winter, and it takes roughly forty litres of sap to make one of syrup, so a warm spell can end a season early. Vermont bans billboards along its roads, and Montpelier is the smallest state capital in the country.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q16551","regional-wd-Q68467","regional-wd-Q26426","regional-wd-Q41507","regional-wiki-US-VT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-VA","code":"US-VA","parentId":"USA","name":"Virginia","aliases":["Virginia","Commonwealth of Virginia","State of Virginia","VA","Virginia, United States","Old Dominion","Va.","US-VA"],"localName":"Virginia","type":"state","coordinate":[-78.2431,37.7403],"landscape":"Virginia falls in bands from the Appalachians and the Shenandoah Valley, through the Blue Ridge and the Piedmont, down to the Tidewater and the Chesapeake. The Eastern Shore is a separate piece of the state across the bay, reached by a road that dips into tunnels under the shipping channels.","names":"The colony was named for an English queen. Powhatan and other Algonquian names are widespread, including Rappahannock, Chesapeake and Potomac, and Virginia calls itself a commonwealth.","culture":"At Jamestown, founded in 1607, archaeologists have traced the outline of the fort and found burials that had been lost for centuries. Virginia has more than a dozen state-recognised tribes, several of which gained federal recognition only in 2018.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1370","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q43421","regional-wd-Q1070529","regional-wiki-US-VA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-WA","code":"US-WA","parentId":"USA","name":"Washington","aliases":["Washington","Evergreen State","WA","State of Washington","Washington State","Washington (state)","US-WA"],"localName":"Washington","type":"state","coordinate":[-120.361,47.4865],"landscape":"The Cascades divide Washington sharply: the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Sound in the west catch some of the heaviest rain in the country, while eastern Washington is dry enough to need irrigation. Mount Rainier, an active volcano, carries more glacier ice than any other peak outside Alaska.","names":"This is the only state named after a president, which is why people so often add the word state to tell it from the capital. Lushootseed, Salish and Sahaptin names are widespread, including Seattle, Spokane and Yakima.","culture":"Irrigated valleys east of the mountains grow most of the country's apples, sorted and held in cold rooms so they can be sold all year. On the west side, Coast Salish carving, weaving and canoe traditions continue, and canoe journeys bring communities together each summer.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1223","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q2251","regional-wd-Q42735","regional-wd-Q23","regional-wiki-US-WA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-WV","code":"US-WV","parentId":"USA","name":"West Virginia","aliases":["West Virginia","The Mountain State","Almost Heaven","WV","West Virginia, United States","State of West Virginia","W. Va.","W.Va.","US-WV"],"localName":"West Virginia","type":"state","coordinate":[-80.7128,38.6422],"landscape":"West Virginia is the only state lying entirely within the Appalachian Mountains, with almost no flat ground, which is why its towns follow river valleys. The New River, in spite of its name, is one of the oldest rivers on the continent.","names":"West Virginia separated from Virginia during the Civil War and became a state in 1863, so its name records that split. Appalachian English here keeps older words and pronunciations that have been dropped elsewhere.","culture":"Coal mining shaped the state for over a century, along with the union struggles that came with it, and communities are still working out what follows. Old rail lines through the mountains have been turned into long walking and cycling trails.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1371","regional-wd-Q44564","regional-wd-Q1070529","regional-wiki-US-WV"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-WI","code":"US-WI","parentId":"USA","name":"Wisconsin","aliases":["Wisconsin","WI","Wisconsin, United States","State of Wisconsin","Badger State","Wis.","US-WI"],"localName":"Wisconsin","type":"state","coordinate":[-89.5831,44.3709],"landscape":"Wisconsin lies between Lake Michigan, Lake Superior and the Mississippi, and glaciers shaped nearly all of it, leaving lakes and low hills. The Driftless Area in the south-west was somehow missed by the ice, so it keeps steep valleys and rocky bluffs the rest of the state lacks.","names":"Wisconsin reached English through French from a Miami word for the river, and its meaning is uncertain. Ho-Chunk, Menominee, Ojibwe and Potawatomi names are used across the state, and eleven tribal nations hold land here.","culture":"Wisconsin makes more cheese than any other state, and cheesemakers here must hold a licence, which is true nowhere else. Fish boils on the Door Peninsula cook whitefish in a kettle outdoors, with fuel thrown on the fire at the end so the pot boils over and carries the oils away.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1537","regional-wd-Q1169","regional-wd-Q1066","regional-wd-Q43788","regional-wd-Q978496","regional-wiki-US-WI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"USA:US-WY","code":"US-WY","parentId":"USA","name":"Wyoming","aliases":["Wyoming","WY","State of Wyoming","Wyoming, United States","Wyo","The Equality State","The Cowboy State","US-WY","Wyo.","Big Wyoming"],"localName":"Wyoming","type":"state","coordinate":[-107.552,42.9999],"landscape":"Wyoming is a near-rectangle of high plains and mountain ranges, with Yellowstone in its north-west corner sitting above a vast volcanic system that heats the geysers and hot springs. The Continental Divide splits and rejoins around a basin whose water reaches neither ocean.","names":"Wyoming's name comes from a Lenape word for a valley in Pennsylvania, carried west and attached to country the word never described. Shoshone and Arapaho communities share the Wind River Reservation.","culture":"Wyoming has fewer people than any other state, so a single county can be larger than some countries and still hold only a few thousand residents. It was also the first territory to give women the vote, in 1869, which is where its nickname comes from.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q1214","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q39042","regional-wd-Q604264","regional-wiki-US-WY"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"USA-regional-landscape","placeId":"USA","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["USA:US-AK","USA:US-NM","USA:US-LA"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q797","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q788","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q27792","regional-wd-Q27183","regional-wd-Q27970","regional-wd-Q29445","regional-topic-US-AK","regional-wiki-US-AK","regional-wd-Q1522","regional-wd-Q160636","regional-wd-Q38555","regional-wd-Q921283","regional-topic-US-NM","regional-wiki-US-NM","regional-wd-Q1588","regional-wd-Q12630","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q28218","regional-wd-Q7742","regional-topic-US-LA","regional-wiki-US-LA"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 is the largest state, with a chain of volcanic islands curving into the Pacific. Which is it?","answer":"Alaska","others":["New Mexico","Louisiana","Oregon"],"reading":"Alaska: Alaska is by far the largest state, reaching from Arctic coasts to the Aleutians, a long chain of volcanic islands curving out into the Pacific. Denali, at about 6,190 metres, is North America's highest peak, and many communities have no road connection at all. Its far northern position contrasts with Louisiana's Gulf coast. New Mexico: New Mexico is high desert country: even its lowest ground lies well above sea level, and the southern Rocky Mountains reach down into its north, so dry does not mean flat. The Rio Grande runs south through the middle of the state. Louisiana: The Mississippi reaches the Gulf of Mexico through Louisiana's delta, dropping the mud it has carried from half a continent. Much of the south of the state is low wetland barely above sea level, and land is lost to the sea each year.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Compare the sizes, then look for the islands.","studyMap":{"title":"United States · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Alaska","coordinate":[-151.604,65.3609]},{"label":"New Mexico","coordinate":[-106.024,34.5002]},{"label":"Louisiana","coordinate":[-91.9991,30.5274]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 is dry, yet even its lowest ground sits well above sea level. Which is it?","answer":"New Mexico","others":["Alaska","Louisiana","Arizona"],"reading":"Alaska: Alaska is by far the largest state, reaching from Arctic coasts to the Aleutians, a long chain of volcanic islands curving out into the Pacific. Denali, at about 6,190 metres, is North America's highest peak, and many communities have no road connection at all. Its far northern position contrasts with Louisiana's Gulf coast. New Mexico: New Mexico is high desert country: even its lowest ground lies well above sea level, and the southern Rocky Mountains reach down into its north, so dry does not mean flat. The Rio Grande runs south through the middle of the state. Louisiana: The Mississippi reaches the Gulf of Mexico through Louisiana's delta, dropping the mud it has carried from half a continent. Much of the south of the state is low wetland barely above sea level, and land is lost to the sea each year.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry warns that dry does not mean flat.","studyMap":{"title":"United States · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Alaska","coordinate":[-151.604,65.3609]},{"label":"New Mexico","coordinate":[-106.024,34.5002]},{"label":"Louisiana","coordinate":[-91.9991,30.5274]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 is where a great river drops the mud it carried from half a continent. Which is it?","answer":"Louisiana","others":["Alaska","New Mexico","Georgia"],"reading":"Alaska: Alaska is by far the largest state, reaching from Arctic coasts to the Aleutians, a long chain of volcanic islands curving out into the Pacific. Denali, at about 6,190 metres, is North America's highest peak, and many communities have no road connection at all. Its far northern position contrasts with Louisiana's Gulf coast. New Mexico: New Mexico is high desert country: even its lowest ground lies well above sea level, and the southern Rocky Mountains reach down into its north, so dry does not mean flat. The Rio Grande runs south through the middle of the state. Louisiana: The Mississippi reaches the Gulf of Mexico through Louisiana's delta, dropping the mud it has carried from half a continent. Much of the south of the state is low wetland barely above sea level, and land is lost to the sea each year.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Follow the river to the sea.","studyMap":{"title":"United States · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Alaska","coordinate":[-151.604,65.3609]},{"label":"New Mexico","coordinate":[-106.024,34.5002]},{"label":"Louisiana","coordinate":[-91.9991,30.5274]}]}}]},{"id":"USA-regional-names","placeId":"USA","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["USA:US-AK","USA:US-NM","USA:US-LA"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q797","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q788","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q27792","regional-wd-Q27183","regional-wd-Q27970","regional-wd-Q29445","regional-topic-US-AK","regional-wiki-US-AK","regional-wd-Q1522","regional-wd-Q160636","regional-wd-Q38555","regional-wd-Q921283","regional-topic-US-NM","regional-wiki-US-NM","regional-wd-Q1588","regional-wd-Q12630","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q28218","regional-wd-Q7742","regional-topic-US-LA","regional-wiki-US-LA"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's name comes from an Aleut word for the mainland?","answer":"Alaska","others":["New Mexico","Louisiana","Nevada"],"reading":"Alaska: The name Alaska comes from an Aleut word for the mainland, sometimes given as the great land. Alaska Native languages include Iñupiaq, several Yupik languages, Tlingit and Gwich'in, and English is also used; these names refer to different language traditions rather than one. New Mexico: Spanish, English and Indigenous languages have all shaped place names in New Mexico, and Spanish was spoken there long before it became a state. Pueblo communities have their own languages and histories, including Tewa, Tiwa, Towa, Keres and Zuni, and Diné bizaad is spoken in the north-west. Louisiana: Louisiana was named after a French king, and its place names reflect French, Spanish, English and Indigenous histories. Cajun French and Louisiana Creole are not interchangeable names for one language: they have different origins and different speakers.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry explains what the name once meant."},{"question":"Which state has Pueblo communities with several distinct languages of their own?","answer":"New Mexico","others":["Alaska","Louisiana","Kansas"],"reading":"Alaska: The name Alaska comes from an Aleut word for the mainland, sometimes given as the great land. Alaska Native languages include Iñupiaq, several Yupik languages, Tlingit and Gwich'in, and English is also used; these names refer to different language traditions rather than one. New Mexico: Spanish, English and Indigenous languages have all shaped place names in New Mexico, and Spanish was spoken there long before it became a state. Pueblo communities have their own languages and histories, including Tewa, Tiwa, Towa, Keres and Zuni, and Diné bizaad is spoken in the north-west. Louisiana: Louisiana was named after a French king, and its place names reflect French, Spanish, English and Indigenous histories. Cajun French and Louisiana Creole are not interchangeable names for one language: they have different origins and different speakers.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry lists several language names belonging to one group of communities."},{"question":"Which state was named after a French king?","answer":"Louisiana","others":["Alaska","New Mexico","Maine"],"reading":"Alaska: The name Alaska comes from an Aleut word for the mainland, sometimes given as the great land. Alaska Native languages include Iñupiaq, several Yupik languages, Tlingit and Gwich'in, and English is also used; these names refer to different language traditions rather than one. New Mexico: Spanish, English and Indigenous languages have all shaped place names in New Mexico, and Spanish was spoken there long before it became a state. Pueblo communities have their own languages and histories, including Tewa, Tiwa, Towa, Keres and Zuni, and Diné bizaad is spoken in the north-west. Louisiana: Louisiana was named after a French king, and its place names reflect French, Spanish, English and Indigenous histories. Cajun French and Louisiana Creole are not interchangeable names for one language: they have different origins and different speakers.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One of the three names honours a person."}]},{"id":"USA-regional-culture","placeId":"USA","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["USA:US-AK","USA:US-NM","USA:US-LA"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-USA","voyage-USA","regional-wd-Q797","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q788","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q27792","regional-wd-Q27183","regional-wd-Q27970","regional-wd-Q29445","regional-topic-US-AK","regional-wiki-US-AK","regional-wd-Q1522","regional-wd-Q160636","regional-wd-Q38555","regional-wd-Q921283","regional-topic-US-NM","regional-wiki-US-NM","regional-wd-Q1588","regional-wd-Q12630","regional-wd-Q1497","regional-wd-Q28218","regional-wd-Q7742","regional-topic-US-LA","regional-wiki-US-LA"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's example uses different materials in different parts of the same state?","answer":"Alaska","others":["New Mexico","Louisiana","Michigan"],"reading":"Alaska: Alaska Native carving traditions include work in wood, whalebone, walrus ivory and antler, and they differ between peoples: Tlingit and Haida carvers on the south-east coast work cedar into poles and bentwood boxes, while Iñupiaq and Yupik carvers on the north and west coasts make smaller pieces in bone and ivory. Styles and materials differ between communities. New Mexico: Pueblo pottery in New Mexico includes distinct community traditions, and a practised eye can often tell which pueblo a pot came from by its clay, its shape and its painted design. A pot from one pueblo does not stand for the work of every pueblo. Louisiana: New Orleans in Louisiana is associated with the development of jazz, where musicians drew on blues, ragtime, brass bands and Caribbean rhythms, and brass bands still play in street parades. Jazz is not the only music heard in Louisiana: zydeco and Cajun music belong to other parts of the state.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"One entry lists bone and ivory alongside wood."},{"question":"Which state's example can be traced to a particular community by its clay and design?","answer":"New Mexico","others":["Alaska","Louisiana","Vermont"],"reading":"Alaska: Alaska Native carving traditions include work in wood, whalebone, walrus ivory and antler, and they differ between peoples: Tlingit and Haida carvers on the south-east coast work cedar into poles and bentwood boxes, while Iñupiaq and Yupik carvers on the north and west coasts make smaller pieces in bone and ivory. Styles and materials differ between communities. New Mexico: Pueblo pottery in New Mexico includes distinct community traditions, and a practised eye can often tell which pueblo a pot came from by its clay, its shape and its painted design. A pot from one pueblo does not stand for the work of every pueblo. Louisiana: New Orleans in Louisiana is associated with the development of jazz, where musicians drew on blues, ragtime, brass bands and Caribbean rhythms, and brass bands still play in street parades. Jazz is not the only music heard in Louisiana: zydeco and Cajun music belong to other parts of the state.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the entry about telling makers apart."},{"question":"Which musical influences came together in New Orleans jazz?","answer":"Blues, ragtime, brass bands and Caribbean rhythms","others":["Only brass-band marches","Only songs from one community","Only music written for an orchestra"],"reading":"Alaska: Alaska Native carving traditions include work in wood, whalebone, walrus ivory and antler, and they differ between peoples: Tlingit and Haida carvers on the south-east coast work cedar into poles and bentwood boxes, while Iñupiaq and Yupik carvers on the north and west coasts make smaller pieces in bone and ivory. Styles and materials differ between communities. New Mexico: Pueblo pottery in New Mexico includes distinct community traditions, and a practised eye can often tell which pueblo a pot came from by its clay, its shape and its painted design. A pot from one pueblo does not stand for the work of every pueblo. Louisiana: New Orleans in Louisiana is associated with the development of jazz, where musicians drew on blues, ragtime, brass bands and Caribbean rhythms, and brass bands still play in street parades. Jazz is not the only music heard in Louisiana: zydeco and Cajun music belong to other parts of the state.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 51 subdivisions of United States. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. States have state governments; Washington, DC is a federal district.","related":["PRI","GUM","ASM","VIR","MNP"],"geometry":"content/regions/USA.geojson"},{"placeId":"MEX","name":"Mexico","regions":[{"id":"MEX:MX-AGU","code":"MX-AGU","parentId":"MEX","name":"Aguascalientes","aliases":["Aguascalientes","State of Aguascalientes","Free and Sovereign State of Aguascalientes"],"localName":"Aguascalientes","type":"state","coordinate":[-102.351,22.0375],"landscape":"Aguascalientes is one of the smallest states, a high basin around 1,900 metres above sea level with the Sierra Madre Occidental to its west. It is dry, and its farming depends on wells and reservoirs rather than rainfall.","names":"The name means hot waters, after the thermal springs found here. It was separated from Zacatecas in the 1830s.","culture":"The San Marcos fair each spring is one of the oldest and largest in Mexico and runs for weeks. Printmaking has a strong local history, and skeleton figures drawn here in the early 1900s became the images most associated with Day of the Dead.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q79952","regional-wd-Q200805","regional-wiki-MX-AGU"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-BCN","code":"MX-BCN","parentId":"MEX","name":"Baja California","aliases":["Baja California","Free and Sovereign State of Baja California","Free and Sovereign State of Lower California","Lower California","MX02","MX-BCN","BCN"],"localName":"Baja California","type":"state","coordinate":[-115.209,30.3399],"landscape":"Baja California is the northern half of a long narrow peninsula, with the Pacific on one side and the Gulf of California on the other and the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir down its spine. Most of it is desert, and Tijuana at its northern edge sits directly against the United States border.","names":"The name means lower California, since the peninsula lies south of the American state of the same name. It became a state in 1952.","culture":"Grey whales swim down from Arctic waters each winter to the lagoons along this coast to give birth. Wine is grown in the Valle de Guadalupe, where cool sea air reaches inland through a gap in the hills.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q58731","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q199440","regional-wiki-MX-BCN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-BCS","code":"MX-BCS","parentId":"MEX","name":"Baja California Sur","aliases":["Baja California Sur","South Lower California","Free and Sovereign State of Baja California Sur","South Territory of Baja California","MX-BCS","BCS","MX03","Estado de Baja California Sur"],"localName":"Baja California Sur","type":"state","coordinate":[-111.452,25.0656],"landscape":"Baja California Sur is the southern half of the peninsula, drier still, with mountains dropping to a Gulf coast of clear water and desert islands. Forests of tall cardón cactus grow across its plains, and the Sierra de la Laguna in the far south catches enough rain for oak and pine.","names":"The name simply means southern lower California. It was the last part of Mexico to become a state, in 1974.","culture":"Rock paintings in the Sierra de San Francisco cover cave ceilings with large red and black human and animal figures, made by people whose descendants are not known. Pearl diving was once the main industry around La Paz.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q46508","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q214215","regional-wiki-MX-BCS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-CAM","code":"MX-CAM","parentId":"MEX","name":"Campeche","aliases":["Campeche"],"localName":"Campeche","type":"state","coordinate":[-90.2807,18.6624],"landscape":"Campeche lies on the western side of the Yucatán peninsula, low and flat, with mangrove and lagoon along the Gulf coast and dense tropical forest inland. Like the rest of the peninsula it has few surface rivers, since water sinks straight through the limestone.","names":"The name comes from a Maya place name. Yucatec Maya is spoken across the state alongside Spanish.","culture":"Calakmul, deep in forest near the Guatemalan border, was one of the largest Maya cities, and its tallest pyramid rises above the tree canopy. The city of Campeche is still ringed by stone walls and bastions built against pirate raids.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q80908","regional-wd-Q61301","regional-wiki-MX-CAM"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-CHP","code":"MX-CHP","parentId":"MEX","name":"Chiapas","aliases":["Chiapas","Las Chiapas"],"localName":"Chiapas","type":"state","coordinate":[-92.581,16.527],"landscape":"Chiapas has a Pacific coastal plain, a chain of highlands, and the Lacandon rainforest along the Usumacinta toward Guatemala. Sumidero canyon has walls up to a thousand metres high, and the state generates a large share of Mexico's hydroelectricity.","names":"The name comes from an earlier settlement, Chiapan. Twelve Indigenous languages are recognised in the state, among them Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Ch'ol and Tojolabal.","culture":"At Palenque, carved inscriptions and a tomb found beneath a pyramid in 1952 helped scholars begin reading Maya writing. In highland towns such as San Juan Chamula, weaving and religious practice combine Maya and Catholic elements in ways particular to each community.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q60123","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q207429","regional-wiki-MX-CHP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-CHH","code":"MX-CHH","parentId":"MEX","name":"Chihuahua","aliases":["Chihuahua"],"localName":"Chihuahua","type":"state","coordinate":[-106.232,28.973],"landscape":"Chihuahua includes dry northern plains and the deep canyons of the Sierra Madre Occidental. A state can contain several landscapes.","names":"Chihuahua is a state name and a city name. Rarámuri is a name used by an Indigenous people whose communities include parts of this state.","culture":"Rarámuri crafts include woven baskets. Materials, designs, and uses connect makers with particular communities in the Sierra Tarahumara.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q655","regional-wd-Q61302","regional-topic-MX-CHH","regional-institution-MX-CHH","regional-wiki-MX-CHH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-COA","code":"MX-COA","parentId":"MEX","name":"Coahuila","aliases":["Coahuila","Coahuila de Zaragoza","Estado de Coahuila","Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza"],"localName":"Coahuila de Zaragoza","type":"state","coordinate":[-101.885,27.4473],"landscape":"Coahuila is the third largest state, mostly desert and mountain within the Chihuahuan Desert, with a long border along the Rio Grande. In its west the Cuatro Ciénegas basin holds pools fed by underground water, with species found nowhere else.","names":"Its full name, Coahuila de Zaragoza, honours a general born in the state. The origin of Coahuila itself is not settled.","culture":"Coal and steel have been mined and made here for over a century, centred on Monclova and the coalfield near Sabinas. Desert canyons in the state hold rock paintings, and its dinosaur fossils are shown in a museum at Saltillo.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q53079","regional-wd-Q160636","regional-wd-Q53077","regional-wiki-MX-COA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-COL","code":"MX-COL","parentId":"MEX","name":"Colima","aliases":["Colima","Free and Sovereign State of Colima","Estado Libre y Soberano de Colima","Estado de Colima"],"localName":"Colima","type":"state","coordinate":[-103.915,19.1325],"landscape":"Colima is one of the smallest states, a short stretch of Pacific coast rising quickly to the Volcán de Colima, among the most active volcanoes in North America. The Revillagigedo Islands, far out in the Pacific, belong to the state.","names":"The name is usually traced to a Nahuatl phrase about a place taken by ancestors. Manzanillo, its main port, handles more container traffic than any other in Mexico.","culture":"Shaft tombs dug here around two thousand years ago held pottery dogs, now among the best-known figures from western Mexico. Salt has been made along the Cuyutlán lagoon by evaporation for centuries.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q61309","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q61320","regional-wiki-MX-COL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-DUR","code":"MX-DUR","parentId":"MEX","name":"Durango","aliases":["Durango","Estado de Durango","Free and Sovereign State of Durango","Tepēhuahcān"],"localName":"Durango","type":"state","coordinate":[-104.808,24.566],"landscape":"Durango spreads from the high Sierra Madre Occidental, cut by deep barrancas, east onto dry plains. Its forests supply a large share of Mexico's timber, and its mountain roads include famously steep and winding stretches.","names":"The state and its capital take their name from a town in the Basque Country. Tepehuán and Huichol communities live in the mountains.","culture":"Iron ore at Cerro de Mercado has been mined since the 1500s. Durango's dry landscapes and clear light drew film crews for decades, and sets built near the capital are now visited as attractions.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q79918","regional-wd-Q112813","regional-wd-Q732094","regional-wiki-MX-DUR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-GUA","code":"MX-GUA","parentId":"MEX","name":"Guanajuato","aliases":["Guanajuato","Guanajuato State","Guanajuato, Mexico","Estado de Guanajuato","MX-GUA","GUA"],"localName":"Guanajuato","type":"state","coordinate":[-100.904,20.8141],"landscape":"Guanajuato lies in the Bajío, a fertile basin at around 1,800 metres that has long been one of Mexico's main grain-growing areas, with hills of volcanic rock rising around it. The state has no coastline.","names":"The name comes from a Purépecha word usually given as place of frogs, after the shape of the hills. Its capital is built in a narrow ravine, so some of its main roads run through tunnels beneath the city.","culture":"Silver from Guanajuato's mines was for a time among the richest in the world and paid for the churches and theatres of its towns. The independence movement began at Dolores Hidalgo in 1810, and the town is visited for that reason.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q46475","regional-wd-Q61306","regional-wiki-MX-GUA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-GRO","code":"MX-GRO","parentId":"MEX","name":"Guerrero","aliases":["Guerrero","Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero"],"localName":"Guerrero","type":"state","coordinate":[-100.091,17.7608],"landscape":"Guerrero has a steep Pacific coast with the Sierra Madre del Sur rising immediately behind it, so its plains are narrow and its interior rugged. The Balsas river cuts across the state through a deep, hot valley.","names":"The state is named after a leader in the independence war who later became president. Nahuatl, Mixtec, Tlapanec and Amuzgo are spoken here.","culture":"Taxco has been a silver town since the 1500s, and its steep cobbled streets are still lined with silversmiths' workshops. Amate painting on bark paper and lacquered gourds from Olinalá are other crafts of the state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q60158","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q207935","regional-wd-Q315618","regional-wiki-MX-GRO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-HID","code":"MX-HID","parentId":"MEX","name":"Hidalgo","aliases":["Hidalgo","Free and Sovereign State of Hidalgo","Estado de Hidalgo"],"localName":"Hidalgo","type":"state","coordinate":[-98.9221,20.5354],"landscape":"Hidalgo runs from the dry Mezquital valley in the west, through pine forest, down into the humid Huasteca in the north-east, changing climate over a short distance. Prismatic basalt columns at Huasca stand beside a waterfall.","names":"The state honours the priest who began the independence movement. Otomí and Nahuatl are widely spoken, and Hñähñu is the Otomí name for their own language.","culture":"Pachuca's silver mines drew Cornish miners in the 1820s, who brought a filled pastry that became the local paste. Pulque, fermented from the sap of the maguey, is still made in the Mezquital.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q80903","regional-wd-Q160750","regional-wd-Q55636","regional-wiki-MX-HID"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-JAL","code":"MX-JAL","parentId":"MEX","name":"Jalisco","aliases":["Jalisco","Jalisco State","JAL","JC","Free and sovereign state of Jalisco"],"localName":"Jalisco","type":"state","coordinate":[-103.602,20.3026],"landscape":"Jalisco has a Pacific coast, a highland plateau around Guadalajara, and Lake Chapala, the largest lake in Mexico, on its southern edge. Volcanic soil and highland air suit the blue agave grown across its central valleys.","names":"The name comes from Nahuatl words for a sandy place. Wixárika, often called Huichol, is spoken in the northern mountains.","culture":"Tequila may only be made from agave grown in Jalisco and a few neighbouring areas, and the plants are cut by hand with a blade on a pole. Mariachi music and charrería, Mexico's traditional horsemanship, both developed here.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q13160","regional-wd-Q9022","regional-wiki-MX-JAL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-CMX","code":"MX-CMX","parentId":"MEX","name":"Mexico City","aliases":["Mexico City","Distrito Federal","México","Mexico D.F.","City of Mexico","Mexico City, Mexico","Mexico","Ciudad de México","CDMX"],"localName":"México","type":"federal entity","coordinate":[-99.1369,19.3266],"landscape":"Mexico City sits in a high valley at about 2,240 metres, ringed by mountains and volcanoes, on the bed of a lake drained over centuries. Because that lakebed is soft and water is still pumped from beneath it, parts of the city are sinking, some by tens of centimetres a year.","names":"The city takes its name from the Mexica, the people who founded Tenochtitlan here. It stopped being a federal district and became a full federal entity in 2016.","culture":"Ruins of the Mexica Templo Mayor sit beside a colonial cathedral and a modern square, so three eras stand on one block. Xochimilco's canals and chinampa plots are farmed and travelled by flat boats to this day.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q1489","regional-wd-Q13700","regional-wd-Q13695","regional-wiki-MX-CMX"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-MIC","code":"MX-MIC","parentId":"MEX","name":"Michoacán","aliases":["Michoacán","Michoacan State","Michoacan, Mexico","Michoacan","Michoacán de Ocampo"],"localName":"Michoacán","type":"state","coordinate":[-101.936,19.2458],"landscape":"Michoacán has a Pacific coast, a volcanic belt across its middle with lakes including Pátzcuaro, and hot lowlands to the south. Parícutin appeared here in 1943 when a volcano began erupting in a farmer's cornfield and grew into a cone within months.","names":"The name comes from Nahuatl words for a place of fishermen. Purépecha is spoken around Pátzcuaro, and it is not related to any other known language.","culture":"Every autumn monarch butterflies arrive from Canada and the United States and cluster in fir forests here in numbers that bend the branches. Copper is still beaten by hand into vessels at Santa Clara del Cobre.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q79861","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q200252","regional-wiki-MX-MIC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-MOR","code":"MX-MOR","parentId":"MEX","name":"Morelos","aliases":["Morelos","Estado de Morelos"],"localName":"Morelos","type":"state","coordinate":[-99.0785,18.742],"landscape":"Morelos is one of the smallest states, dropping from the volcanoes on the rim of the Valley of Mexico into warm valleys to the south, which is why Cuernavaca is known for its steady mild weather. Barrancas cut deep channels through its towns.","names":"The state honours a leader of the independence movement. Nahuatl is spoken in a number of communities.","culture":"Xochicalco, a hilltop city built around 700, has a chamber where a shaft lets sunlight fall on the floor at midday for part of the year. Morelos was the base of Emiliano Zapata's movement during the revolution, and land reform remains part of local memory.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q66117","regional-wd-Q204245","regional-wd-Q378420","regional-wiki-MX-MOR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-NAY","code":"MX-NAY","parentId":"MEX","name":"Nayarit","aliases":["Nayarit","Estado de Nayarit","Free and Sovereign State of Nayarit","State of Nayarit"],"localName":"Nayarit","type":"state","coordinate":[-104.824,21.7934],"landscape":"Nayarit has a Pacific coast of beaches, estuaries and mangrove, a coastal plain, and the Sierra Madre Occidental rising behind. The Marías Islands lie offshore, and rivers carry water down from the sierra to irrigate tobacco and sugar.","names":"The state is named after a Cora leader. Cora, Wixárika and Tepehuán communities live in the mountains.","culture":"Wixárika yarn paintings are made by pressing coloured yarn into beeswax on a board, and beaded objects use the same designs. The Marías Islands held a prison colony until 2019 and are now a protected reserve.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q79920","regional-wd-Q207972","regional-wiki-MX-NAY"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-NLE","code":"MX-NLE","parentId":"MEX","name":"Nuevo León","aliases":["Nuevo León","Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León","Nuevo Leon","Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo Leon"],"localName":"Nuevo León","type":"state","coordinate":[-99.8307,25.6178],"landscape":"Nuevo León is dry and mostly desert, with the Sierra Madre Oriental rising sharply at Monterrey, where a peak split into two humps stands over the city. It reaches a short distance north to touch the United States border.","names":"The name means new León, after the kingdom in Spain. Monterrey is Mexico's third largest metropolitan area.","culture":"Monterrey grew as a steel and glass city, and a disused blast furnace at its old foundry now stands in a public park. Cabrito, kid goat roasted slowly beside coals, is the dish most associated with the region.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q15282","regional-wd-Q160636","regional-wd-Q81033","regional-wiki-MX-NLE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-OAX","code":"MX-OAX","parentId":"MEX","name":"Oaxaca","aliases":["Oaxaca","MX-OAX","Huāxyacac","Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca"],"localName":"Oaxaca","type":"state","coordinate":[-96.2087,16.94],"landscape":"Oaxaca stretches from mountain valleys to the Pacific coast. Compare inland highland communities with coastal ones.","names":"Oaxaca includes Zapotec and Mixtec language communities, among many others. Each label includes considerable linguistic variation.","culture":"The Guelaguetza festival brings performances from different parts of Oaxaca together. The participating communities do not all use the same clothing, dance, or music.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q34110","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q131429","regional-wd-Q131429","regional-topic-MX-OAX","regional-wiki-MX-OAX"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-PUE","code":"MX-PUE","parentId":"MEX","name":"Puebla","aliases":["Puebla","Free and Sovereign State of Puebla","Estado de Puebla"],"localName":"Puebla","type":"state","coordinate":[-97.8889,18.549],"landscape":"Puebla lies in a high valley between volcanoes, with Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl on its western border and Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain in Mexico at 5,636 metres, on its eastern one. The state reaches north into the humid Sierra Norte.","names":"The city was founded as Puebla de los Ángeles in 1531. Nahuatl, Totonac, Popoloca and Mixtec are spoken in different parts of the state.","culture":"Talavera pottery has been made here since the 1500s, using tin glaze and a limited set of colours under strict rules about clay and firing. At Cholula, a church stands on top of a pyramid whose base is larger than that of any other.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q79923","regional-wd-Q125293","regional-wiki-MX-PUE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-QUE","code":"MX-QUE","parentId":"MEX","name":"Querétaro","aliases":["Querétaro","Queretaro State","Queretaro"],"localName":"Querétaro","type":"state","coordinate":[-99.9663,20.7392],"landscape":"Querétaro is small, with a dry central valley around its capital and the wetter Sierra Gorda in the north-east, where limestone mountains hold deep canyons and a vast natural pit. The state has no coast.","names":"The origin of the name is debated, with both Purépecha and Otomí explanations offered. Otomí communities live in the centre and north of the state.","culture":"An aqueduct of seventy-four stone arches, built in the 1730s, still runs into the capital. In the Sierra Gorda, five mission churches from the 1700s carry facades in which local craftspeople worked their own imagery into European forms.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q79754","regional-wd-Q173121","regional-wd-Q173121","regional-wiki-MX-QUE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-ROO","code":"MX-ROO","parentId":"MEX","name":"Quintana Roo","aliases":["Quintana Roo","Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo","State of Quintana Roo"],"localName":"Quintana Roo","type":"state","coordinate":[-88.344,19.3861],"landscape":"Quintana Roo is the eastern side of the Yucatán peninsula, low, flat and forested, with a Caribbean coast and the second longest barrier reef in the world just offshore. Rain sinks through the limestone into flooded cave systems, some of the longest known anywhere.","names":"The state is named after a politician from Yucatán. It only became a state in 1974, and Yucatec Maya is widely spoken.","culture":"Tulum's walled town stands on a cliff above the sea, one of the few Maya sites built directly on the coast. Cancún was planned from nothing in the early 1970s and grew into one of the country's largest resorts within a generation.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q80245","regional-wd-Q459553","regional-wd-Q524664","regional-wiki-MX-ROO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-SLP","code":"MX-SLP","parentId":"MEX","name":"San Luis Potosí","aliases":["San Luis Potosí","S.L.P.","San Luis Potosi"],"localName":"San Luis Potosí","type":"state","coordinate":[-100.324,22.4465],"landscape":"San Luis Potosí covers three very different areas: dry altiplano in the west, a middle zone of hills, and the green Huasteca in the east, where rivers drop over travertine falls into blue-green pools. It has no coast.","names":"The name joins a saint's name with a reference to Potosí in Bolivia, in the hope that the mines here would prove as rich. Nahuatl, Teenek and Xi'iuy are spoken in the state.","culture":"Real de Catorce is a former silver town reached through a tunnel more than two kilometres long, largely abandoned and now partly repopulated. Huastec communities perform huapango, a fast sung dance with falsetto verses and a violin leading.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q78980","regional-wd-Q204271","regional-wiki-MX-SLP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-SIN","code":"MX-SIN","parentId":"MEX","name":"Sinaloa","aliases":["Sinaloa","Estado de Sinaloa"],"localName":"Sinaloa","type":"state","coordinate":[-108.001,25.6041],"landscape":"Sinaloa is a long coastal plain along the Gulf of California, watered by rivers coming down from the Sierra Madre Occidental and irrigated heavily, which makes it one of Mexico's leading farming states. Its coast has wide lagoons and mangrove.","names":"The name is thought to come from a Cahita phrase about a round cactus. Mayo and Yoreme communities live in the north of the state.","culture":"Banda music, played by brass and percussion ensembles with no strings at all, developed here and is now heard across Mexico. Mazatlán's carnival, held before Lent, is one of the largest in the country.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q80252","regional-wd-Q211760","regional-wiki-MX-SIN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-SON","code":"MX-SON","parentId":"MEX","name":"Sonora","aliases":["Sonora","Estado de Sonora"],"localName":"Sonora","type":"state","coordinate":[-110.485,29.5293],"landscape":"Sonora is the second largest state, mostly Sonoran Desert, with a long Gulf of California coast and the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east. El Pinacate in the north-west is a field of volcanic craters and lava beside a great sea of dunes.","names":"The origin of the name is disputed. Yaqui, Mayo, Seri and O'odham communities live in the state, and in some cases their lands cross the border with the United States.","culture":"The Yaqui deer dance is performed by a dancer wearing a deer's head, moving to gourd rattles and water drums. Sonora raises much of Mexico's beef, and wheat bred here in the 1940s and 1950s went on to raise harvests around the world.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q46422","regional-wd-Q189138","regional-wiki-MX-SON"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-MEX","code":"MX-MEX","parentId":"MEX","name":"State of Mexico","aliases":["State of Mexico","México","Estado de México","Mexico state","Mexico","Mexico, Mexico","Edomex","Edomexico"],"localName":"Estado de México","type":"state","coordinate":[-99.7416,19.3275],"landscape":"The State of Mexico wraps around Mexico City on three sides, taking in dense suburbs, farmland and high volcanic peaks including the Nevado de Toluca, whose crater holds two lakes. More people live here than in any other state.","names":"It shares its name with the country, which is why maps distinguish it as Estado de México. It surrounds the capital without including it.","culture":"Teotihuacan, with its two great pyramids and a long avenue between them, was among the largest cities in the world about 1,500 years ago, and the name its builders used is not known. Its later Nahuatl name means the place where the gods were made.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q82112","regional-wd-Q209034","regional-wiki-MX-MEX"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-TAB","code":"MX-TAB","parentId":"MEX","name":"Tabasco","aliases":["Tabasco","Tabasco State"],"localName":"Tabasco","type":"state","coordinate":[-92.8274,18.1252],"landscape":"Tabasco is low, hot and very wet, laced with rivers including the Grijalva and Usumacinta and dotted with lagoons and swamp. Almost none of it rises far above sea level, and flooding is a recurring problem.","names":"The origin of the name is uncertain, and the chilli sauce sold under the name does not come from here. Chontal Maya is spoken in the state.","culture":"The Olmec carved colossal stone heads more than two metres high from basalt hauled from distant hills, and several found in this region now stand in a park at Villahermosa. Cacao has been grown here for a very long time, and Tabasco is one of Mexico's main producers.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q80914","regional-wd-Q210886","regional-wiki-MX-TAB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-TAM","code":"MX-TAM","parentId":"MEX","name":"Tamaulipas","aliases":["Tamaulipas","Tamaulipas State"],"localName":"Tamaulipas","type":"state","coordinate":[-98.5197,24.0808],"landscape":"Tamaulipas runs along the Gulf of Mexico from the Rio Grande south, with a coastal plain, the Laguna Madre behind a long barrier island, and the Sierra Madre Oriental inland. El Cielo in those mountains is where tropical and temperate forests meet.","names":"The name comes from a Huastec phrase whose meaning is debated. The state has a long border with Texas, crossed at several pairs of twin cities.","culture":"The Laguna Madre is one of only a handful of lagoons in the world saltier than the sea, and it draws large numbers of migrating birds. Fishing, oil and cross-border trade shape most working life in the state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q80007","regional-wd-Q12630","regional-wd-Q160636","regional-wd-Q331661","regional-wiki-MX-TAM"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-TLA","code":"MX-TLA","parentId":"MEX","name":"Tlaxcala","aliases":["Tlaxcala","Estado de Tlaxcala"],"localName":"Tlaxcala","type":"state","coordinate":[-98.161,19.3956],"landscape":"Tlaxcala is the smallest state, a high rolling plateau east of Mexico City with La Malinche, a dormant volcano, rising in the middle of it. Its fields have been farmed continuously for a very long time.","names":"The name comes from Nahuatl and is often given as place of maize tortillas. Nahuatl is still spoken in a number of towns.","culture":"At Cacaxtla, murals painted around 700 survive in strong colour and show a battle in unusual detail. Tlaxcala is known for carnival dances in which performers wear carved wooden masks with pale faces and eyelids that move.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q82681","regional-wd-Q689987","regional-wiki-MX-TLA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-VER","code":"MX-VER","parentId":"MEX","name":"Veracruz","aliases":["Veracruz","Estado de Veracruz","Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave","Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave"],"localName":"Estado de Veracruz","type":"state","coordinate":[-96.5953,19.0926],"landscape":"Veracruz is a long curving strip along the Gulf of Mexico, dry in the north and wet in the south, with Pico de Orizaba and the Cofre de Perote along its inland edge. Los Tuxtlas in the south is a volcanic range covered in rainforest.","names":"The name means true cross, given at a landing in 1519. Nahuatl, Totonac, Huastec and Popoluca are spoken in different parts of the state.","culture":"El Tajín's Pyramid of the Niches has 365 square recesses in its sides, and the volador ceremony, in which four men descend on ropes from a tall pole while a fifth plays, is performed in this region. Son jarocho, played on small guitars and a harp, comes from the coastal south.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q60130","regional-wd-Q221051","regional-wd-Q2053177","regional-wiki-MX-VER"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-YUC","code":"MX-YUC","parentId":"MEX","name":"Yucatán","aliases":["Yucatán","Yucatán State","Yucatan State","Yucatan","MX-YUC"],"localName":"Yucatán","type":"state","coordinate":[-88.9836,20.663],"landscape":"Yucatán lies on a limestone peninsula. Cenotes are water-filled openings in this limestone landscape.","names":"Yucatec Maya and Spanish are used in Yucatán. A state boundary does not contain all communities speaking either language.","culture":"Huipiles are garments with regional traditions of making and decoration, including in Yucatán. Designs and the occasions for wearing them vary.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q60176","regional-wd-Q165204","regional-topic-MX-YUC","regional-wiki-MX-YUC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MEX:MX-ZAC","code":"MX-ZAC","parentId":"MEX","name":"Zacatecas","aliases":["Zacatecas","Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas","State of Zacatecas"],"localName":"Zacatecas","type":"state","coordinate":[-102.579,23.3785],"landscape":"Zacatecas is a high, dry state on the northern plateau, crossed by ranges of the Sierra Madre Occidental, with its capital sitting in a narrow ravine at about 2,400 metres. Semi-desert grassland and cactus cover much of it.","names":"The name comes from a Nahuatl word for grass. Silver found here in 1546 drew settlement and shaped the routes north.","culture":"Zacatecas's silver mines were among the most productive in the Americas, and a cable car now runs above the old city between two hills. Carved wooden carnival masks and the morisma, a mock battle re-enacted by thousands of participants each August, are local traditions.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q80269","regional-wd-Q139242","regional-wiki-MX-ZAC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"MEX-regional-landscape","placeId":"MEX","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["MEX:MX-CHH","MEX:MX-OAX","MEX:MX-YUC"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q655","regional-wd-Q61302","regional-topic-MX-CHH","regional-institution-MX-CHH","regional-wiki-MX-CHH","regional-wd-Q34110","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q131429","regional-topic-MX-OAX","regional-wiki-MX-OAX","regional-wd-Q60176","regional-wd-Q165204","regional-topic-MX-YUC","regional-wiki-MX-YUC"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 is Mexico's largest state, with gorges deeper than the Grand Canyon. Which is it?","answer":"Chihuahua","others":["Oaxaca","Yucatán","Sonora"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Chihuahua is Mexico's largest state by area, with dry northern plains, part of the Chihuahuan Desert, and the deep canyons of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the west, where several gorges are deeper than the Grand Canyon. A state can contain several landscapes. Oaxaca: Oaxaca is crossed by mountain ranges that meet in a knot of high country, with valleys between them and a Pacific coast to the south, so villages a short distance apart can sit at very different heights. Compare inland highland communities with coastal ones. Yucatán: Yucatán lies on a flat limestone shelf with almost no rivers on the surface. Rain sinks straight through the rock and collects underground, and cenotes are openings where the roof of a cave has fallen in to reveal the water below.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Compare the areas, then look for a canyon.","studyMap":{"title":"Mexico · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Chihuahua","coordinate":[-106.232,28.973]},{"label":"Oaxaca","coordinate":[-96.2087,16.94]},{"label":"Yucatán","coordinate":[-88.9836,20.663]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 is a knot of mountains and valleys running down to a Pacific coast. Which is it?","answer":"Oaxaca","others":["Chihuahua","Yucatán","Chiapas"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Chihuahua is Mexico's largest state by area, with dry northern plains, part of the Chihuahuan Desert, and the deep canyons of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the west, where several gorges are deeper than the Grand Canyon. A state can contain several landscapes. Oaxaca: Oaxaca is crossed by mountain ranges that meet in a knot of high country, with valleys between them and a Pacific coast to the south, so villages a short distance apart can sit at very different heights. Compare inland highland communities with coastal ones. Yucatán: Yucatán lies on a flat limestone shelf with almost no rivers on the surface. Rain sinks straight through the rock and collects underground, and cenotes are openings where the roof of a cave has fallen in to reveal the water below.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry puts nearby villages at very different heights.","studyMap":{"title":"Mexico · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Chihuahua","coordinate":[-106.232,28.973]},{"label":"Oaxaca","coordinate":[-96.2087,16.94]},{"label":"Yucatán","coordinate":[-88.9836,20.663]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 has almost no surface rivers because rain sinks through the rock. Which is it?","answer":"Yucatán","others":["Chihuahua","Oaxaca","Jalisco"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Chihuahua is Mexico's largest state by area, with dry northern plains, part of the Chihuahuan Desert, and the deep canyons of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the west, where several gorges are deeper than the Grand Canyon. A state can contain several landscapes. Oaxaca: Oaxaca is crossed by mountain ranges that meet in a knot of high country, with valleys between them and a Pacific coast to the south, so villages a short distance apart can sit at very different heights. Compare inland highland communities with coastal ones. Yucatán: Yucatán lies on a flat limestone shelf with almost no rivers on the surface. Rain sinks straight through the rock and collects underground, and cenotes are openings where the roof of a cave has fallen in to reveal the water below.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Ask where the water goes.","studyMap":{"title":"Mexico · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Chihuahua","coordinate":[-106.232,28.973]},{"label":"Oaxaca","coordinate":[-96.2087,16.94]},{"label":"Yucatán","coordinate":[-88.9836,20.663]}]}}]},{"id":"MEX-regional-names","placeId":"MEX","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["MEX:MX-CHH","MEX:MX-OAX","MEX:MX-YUC"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q655","regional-wd-Q61302","regional-topic-MX-CHH","regional-institution-MX-CHH","regional-wiki-MX-CHH","regional-wd-Q34110","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q131429","regional-topic-MX-OAX","regional-wiki-MX-OAX","regional-wd-Q60176","regional-wd-Q165204","regional-topic-MX-YUC","regional-wiki-MX-YUC"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state shares its name with its own capital city?","answer":"Chihuahua","others":["Oaxaca","Yucatán","Veracruz"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Chihuahua is both a state name and the name of its capital city. Rarámuri, sometimes called Tarahumara, is the name a people use for themselves, and their communities include parts of this state in the Sierra Tarahumara. Oaxaca: The name Oaxaca came into Spanish from a Nahuatl word, and the state includes Zapotec and Mixtec language communities among many others, with sixteen recognised Indigenous peoples. Each label covers considerable variation. Yucatán: Yucatec Maya and Spanish are both used in Yucatán, and Maya words turn up throughout the Spanish spoken there. A state boundary does not contain all the communities speaking either language, since Yucatec Maya is used in neighbouring states too.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One name appears twice on the map at two different scales."},{"question":"Which state's name came into Spanish from Nahuatl, and counts sixteen recognised Indigenous peoples?","answer":"Oaxaca","others":["Chihuahua","Yucatán","Puebla"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Chihuahua is both a state name and the name of its capital city. Rarámuri, sometimes called Tarahumara, is the name a people use for themselves, and their communities include parts of this state in the Sierra Tarahumara. Oaxaca: The name Oaxaca came into Spanish from a Nahuatl word, and the state includes Zapotec and Mixtec language communities among many others, with sixteen recognised Indigenous peoples. Each label covers considerable variation. Yucatán: Yucatec Maya and Spanish are both used in Yucatán, and Maya words turn up throughout the Spanish spoken there. A state boundary does not contain all the communities speaking either language, since Yucatec Maya is used in neighbouring states too.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry gives a number."},{"question":"In which state do Maya words turn up throughout everyday Spanish?","answer":"Yucatán","others":["Chihuahua","Oaxaca","Michoacán"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Chihuahua is both a state name and the name of its capital city. Rarámuri, sometimes called Tarahumara, is the name a people use for themselves, and their communities include parts of this state in the Sierra Tarahumara. Oaxaca: The name Oaxaca came into Spanish from a Nahuatl word, and the state includes Zapotec and Mixtec language communities among many others, with sixteen recognised Indigenous peoples. Each label covers considerable variation. Yucatán: Yucatec Maya and Spanish are both used in Yucatán, and Maya words turn up throughout the Spanish spoken there. A state boundary does not contain all the communities speaking either language, since Yucatec Maya is used in neighbouring states too.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for two languages sharing the same streets."}]},{"id":"MEX-regional-culture","placeId":"MEX","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["MEX:MX-CHH","MEX:MX-OAX","MEX:MX-YUC"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MEX","voyage-MEX","regional-wd-Q655","regional-wd-Q61302","regional-topic-MX-CHH","regional-institution-MX-CHH","regional-wiki-MX-CHH","regional-wd-Q34110","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q131429","regional-topic-MX-OAX","regional-wiki-MX-OAX","regional-wd-Q60176","regional-wd-Q165204","regional-topic-MX-YUC","regional-wiki-MX-YUC"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's example is woven from pine needles, sotol and palm?","answer":"Chihuahua","others":["Oaxaca","Yucatán","Guanajuato"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Rarámuri crafts include baskets coiled and woven from pine needles, sotol leaves and palm, whose materials, designs and uses connect makers with particular communities in the Sierra Tarahumara. Rarámuri runners are also known for covering long distances across the canyon country. Oaxaca: The Guelaguetza brings delegations from different parts of Oaxaca together in Oaxaca City each July, and each one arrives with its own clothing, dance and music rather than a single shared performance. The word itself carries a sense of giving and sharing. Yucatán: Huipiles are loose embroidered garments with regional traditions of making and decoration, including in Yucatán, where flowers are often stitched around the neck and hem. Designs and the occasions for wearing them vary from place to place.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Ask what the object is actually made from."},{"question":"Which state's example gathers many communities into one city each July?","answer":"Oaxaca","others":["Chihuahua","Yucatán","Nuevo León"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Rarámuri crafts include baskets coiled and woven from pine needles, sotol leaves and palm, whose materials, designs and uses connect makers with particular communities in the Sierra Tarahumara. Rarámuri runners are also known for covering long distances across the canyon country. Oaxaca: The Guelaguetza brings delegations from different parts of Oaxaca together in Oaxaca City each July, and each one arrives with its own clothing, dance and music rather than a single shared performance. The word itself carries a sense of giving and sharing. Yucatán: Huipiles are loose embroidered garments with regional traditions of making and decoration, including in Yucatán, where flowers are often stitched around the neck and hem. Designs and the occasions for wearing them vary from place to place.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the entry that names a month."},{"question":"What distinguishes the Yucatán huipiles described here?","answer":"Flowers embroidered around the neck and hem","others":["Pine needles coiled into a basket","Painted wooden masks","Strings stretched across a gourd"],"reading":"Chihuahua: Rarámuri crafts include baskets coiled and woven from pine needles, sotol leaves and palm, whose materials, designs and uses connect makers with particular communities in the Sierra Tarahumara. Rarámuri runners are also known for covering long distances across the canyon country. Oaxaca: The Guelaguetza brings delegations from different parts of Oaxaca together in Oaxaca City each July, and each one arrives with its own clothing, dance and music rather than a single shared performance. The word itself carries a sense of giving and sharing. Yucatán: Huipiles are loose embroidered garments with regional traditions of making and decoration, including in Yucatán, where flowers are often stitched around the neck and hem. Designs and the occasions for wearing them vary from place to place.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 32 subdivisions of Mexico. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. States and Mexico City are federal entities; Mexico City is not labelled a state.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/MEX.geojson"},{"placeId":"CAN","name":"Canada","regions":[{"id":"CAN:CA-AB","code":"CA-AB","parentId":"CAN","name":"Alberta","aliases":["Alberta","AB","Province of Alberta","Alta.","CA-AB","Wild Rose Country"],"localName":"Alberta","type":"province","coordinate":[-115,55.2816],"landscape":"Alberta rises from flat prairie in the east to the Rocky Mountains along its western border, where Banff and Jasper protect ice fields and lakes coloured by rock flour. Near Drumheller the Red Deer River has cut through soft rock into badlands of bare hills and gullies.","names":"Alberta was named in 1882 after a daughter of Queen Victoria. Blackfoot, Cree, Dene and Stoney Nakoda names are used across the province, and the Kainai, Siksika and Piikani are among the First Nations here.","culture":"Those badlands hold one of the richest dinosaur fossil beds anywhere, and people come to Drumheller to dig, prepare and study what is found. Palaeontology is a job here, not only a hobby.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1951","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2096","regional-wd-Q161167","regional-wiki-CA-AB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-BC","code":"CA-BC","parentId":"CAN","name":"British Columbia","aliases":["British Columbia","Colombie-Britannique","BC","B.C.","Province of British Columbia","CA-BC"],"localName":"British Columbia","type":"province","coordinate":[-124.662,54.6943],"landscape":"British Columbia includes a Pacific coast, islands, and mountain ranges. Coastal and interior communities experience different surroundings.","names":"Many Indigenous languages belong to communities in British Columbia. One province-wide language label would hide these differences.","culture":"Northwest Coast carving includes monumental poles made by particular First Nations. These have different meanings and traditions; they are not a symbol made by every Indigenous people.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1974","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2132","regional-wd-Q38272","regional-wd-Q2980922","regional-topic-CA-BC","regional-wiki-CA-BC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-MB","code":"CA-MB","parentId":"CAN","name":"Manitoba","aliases":["Manitoba","Manitoba, Canada","Man.","Province of Manitoba","CA-MB","The Keystone Province"],"localName":"Manitoba","type":"province","coordinate":[-97.3828,54.85],"landscape":"Manitoba has prairie in the south, boreal forest and thousands of lakes through the middle, and a cold coast on Hudson Bay in the far north. Lake Winnipeg is among the largest lakes in the world and freezes right over each winter.","names":"The name is thought to come from Cree or Ojibwe words for the narrows of the great lake, where waves striking loose stones make a drumming sound. Cree, Ojibwe, Dakota, Dene and Michif are among the languages of communities here.","culture":"At Churchill on Hudson Bay, polar bears gather in autumn to wait for the sea ice to form, and the town organises part of its year around living safely alongside them. Very few places have to plan for that.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1948","regional-wd-Q3040","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2135","regional-wd-Q22541896","regional-wiki-CA-MB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-NB","code":"CA-NB","parentId":"CAN","name":"New Brunswick","aliases":["New Brunswick","Nouveau-Brunswick","Province of New Brunswick","NB","N.B.","CA-NB","Picture Province"],"localName":"Nouveau-Brunswick","type":"province","coordinate":[-66.4558,46.5822],"landscape":"New Brunswick is heavily forested, with the Saint John River running down its western side and the Bay of Fundy along its south. Fundy has the highest tides in the world: the water can rise more than fifteen metres between low tide and high.","names":"New Brunswick is labelled Nouveau-Brunswick in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include English, French. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"This is Canada's only officially bilingual province, and Acadian communities along the north and east coasts have their own French, their own music and their own flag. A province being bilingual by law is not the same as everyone speaking both languages.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1965","regional-wd-Q169523","regional-wd-Q181857","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q556263","regional-wiki-CA-NB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-NL","code":"CA-NL","parentId":"CAN","name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","aliases":["Newfoundland and Labrador","Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador","NL","New Foundland and Labrador","N.L.","Newfoundland","Nfld.","NFLD","CA-NL","Canada's Happy Province"],"localName":"Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador","type":"province","coordinate":[-56.2169,48.6598],"landscape":"This province is in two parts: the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the mainland. Icebergs drift south past the coast each spring, and at Gros Morne rock from deep beneath the Earth's crust is exposed at the surface, which is very rare.","names":"Newfoundland and Labrador is labelled Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include English. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"At L'Anse aux Meadows, archaeologists uncovered a Norse settlement about a thousand years old, the earliest known European buildings in the Americas. Cod fishing shaped the province for centuries, and its collapse in the 1990s changed life in many towns at once.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q2003","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q184189","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2082","regional-wd-Q3052766","regional-wiki-CA-NL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-NT","code":"CA-NT","parentId":"CAN","name":"Northwest Territories","aliases":["Northwest Territories","Territoires du Nord-Ouest","NWT","Denendeh","Dënéndeh","North-West Territories","CA-NT","NT"],"localName":"Territoires du Nord-Ouest","type":"territory","coordinate":[-119.942,64.0831],"landscape":"The Northwest Territories hold two of North America's largest lakes, Great Bear and Great Slave, and the Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, running north to the Arctic Ocean. Forest gives way to open tundra toward the north.","names":"Northwest Territories is labelled Territoires du Nord-Ouest in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Chipewyan, Cree, English, French. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Eleven languages have official status here, including several Dene languages, Inuvialuktun, Cree, French and English, more than in any province. Diamond mines that opened in the 1990s changed what kinds of work are available.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q2007","regional-wd-Q788","regional-wd-Q27692","regional-wd-Q33390","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q2061","regional-wd-Q5491373","regional-wd-Q4770873","regional-wiki-CA-NT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-NS","code":"CA-NS","parentId":"CAN","name":"Nova Scotia","aliases":["Nova Scotia","Nouvelle-Écosse","Province of Nova Scotia","CA-NS","Canada's Ocean Playground","New Scotland"],"localName":"Nouvelle-Écosse","type":"province","coordinate":[-62.8113,45.2293],"landscape":"Nova Scotia is almost an island: a narrow neck of land joins it to New Brunswick, and Cape Breton Island sits at its northern end. Nowhere in the province is much more than sixty kilometres from salt water.","names":"Nova Scotia is labelled Nouvelle-Écosse in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include English. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Mi'kmaq people have lived here for thousands of years, and Mi'kmaw place names are used across the province. Scottish Gaelic is still taught, spoken and sung in Cape Breton, brought by families who arrived in the 1800s.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1952","regional-wd-Q97","regional-wd-Q181857","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2141","regional-wd-Q22","regional-wiki-CA-NS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-NU","code":"CA-NU","parentId":"CAN","name":"Nunavut","aliases":["Nunavut","NU","Nvt.","Nunavut Territory","CA-NU","Territory of Nunavut"],"localName":"Nunavut","type":"territory","coordinate":[-97.1443,64.3853],"landscape":"Nunavut includes Arctic mainland areas and many islands. Water routes and seasonal sea ice shape connections between communities.","names":"Nunavut’s name comes from Inuktitut. Inuit languages have local varieties; a single written example cannot represent every community.","culture":"Inuit artists in Nunavut make sculpture and prints, among other art forms. Kinngait is one community with a printmaking tradition.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q2023","regional-wd-Q37040","regional-wd-Q3040","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q29921","regional-wd-Q28070","regional-wd-Q2030","regional-topic-CA-NU","regional-wiki-CA-NU"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-ON","code":"CA-ON","parentId":"CAN","name":"Ontario","aliases":["Ontario","ONT","ON","Province of Ontario","Ont.","CA-ON","Ontario, Canada","The Heartland Province"],"localName":"Ontario","type":"province","coordinate":[-84.7943,50.5244],"landscape":"Ontario touches four of the five Great Lakes and reaches north to a flat, marshy coast on Hudson Bay. Between them lies the Canadian Shield, ancient rock scraped bare by ice and pitted with lakes. Niagara Falls drops about fifty metres on the border with the United States.","names":"Ontario comes from a Haudenosaunee word usually given as great lake or beautiful water, and Toronto's name has Haudenosaunee roots too. Ojibwe, Cree and Oji-Cree are among the languages spoken in the province.","culture":"More people live in Ontario than in any other province, and about half of Toronto's residents were born outside Canada, so a great many languages are used in one city. That is one city's story rather than every Ontario town's.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1904","regional-wd-Q3040","regional-wd-Q7347","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q172","regional-wd-Q1062","regional-wiki-CA-ON"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-PE","code":"CA-PE","parentId":"CAN","name":"Prince Edward Island","aliases":["Prince Edward Island","Île-du-Prince-Édouard","PEI","St. John's Island","Province of Prince Edward Island","Colony of Prince Edward Island","P.E.I.","CA-PE","Garden of the Gulf","Birthplace of Confederation","Epekwitk"],"localName":"Île-du-Prince-Édouard","type":"province","coordinate":[-63.3862,46.3417],"landscape":"Prince Edward Island is Canada's smallest province, a crescent of low hills and red sandstone in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The soil is red because the sandstone contains iron that has rusted. A bridge nearly thirteen kilometres long links it to New Brunswick.","names":"Prince Edward Island is labelled Île-du-Prince-Édouard in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include English. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Potatoes grow well in that red soil, and the island produces a large share of Canada's crop. Mi'kmaq people call the island Epekwitk, and their communities are part of island life today.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1979","regional-wd-Q169523","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2127","regional-wd-Q15120268","regional-wiki-CA-PE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-QC","code":"CA-QC","parentId":"CAN","name":"Quebec","aliases":["Quebec","Québec","QC","Province of Quebec","Quebec Province","PQ","P.Q."],"localName":"Québec","type":"province","coordinate":[-73.7168,52.2593],"landscape":"Quebec includes the St. Lawrence valley and much more northerly land. The province is larger and more varied than a single city.","names":"Québec and Quebec are French and English spellings used for the province. French has a major public role, alongside Indigenous and other community languages.","culture":"Quebec City’s winter carnival includes outdoor celebrations in a cold season. A city festival is one local example, not a rule for all Quebec residents.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q176","regional-wd-Q68467","regional-wd-Q134750","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q2145","regional-wd-Q2145","regional-topic-CA-QC","regional-wiki-CA-QC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-SK","code":"CA-SK","parentId":"CAN","name":"Saskatchewan","aliases":["Saskatchewan","Province of Saskatchewan","CA-SK","Canada's Breadbasket","The Land of the Living Skies"],"localName":"Saskatchewan","type":"province","coordinate":[-105.682,54.4965],"landscape":"Saskatchewan is often pictured as flat farmland, and its south is broad prairie, but the northern half is forest and lake country on the edge of the Canadian Shield. Beside Lake Athabasca lie sand dunes further north than almost any others on Earth.","names":"The name comes from a Cree word for the swift-flowing river, the Saskatchewan. Cree, Dene, Saulteaux, Dakota, Nakota and Michif are among the languages of First Nations and Métis communities here.","culture":"Tall wooden grain elevators once stood beside the railway in nearly every prairie town, and the few that remain are now landmarks people work to keep standing. A landscape changes its appearance when the way of farming changes.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1989","regional-wd-Q2242","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2123","regional-wd-Q3047","regional-wiki-CA-SK"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CAN:CA-YT","code":"CA-YT","parentId":"CAN","name":"Yukon","aliases":["Yukon","Yukon Territory","the Yukon","YT","Territory of the Yukon","CA-YT","The Klondike"],"localName":"Yukon","type":"territory","coordinate":[-135.7,63.6088],"landscape":"Yukon holds Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak at about 5,959 metres, inside an enormous field of ice and mountains in the south-west. The Yukon River curves north-west across the territory, and in midsummer the sun barely sets.","names":"Yukon takes its name from the river, from a Gwich'in word often given as great river. Several Yukon First Nations languages are used here, among them Southern Tutchone, Gwich'in and Tlingit.","culture":"Thousands of people travelled here in the 1890s hoping to find gold near Dawson City, and the rush reshaped the territory within a few years. Most who came found very little, and the story is remembered for what it changed rather than for who got rich.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q2009","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q2055","regional-wd-Q104437","regional-wiki-CA-YT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"CAN-regional-landscape","placeId":"CAN","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["CAN:CA-BC","CAN:CA-QC","CAN:CA-NU"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1974","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2132","regional-wd-Q38272","regional-wd-Q2980922","regional-topic-CA-BC","regional-wiki-CA-BC","regional-wd-Q176","regional-wd-Q68467","regional-wd-Q134750","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q2145","regional-topic-CA-QC","regional-wiki-CA-QC","regional-wd-Q2023","regional-wd-Q37040","regional-wd-Q3040","regional-wd-Q29921","regional-wd-Q28070","regional-wd-Q2030","regional-topic-CA-NU","regional-wiki-CA-NU"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 has a Pacific coast, large islands and mountain ranges. Which is it?","answer":"British Columbia","others":["Quebec","Nunavut","Alberta"],"reading":"British Columbia: British Columbia includes a Pacific coast cut into deep inlets, large islands such as Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, and mountain ranges including the Coast Mountains and the Rockies. Rain falls heavily on the western slopes while parts of the interior are dry enough for cactus. Coastal and interior communities experience very different surroundings. Quebec: Quebec includes the St. Lawrence valley, where most of its people live, and a far larger northern area of forest, rock and tundra reaching up to Hudson Strait. The province is bigger and more varied than a single city. Nunavut: Nunavut covers Arctic mainland and most of Canada's Arctic islands, and no road connects its communities to the rest of the country. Water routes and seasonal sea ice shape how people and supplies move.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the entry that mentions islands and mountains together.","studyMap":{"title":"Canada · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"British Columbia","coordinate":[-124.662,54.6943]},{"label":"Quebec","coordinate":[-73.7168,52.2593]},{"label":"Nunavut","coordinate":[-97.1443,64.3853]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 has most of its people along one river valley and a much emptier north. Which is it?","answer":"Quebec","others":["British Columbia","Nunavut","Ontario"],"reading":"British Columbia: British Columbia includes a Pacific coast cut into deep inlets, large islands such as Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, and mountain ranges including the Coast Mountains and the Rockies. Rain falls heavily on the western slopes while parts of the interior are dry enough for cactus. Coastal and interior communities experience very different surroundings. Quebec: Quebec includes the St. Lawrence valley, where most of its people live, and a far larger northern area of forest, rock and tundra reaching up to Hudson Strait. The province is bigger and more varied than a single city. Nunavut: Nunavut covers Arctic mainland and most of Canada's Arctic islands, and no road connects its communities to the rest of the country. Water routes and seasonal sea ice shape how people and supplies move.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry contrasts a crowded valley with a quiet north.","studyMap":{"title":"Canada · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"British Columbia","coordinate":[-124.662,54.6943]},{"label":"Quebec","coordinate":[-73.7168,52.2593]},{"label":"Nunavut","coordinate":[-97.1443,64.3853]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 has no road link to the rest of Canada. Which is it?","answer":"Nunavut","others":["British Columbia","Quebec","Yukon"],"reading":"British Columbia: British Columbia includes a Pacific coast cut into deep inlets, large islands such as Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, and mountain ranges including the Coast Mountains and the Rockies. Rain falls heavily on the western slopes while parts of the interior are dry enough for cactus. Coastal and interior communities experience very different surroundings. Quebec: Quebec includes the St. Lawrence valley, where most of its people live, and a far larger northern area of forest, rock and tundra reaching up to Hudson Strait. The province is bigger and more varied than a single city. Nunavut: Nunavut covers Arctic mainland and most of Canada's Arctic islands, and no road connects its communities to the rest of the country. Water routes and seasonal sea ice shape how people and supplies move.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Think about how supplies would have to arrive.","studyMap":{"title":"Canada · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"British Columbia","coordinate":[-124.662,54.6943]},{"label":"Quebec","coordinate":[-73.7168,52.2593]},{"label":"Nunavut","coordinate":[-97.1443,64.3853]}]}}]},{"id":"CAN-regional-names","placeId":"CAN","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["CAN:CA-BC","CAN:CA-QC","CAN:CA-NU"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1974","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2132","regional-wd-Q38272","regional-wd-Q2980922","regional-topic-CA-BC","regional-wiki-CA-BC","regional-wd-Q176","regional-wd-Q68467","regional-wd-Q134750","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q2145","regional-topic-CA-QC","regional-wiki-CA-QC","regional-wd-Q2023","regional-wd-Q37040","regional-wd-Q3040","regional-wd-Q29921","regional-wd-Q28070","regional-wd-Q2030","regional-topic-CA-NU","regional-wiki-CA-NU"],"steps":[{"question":"Which subdivision has more than thirty Indigenous languages of its own?","answer":"British Columbia","others":["Quebec","Nunavut","Manitoba"],"reading":"British Columbia: More than thirty Indigenous languages belong to communities in British Columbia, among them Halq'eméylem, Nisg̱a'a and Haida, making it the most linguistically varied province. One province-wide language label would hide these differences. Quebec: Québec and Quebec are the French and English spellings of one name, which comes from an Algonquian word for the place where the river narrows. French has a major public role, alongside Indigenous and other community languages. Nunavut: Nunavut means our land in Inuktitut, and the territory was created in 1999. Inuit languages have local varieties and are written both in Latin letters and in syllabic characters, so a single written example cannot represent every community.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry gives a number."},{"question":"Which subdivision's name comes from a word for where the river narrows?","answer":"Quebec","others":["British Columbia","Nunavut","Nova Scotia"],"reading":"British Columbia: More than thirty Indigenous languages belong to communities in British Columbia, among them Halq'eméylem, Nisg̱a'a and Haida, making it the most linguistically varied province. One province-wide language label would hide these differences. Quebec: Québec and Quebec are the French and English spellings of one name, which comes from an Algonquian word for the place where the river narrows. French has a major public role, alongside Indigenous and other community languages. Nunavut: Nunavut means our land in Inuktitut, and the territory was created in 1999. Inuit languages have local varieties and are written both in Latin letters and in syllabic characters, so a single written example cannot represent every community.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One name describes the shape of a waterway."},{"question":"Which subdivision's name means our land, and was created in 1999?","answer":"Nunavut","others":["British Columbia","Quebec","Northwest Territories"],"reading":"British Columbia: More than thirty Indigenous languages belong to communities in British Columbia, among them Halq'eméylem, Nisg̱a'a and Haida, making it the most linguistically varied province. One province-wide language label would hide these differences. Quebec: Québec and Quebec are the French and English spellings of one name, which comes from an Algonquian word for the place where the river narrows. French has a major public role, alongside Indigenous and other community languages. Nunavut: Nunavut means our land in Inuktitut, and the territory was created in 1999. Inuit languages have local varieties and are written both in Latin letters and in syllabic characters, so a single written example cannot represent every community.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One of the three is much younger than the others."}]},{"id":"CAN-regional-culture","placeId":"CAN","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["CAN:CA-BC","CAN:CA-QC","CAN:CA-NU"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CAN","voyage-CAN","regional-wd-Q1974","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q2132","regional-wd-Q38272","regional-wd-Q2980922","regional-topic-CA-BC","regional-wiki-CA-BC","regional-wd-Q176","regional-wd-Q68467","regional-wd-Q134750","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q2145","regional-topic-CA-QC","regional-wiki-CA-QC","regional-wd-Q2023","regional-wd-Q37040","regional-wd-Q3040","regional-wd-Q29921","regional-wd-Q28070","regional-wd-Q2030","regional-topic-CA-NU","regional-wiki-CA-NU"],"steps":[{"question":"Which subdivision's example is cut from cedar and carries crests belonging to a family?","answer":"British Columbia","others":["Quebec","Nunavut","Ontario"],"reading":"British Columbia: Northwest Coast carving includes monumental poles raised by particular First Nations such as the Haida, Nisg̱a'a and Kwakwakaʼwakw, usually cut from western red cedar and carved with crests belonging to a family or clan. These have different meanings and traditions; they are not a symbol made by every Indigenous people. Quebec: Quebec City's winter carnival runs for about two weeks each February, with night parades, ice sculpture and outdoor games in temperatures well below freezing. A city festival is one local example, not a rule for all Quebec residents. Nunavut: Inuit artists in Nunavut make sculpture in stone, bone and antler, and prints pulled from carved stone blocks and stencils. Kinngait is one community with a printmaking tradition that began in the 1950s.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Which example is made from a tree?"},{"question":"Which subdivision's example would not work at all in July?","answer":"Quebec","others":["British Columbia","Nunavut","Saskatchewan"],"reading":"British Columbia: Northwest Coast carving includes monumental poles raised by particular First Nations such as the Haida, Nisg̱a'a and Kwakwakaʼwakw, usually cut from western red cedar and carved with crests belonging to a family or clan. These have different meanings and traditions; they are not a symbol made by every Indigenous people. Quebec: Quebec City's winter carnival runs for about two weeks each February, with night parades, ice sculpture and outdoor games in temperatures well below freezing. A city festival is one local example, not a rule for all Quebec residents. Nunavut: Inuit artists in Nunavut make sculpture in stone, bone and antler, and prints pulled from carved stone blocks and stencils. Kinngait is one community with a printmaking tradition that began in the 1950s.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"One example depends on the temperature staying low."},{"question":"What do Kinngait artists use to make the prints in this example?","answer":"Carved stone blocks and stencils","others":["Only carved cedar poles","Ice blocks melted onto paper","Woven threads pressed into cloth"],"reading":"British Columbia: Northwest Coast carving includes monumental poles raised by particular First Nations such as the Haida, Nisg̱a'a and Kwakwakaʼwakw, usually cut from western red cedar and carved with crests belonging to a family or clan. These have different meanings and traditions; they are not a symbol made by every Indigenous people. Quebec: Quebec City's winter carnival runs for about two weeks each February, with night parades, ice sculpture and outdoor games in temperatures well below freezing. A city festival is one local example, not a rule for all Quebec residents. Nunavut: Inuit artists in Nunavut make sculpture in stone, bone and antler, and prints pulled from carved stone blocks and stencils. Kinngait is one community with a printmaking tradition that began in the 1950s.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 13 subdivisions of Canada. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. Provinces and territories have different relationships with the federal government.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/CAN.geojson"},{"placeId":"CHN","name":"China","regions":[{"id":"CHN:CN-AH","code":"CN-AH","parentId":"CHN","name":"Anhui","aliases":["Anhui","安徽省","Nganhui","Ngan-hui","An-hui","Nganhoei","An-hwei","Ngan-hwei","Anhwei","Nganhwei"],"localName":"安徽省","type":"province","coordinate":[117.253,31.9537],"landscape":"Anhui is crossed by both the Yangtze and the Huai, which divide it into three bands: a northern plain, hills and lakes through the middle, and the Huangshan mountains in the south, where granite peaks stand out of cloud with pines rooted in bare rock.","names":"安徽 takes its two characters from Anqing and Huizhou, two old prefectures joined when the province was formed. Mandarin is standard, and Jianghuai and Wu varieties are used in different parts of the province.","culture":"Huizhou villages in the south are built with white walls, dark tiles and stepped gable ends, arranged around ponds and channels that carry water through the streets. Ink sticks and inkstones made in this region have been sought by calligraphers for centuries.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q40956","regional-wd-Q185684","regional-wiki-CN-AH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-BJ","code":"CN-BJ","parentId":"CHN","name":"Beijing","aliases":["Beijing","北京市","Beiping","Peiping","Yanjing","Zhongdu","Khanbaliq","BJ","Pekin","Shuntian","Shuntianfu","Shuntian Fu","Pe-king","Pei-p'ing","Pei-ping","Peip'ing"],"localName":"北京市","type":"municipality","coordinate":[116.389,39.9488],"landscape":"Beijing lies on a plain that opens south-east toward the sea, with mountains curving around its north and west, which is why the Great Wall runs along those ridges. Winds off the Mongolian plateau make winters cold and dry, and water has long been scarce enough to be brought in by canal from the south.","names":"Beijing is labelled 北京市 in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Chinese. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The old city was laid out along a north-south axis, with courtyard houses and narrow lanes called hutong on either side; many were cleared and some are now protected. Peking opera combines singing, stylised movement and painted face patterns whose colours signal what kind of character is on stage.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q956","regional-wd-Q1151727","regional-wd-Q10392039","regional-wd-Q7850","regional-wd-Q393836","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-wd-Q659","regional-wiki-CN-BJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-CQ","code":"CN-CQ","parentId":"CHN","name":"Chongqing","aliases":["Chongqing","重庆市","Chongqing Municipality","Chunking"],"localName":"重庆市","type":"municipality","coordinate":[107.73,30.0173],"landscape":"Chongqing sits where the Jialing joins the Yangtze, built across steep hills so that streets stack above one another and a road can run level with a tenth-floor window. The municipality is far larger than the city, taking in mountains, gorges and farmland.","names":"重庆 can be read as double celebration, from a title granted when a prince who had governed here became emperor. It was separated from Sichuan as a municipality in 1997, partly to manage resettlement for the Three Gorges Dam.","culture":"Chongqing hotpot is a bubbling pot of chilli and Sichuan pepper into which diners cook their own pieces, sitting around it for hours. Because the ground is so steep, the city runs cable cars across the river and a monorail line that passes through a residential building.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q11725","regional-wd-Q5413","regional-wd-Q1045185","regional-wd-Q713343","regional-wd-Q7494","regional-wiki-CN-CQ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-FJ","code":"CN-FJ","parentId":"CHN","name":"Fujian","aliases":["Fujian","福建省","Fujiang Province","Province of Fujian","Fokien","Fukien","Fu-kien","Fu Kien","Foukien","Fou-kien","Fou Kien","Fuchien","Fu-chien","Fo-kien","Fo'kien","Fu Jian Sheng"],"localName":"福建省","type":"province","coordinate":[118.178,26.408],"landscape":"Fujian is mountainous almost everywhere, with ranges running parallel to a deeply indented coast, so its valleys look out to sea rather than inland. It was historically easier to reach by boat than over the hills, and its harbours faced outward.","names":"福建 joins characters from Fuzhou and Jianzhou, two old prefectures. Several Min varieties are spoken here, including Hokkien and Fuzhou speech, and they differ enough that people from neighbouring valleys may not understand one another.","culture":"Tulou are large earthen buildings, some round and several storeys high, built by Hakka and Hokkien communities to house a whole clan around a shared courtyard. Fujian's ports sent people abroad for centuries, and communities descended from them live across South-East Asia.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q41705","regional-wd-Q68481","regional-wiki-CN-FJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-GS","code":"CN-GS","parentId":"CHN","name":"Gansu","aliases":["Gansu","甘肃省","Kansu","Kan-su","Kansou","Kan-sou","Gansu Province","Province of Gansu","Kansu Province","Province of Kansu","Kansuh"],"localName":"甘肃省","type":"province","coordinate":[100.735,38.7393],"landscape":"Gansu is long and narrow, curving north-west along the Hexi Corridor, a natural passage between the Qilian mountains and the desert. Oases strung along it were the only practical way through, and the Yellow River cuts across its eastern part.","names":"甘肃 joins characters from Ganzhou and Suzhou, two towns along that corridor. Mandarin is standard, and Hui, Tibetan, Dongxiang and Yugur communities live here with languages of their own.","culture":"At Dunhuang, hundreds of caves cut into a cliff hold wall paintings and statues made over roughly a thousand years, along with a sealed library of manuscripts found in 1900. Hand-pulled Lanzhou beef noodles are stretched and folded again and again until one piece of dough becomes many strands.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q42392","regional-wd-Q183584","regional-wiki-CN-GS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-GD","code":"CN-GD","parentId":"CHN","name":"Guangdong","aliases":["Guangdong","广东省","Kwangtung","Canton","Guangdong province","Guangdong Province","Canton Province","Province of Canton","Kwangtung Province","Province of Kwangtung","Kwang-tung","Kuang-tung","Kuang-tung Province","Guangdong Sheng","Kuang-tung Sheng","Kwantoung","广东"],"localName":"广东","type":"province","coordinate":[113.72,23.7924],"landscape":"Guangdong meets the South China Sea and includes the Pearl River Delta. Compare its southern coast with inland Sichuan.","names":"Guangdong and Canton are names encountered in different historical and language contexts. Cantonese, Hakka, and other varieties are used by different communities.","culture":"Cantonese opera combines singing, acting, costumes, and music. It connects Guangdong with performers and audiences beyond the provincial boundary.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q15175","regional-wd-Q16572","regional-topic-CN-GD","regional-wiki-CN-GD"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-GX","code":"CN-GX","parentId":"CHN","name":"Guangxi","aliases":["Guangxi","广西壮族自治区","Kwangsi","Guangxi Province","Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","Kwanghsi","Province of Guangxi","Guangxi Autonomous Region","Guangxi Autonomous Area","Kwang-si","Kuang-hsi","Kuanghsi","Kwang-hsi","Quang-si","Quangsi","Guangxi Region"],"localName":"广西壮族自治区","type":"autonomous region","coordinate":[108.756,23.7451],"landscape":"Guangxi is known for karst: limestone dissolved by rain into thousands of steep isolated hills, most strikingly along the Li River near Guilin. It reaches the Gulf of Tonkin in the south and borders Vietnam, and rivers here run through caves as often as across open ground.","names":"广西壮族自治区 is the full name, marking it as an autonomous region for the Zhuang, the largest minority nationality in China. Zhuang is a Tai language, related to Thai and Lao rather than to Chinese, and Cantonese and Hakka are also spoken here.","culture":"The Longji terraces climb the hillsides in narrow curving steps built up over centuries by Zhuang and Yao farmers. Zhuang song festivals pair singers who answer one another verse for verse, making up their lines as they go.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q15176","regional-wd-Q179608","regional-wiki-CN-GX"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-GZ","code":"CN-GZ","parentId":"CHN","name":"Guizhou","aliases":["Guizhou","贵州省","Kweichow","Kweichou","Kuei-chou","Kueichou","Guizhou Province","Province of Guizhou","Koei-chou","Koeichou","Guizhou (PRC)","Koei-tcheou","Koeitcheou","Hoeitcheou","Hoei-tcheou","Kweichew"],"localName":"贵州省","type":"province","coordinate":[106.559,26.8033],"landscape":"Guizhou is a rugged limestone plateau, and a local saying holds that there are never three level feet of ground. Caves, sinkholes and underground rivers run beneath it, the Huangguoshu falls drop off a cliff you can walk behind, and the sky stays cloudy for much of the year.","names":"贵州 has been the province's name since the Ming period. Alongside Mandarin, Miao, Dong, Buyi and other languages are spoken, and Guizhou has one of the largest minority populations of any province.","culture":"Dong villages build drum towers and covered bridges entirely of fir, fitted together without nails. Dong grand song is sung in several parts at once with no conductor and no instruments, and Miao communities work silver into elaborate headdresses worn at festivals.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q47097","regional-wd-Q192271","regional-wiki-CN-GZ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-HI","code":"CN-HI","parentId":"CHN","name":"Hainan","aliases":["Hainan","海南省","Hainan province"],"localName":"海南省","type":"province","coordinate":[109.825,19.1865],"landscape":"Hainan is a tropical island province in the South China Sea, with mountains and rainforest through its middle and a ring of beaches and coconut plantations around the coast. Typhoons cross it most years, and it is warm enough to take two or three rice harvests from the same field in a year.","names":"海南 means south of the sea. Hainanese, a Min variety, is spoken alongside Mandarin, and the Li and Miao peoples of the interior have languages of their own.","culture":"Li women wove and dyed cloth using techniques including tie-dye and double-face embroidery long before such weaving spread elsewhere in the region. Hainan also holds a launch site used for China's heaviest rockets, chosen because being nearer the Equator helps them lift more.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q42200","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q189823","regional-wiki-CN-HI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-HE","code":"CN-HE","parentId":"CHN","name":"Hebei","aliases":["Hebei","河北省","Hopeh","Hebei Province"],"localName":"河北省","type":"province","coordinate":[115.314,38.5205],"landscape":"Hebei wraps around Beijing and Tianjin and reaches from the Bohai Sea coast up onto a plateau in the north, with the Taihang mountains along its western edge. Much of it is flat farmland, and its groundwater has been drawn down heavily to keep the crops watered.","names":"河北 means north of the river, again the Yellow River. Its short name, Ji, comes from an ancient region and appears on vehicle plates and in official documents.","culture":"The Great Wall runs across northern Hebei and reaches the sea at Shanhaiguan, where a fort stands at the point where wall meets water. Cangzhou has a long association with martial arts schools, and Wuqiang is known for woodblock New Year prints.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q21208","regional-wd-Q58401","regional-wiki-CN-HE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-HL","code":"CN-HL","parentId":"CHN","name":"Heilongjiang","aliases":["Heilongjiang","黑龙江省"],"localName":"黑龙江省","type":"province","coordinate":[127.97,46.8451],"landscape":"Heilongjiang is China's northernmost and coldest province, where winter temperatures can drop below minus forty. The Amur forms much of its border with Russia, and the flat Songnen plain through its middle has some of the country's most fertile black soil.","names":"黑龙江 means black dragon river, the Chinese name for the Amur. Mandarin is spoken here in a north-eastern variety, and Manchu, Daur, Hezhen and other communities live in the province.","culture":"Harbin builds a whole district out of ice blocks cut from the Songhua each winter, lit from inside and left to melt away in spring. The city's Russian-influenced churches and railway buildings date from the line laid across the region around 1900.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q19206","regional-wd-Q42956","regional-wiki-CN-HL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-HA","code":"CN-HA","parentId":"CHN","name":"Henan","aliases":["Henan","河南省","Honan","Henan Province","Province of Henan","Ho-nan","He Nan","Ho Nan","Henan Sheng"],"localName":"河南省","type":"province","coordinate":[113.484,33.9055],"landscape":"Henan lies mostly on the flat, intensively farmed North China Plain, with the Yellow River running across it. The river drops so much silt that in places its bed has risen above the surrounding land and is held in by dykes, so a break can flood an enormous area.","names":"河南 means south of the river, meaning the Yellow River, although part of the province lies north of it. Mandarin is spoken here in a distinctive central variety.","culture":"Several early Chinese capitals stood in this province, and the oracle bones found at Anyang carry the earliest known Chinese writing, scratched into bone and shell more than three thousand years ago. Shaolin Temple, in the Song mountains, is closely associated with Chinese martial arts.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q43684","regional-wd-Q30340","regional-wiki-CN-HA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-HK","code":"CN-HK","parentId":"CHN","name":"Hong Kong","aliases":["Hong Kong","香港"],"localName":"香港","type":"special administrative region","coordinate":[114.097769,22.448829],"landscape":"Hong Kong is a deep natural harbour surrounded by very steep hills, which is part of why its buildings are so tall and packed so closely: about three-quarters of its land is countryside, much of it protected park. It takes in Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon peninsula, the New Territories and more than two hundred outlying islands.","names":"Hong Kong is labelled 香港 in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Standard Chinese. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Dim sum meals in Hong Kong include many small dishes. Sharing dishes offers one example of a dining practice, while individual tastes and household routines vary.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q8646","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q727694","regional-topic-CN-HK","regional-wiki-CN-HK"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04","atlasPlaceId":"HKG"},{"id":"CHN:CN-HB","code":"CN-HB","parentId":"CHN","name":"Hubei","aliases":["Hubei","湖北省","Hubei Province","Hu-pei","Hu-pei Province","Hou-pe","Hou-pe Province","Houpe","Houpe Province"],"localName":"湖北省","type":"province","coordinate":[112.264,30.9857],"landscape":"Hubei sits in the middle Yangtze basin, a broad plain scattered with lakes and old river channels and ringed by mountains on three sides. The Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydroelectric station in the world, spans the Yangtze in its west, and ships pass it through a stack of locks.","names":"湖北 means north of the lake, and the lake is Dongting, which lies just over the border in Hunan. The two provinces are named as a pair from opposite sides of the same water.","culture":"In 1978 a tomb here was opened containing a set of sixty-five bronze bells, still in tune, each able to sound two different notes depending on where it is struck. Wuhan, where the Han meets the Yangtze, grew as a river port and became one city out of three separate towns.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q46862","regional-wd-Q11746","regional-wiki-CN-HB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-HN","code":"CN-HN","parentId":"CHN","name":"Hunan","aliases":["Hunan","湖南省","Hunan Province","Province of Hunan","Hu-nan","Xiang","Hsiang","Hounan","Hou-nan"],"localName":"湖南省","type":"province","coordinate":[111.712,27.6667],"landscape":"Hunan lies south of Dongting Lake in the Yangtze basin, ringed by mountains and drained by the Xiang. At Zhangjiajie, sandstone has weathered into thousands of narrow pillars standing separately in the forest.","names":"湖南 means south of the lake, paired with Hubei on the far side of Dongting. Xiang varieties are spoken here alongside Mandarin, and Miao, Tujia and Dong communities live in the west.","culture":"Hunan cooking is known for fresh and pickled chilli heat rather than the numbing pepper used further west. Xiang embroidery is worked so finely on both sides of a sheer screen that the two faces can show different pictures.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q45761","regional-wd-Q174091","regional-wiki-CN-HN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-NM","code":"CN-NM","parentId":"CHN","name":"Inner Mongolia","aliases":["Inner Mongolia","Inner Mongol","内蒙古自治区","Nei Mongol Autonomous Region","Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","内蒙古"],"localName":"内蒙古","type":"autonomous region","coordinate":[111.623,41.5938],"landscape":"Inner Mongolia extends across northern China and includes grassland, desert, and urban areas. Not every part is open grassland.","names":"Mongolian and Chinese names appear in Inner Mongolia. Mongolian script and Chinese characters are different writing systems.","culture":"Mongolian long song is a vocal tradition connected with Mongolian communities, including in Inner Mongolia. A cultural tradition can cross a provincial or international boundary.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q41079","regional-wd-Q535534","regional-topic-CN-NM","regional-wiki-CN-NM"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-JS","code":"CN-JS","parentId":"CHN","name":"Jiangsu","aliases":["Jiangsu","江苏省","Kiangsu","Jiangsu Province","Jiangsu Sheng","Kiangsu Province","Kiangsu Sheng","Chiang-su","Chiangsu","Chiangsu Province","Chiang-su Province","Chiangsu Sheng","Chiang-su Sheng","Province of Jiangsu","Province of Kiangsu","Province of Chiang-su"],"localName":"江苏省","type":"province","coordinate":[119.942,32.9844],"landscape":"Jiangsu is almost entirely flat, low and full of water: the Yangtze crosses its south, the Grand Canal runs north to south through it, and Lake Tai and thousands of smaller lakes and channels lie between. Much of the land is barely above sea level.","names":"江苏 joins characters from Jiangning, an old name for Nanjing, and from Suzhou. Wu varieties including Suzhou and Wuxi speech are used in the south, and Mandarin varieties in the north.","culture":"Suzhou embroidery is worked with threads split many times over, fine enough that a stitched cat's fur looks soft to the eye. Kunqu, one of the oldest surviving forms of Chinese opera, developed here and is sung slowly with a bamboo flute leading.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q16963","regional-wd-Q16666","regional-wiki-CN-JS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-JX","code":"CN-JX","parentId":"CHN","name":"Jiangxi","aliases":["Jiangxi","江西省","Jiangxi Province","Province of Jiangxi","Jiangxi Sheng","Chiang-hsi","Chianghsi","Kiang-hsi","Kianghsi","Kiang-si","Kiangsi"],"localName":"江西省","type":"province","coordinate":[116.017,27.6397],"landscape":"Jiangxi is a basin ringed by mountains on three sides and open to the north, where the Gan river drains into Poyang, China's largest freshwater lake. Poyang shrinks dramatically in the dry season, so a bridge that crosses water in summer can stand over grass in winter.","names":"江西 means west of the river, from an older administrative name for the region along the Yangtze. Gan varieties and Hakka are spoken here alongside Mandarin.","culture":"Jingdezhen has made porcelain for more than a thousand years and supplied the imperial kilns, and the blue-and-white ware shipped abroad from here shaped what people elsewhere expected china to look like. Potters still work in the town, and broken shards turn up in the soil all over it.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q57052","regional-wd-Q171943","regional-wiki-CN-JX"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-JL","code":"CN-JL","parentId":"CHN","name":"Jilin","aliases":["Jilin","吉林省"],"localName":"吉林省","type":"province","coordinate":[126.466,43.2978],"landscape":"Jilin lies between Heilongjiang and Liaoning, with the Changbai mountains along its border with North Korea. At their summit sits a lake filling the crater of a volcano that erupted enormously about a thousand years ago, and the Songhua river rises nearby.","names":"吉林 comes from a Manchu phrase meaning along the river, shortened from a longer name for the town on the Songhua. Korean is an official language in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in the east.","culture":"In Jilin City, mist off a stretch of river that does not freeze settles on the trees along the bank and turns to white rime, which people come out to see on cold mornings. The province grows a great deal of maize and is known for ginseng from the Changbai forests.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q45208","regional-wd-Q92161","regional-wiki-CN-JL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-LN","code":"CN-LN","parentId":"CHN","name":"Liaoning","aliases":["Liaoning","辽宁省","Liaoning Province","Fengtian","Liao-ning","Province of Liaoning","Shengjing","Shengjing Province","Shinking","Shinking Province","Leaotong","Liaodong","Liao-tung"],"localName":"辽宁省","type":"province","coordinate":[123.07,41.386],"landscape":"Liaoning is the southernmost of the north-eastern provinces, with coasts on the Bohai and Yellow Seas and the Liao river crossing a broad plain through its middle. The Liaodong peninsula reaches south toward Shandong across a narrow strait.","names":"辽宁 joins a character from the Liao river with one meaning peace, a name given in 1929. North-eastern Mandarin is spoken here, and Manchu, Korean and Mongol communities live in the province.","culture":"Shenyang holds a palace built by Manchu rulers before they took Beijing, smaller than the Forbidden City and laid out differently. The province built much of China's early heavy industry, and Anshan's steelworks and Fushun's coal mines shaped whole cities around them.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q43934","regional-wd-Q11720","regional-wiki-CN-LN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-MO","code":"CN-MO","parentId":"CHN","name":"Macau","aliases":["Macau","澳門"],"localName":"澳門","type":"special administrative region","coordinate":[113.556038,22.129735],"landscape":"Macau is very small and very densely built, made up of a peninsula joined to the mainland and two former islands, Taipa and Coloane, now linked by land reclaimed between them. Almost all of its flat ground has been taken from the sea over the last century.","names":"Macau is labelled 澳門 in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Portuguese, Standard Chinese, Cantonese. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Macau’s historic centre includes buildings reflecting several architectural traditions. Comparing their materials and forms shows how a small place can hold more than one cultural history.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q14773","regional-wd-Q5146","regional-wd-Q727694","regional-wd-Q9186","regional-topic-CN-MO","regional-wiki-CN-MO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04","atlasPlaceId":"MAC"},{"id":"CHN:CN-NX","code":"CN-NX","parentId":"CHN","name":"Ningxia","aliases":["Ningxia","宁夏回族自治区","Ningxia Province","Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","Ningxia Region","Ning-hsia","Ning-hsia Province","Province of Ningxia","Province of Ning-hsia","Ningsia","Ningsia Province","Province of Ningsia","NHAR","Ningxia Autonomous Region"],"localName":"宁夏回族自治区","type":"autonomous region","coordinate":[106.038,37.1762],"landscape":"Ningxia is small and dry, with the Yellow River curving through its north where irrigation canals first dug two thousand years ago still water a green plain. Beyond that plain the land turns quickly to desert and loess hills, and the Helan mountains shelter it from sand blowing in from the west.","names":"宁夏回族自治区 is the full name, marking it as an autonomous region for the Hui. The Hui speak Chinese rather than a separate language, and Arabic script appears on signs and buildings connected with Muslim community life.","culture":"Rock carvings in the Helan mountains show faces, animals and hunting scenes made over thousands of years by peoples who left no other written record. Ningxia's wolfberries, dried and sold as a small red fruit, and its newer vineyards both depend on the river's water.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q57448","regional-wd-Q211243","regional-wiki-CN-NX"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-QH","code":"CN-QH","parentId":"CHN","name":"Qinghai","aliases":["Qinghai","青海省","Kökenuur","Kokonor","Koko Nor","Tsinghai","Ching-hai"],"localName":"青海省","type":"province","coordinate":[96.2377,35.2652],"landscape":"Qinghai sits on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau, most of it above three thousand metres, and the Yellow, Yangtze and Mekong all rise within it. Qinghai Lake, the largest lake in China, is salty and has no outlet, and the province is cold, dry and very thinly populated.","names":"青海 means blue or green sea, the Chinese name for that lake, and the Mongolian name Kokonor means the same thing. Tibetan, Mongolian, Salar and Chinese are all spoken in different parts of the province.","culture":"At Rebgong, painters make thangka, scroll paintings on cloth built up in fine layers of mineral pigment and gold, with the skills passed from teacher to student in workshops. Herders on the high grassland move with yaks and sheep between summer and winter pastures.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q45833","regional-wd-Q69060","regional-wiki-CN-QH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-SN","code":"CN-SN","parentId":"CHN","name":"Shaanxi","aliases":["Shaanxi","陕西省","Shaanxi Province","Province of Shaanxi","Shaan Xi","Shan Xi","Shan-hsi","Shan Hsi","Shen-si","Shensi"],"localName":"陕西省","type":"province","coordinate":[108.363,33.7713],"landscape":"Shaanxi runs from desert in the north across the Loess Plateau, where wind-blown silt lies tens of metres deep and rivers have cut it into gullies, to the Qinling mountains in the south, which mark a real dividing line in China's climate. The Wei valley between them has been farmed for a very long time.","names":"陕西 means west of Shan, an old place name, and it is spelled with an extra a in English to tell it apart from Shanxi next door, since in Chinese the two differ only in tone. Central Plains Mandarin is spoken in the Wei valley.","culture":"The terracotta army was found near Xi'an in 1974 by farmers digging a well: thousands of life-sized figures, each with a different face, buried to guard a tomb. Xi'an stood at the eastern end of the overland routes to Central Asia, and its Muslim quarter has been there for centuries.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q47974","regional-wd-Q5826","regional-wiki-CN-SN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-SD","code":"CN-SD","parentId":"CHN","name":"Shandong","aliases":["Shandong","山东省","Shantung","Shan-tung","Shantong","Shan-tong","Shandong Province","Province of Shandong","Chantong","Chan-tong","Chan-toung","Chañ-toung","Chantoung","Chañtoung"],"localName":"山东省","type":"province","coordinate":[118.114,36.3271],"landscape":"Shandong is a broad peninsula reaching into the Yellow Sea, with hilly country around Mount Tai in the centre and flat plain to the west where the Yellow River meets the sea. The river's mouth has shifted many times, and the delta is still growing outward with silt.","names":"山东 means east of the mountains, referring to the Taihang range on its western side. Its Mandarin varieties are distinctive, and the province's short name, Lu, comes from an ancient state that stood here.","culture":"Confucius was born in this province, and the temple, cemetery and family mansion at Qufu have been maintained for well over two thousand years. Mount Tai has been climbed by pilgrims and emperors for just as long, up a stone stairway of thousands of steps.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q43407","regional-wd-Q170247","regional-wiki-CN-SD"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-SH","code":"CN-SH","parentId":"CHN","name":"Shanghai","aliases":["Shanghai","上海市","Hu","Shang Hai","Shanghai, China","Shanghae","Zanghae","Shang-hai","Shen","Pearl of the Orient","Xanghae","Shanghai Municipality","Municipality of Shanghai","Shanghai City","Shang Hai Shi"],"localName":"上海市","type":"municipality","coordinate":[121.409,31.0909],"landscape":"Shanghai stands on flat, soft ground where the Huangpu meets the Yangtze estuary, so it has almost no natural high point and its towers rest on piles driven deep into the mud. Land reclaimed at the river mouth has pushed the city outward, and its deep-water port was built on offshore islands reached by a long bridge.","names":"上海 can be read as upon the sea, and the place was a market town on the water long before it became a great port. Shanghainese, a Wu variety, is spoken alongside Mandarin, and the two are not mutually intelligible.","culture":"The Bund carries a row of early twentieth-century banks and trading houses facing new towers across the river, so two eras look at one another over the water. Shanghai's shikumen lanes combine a Chinese courtyard plan with European-style stone gateways.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q8686","regional-wd-Q907674","regional-wd-Q5413","regional-wd-Q660185","regional-wiki-CN-SH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-SX","code":"CN-SX","parentId":"CHN","name":"Shanxi","aliases":["Shanxi","山西省","Shanxi Province","Province of Shanxi","Shan-hsi","Shan Hsi","Jin","Shansi","Shan-si","Shanxi Sheng","Chañsi","Chansi","Chan-si","Chañ-si"],"localName":"山西省","type":"province","coordinate":[112.389,37.7586],"landscape":"Shanxi is a high plateau between two mountain ranges, cut through by the Fen river and bounded on the west by the Yellow River. It holds enormous coal reserves, and its dry climate has helped preserve very old timber buildings that would have rotted elsewhere.","names":"山西 means west of the mountains, the Taihang range, making it the pair of Shandong on the other side. Jin varieties are spoken here and differ noticeably from standard Mandarin.","culture":"The Yungang caves near Datong hold thousands of Buddhist figures carved into sandstone in the fifth century, some of them enormous. A wooden pagoda at Yingxian, built in 1056 without nails, is the oldest and tallest timber pagoda still standing.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q46913","regional-wd-Q72778","regional-wiki-CN-SX"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-SC","code":"CN-SC","parentId":"CHN","name":"Sichuan","aliases":["Sichuan","四川省","Szechwan","Szechuan","Sz-chwan","Sz-chuan","Szchuan","Sichuan Province","Province of Sichuan","Sechuen","Ssu-ch'uan","Ssu-chuan","West China","Western China","Ssuch'uan","Ba","四川"],"localName":"四川","type":"province","coordinate":[102.384,30.5431],"landscape":"Sichuan includes a basin and high mountain country to its west. A province-wide landscape label would miss this contrast.","names":"四川 is written as Sichuan in pinyin. Local speech varies within the province; spelling a province name does not identify every resident’s language.","culture":"Sichuan opera has its own performance traditions. Face-changing is one celebrated technique, but it is not the whole of this varied theatre form.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q19770","regional-wd-Q30002","regional-topic-CN-SC","regional-wiki-CN-SC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-TJ","code":"CN-TJ","parentId":"CHN","name":"Tianjin","aliases":["Tianjin","天津市","Municipality of Tianjin","Tianjin Municipality","Tientsin","Tien-tsin"],"localName":"天津市","type":"municipality","coordinate":[117.347,39.3708],"landscape":"Tianjin lies on the Bohai coast where the Hai river reaches the sea, on flat ground partly laid down by silt and partly reclaimed. It has long served as Beijing's port, and the two are now half an hour apart by train.","names":"天津 means the heavenly ford, a name granted by a Ming emperor who had crossed the river here. Tianjin's own Mandarin variety is distinctive enough that other speakers recognise it at once.","culture":"Nine countries held concessions in Tianjin in the late 1800s and early 1900s, so streets in very different European styles stand within a few blocks of each other. The city is known for crosstalk, a fast two-person comic dialogue performed in teahouses.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q11736","regional-wd-Q708102","regional-wiki-CN-TJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-XZ","code":"CN-XZ","parentId":"CHN","name":"Tibet (Xizang)","aliases":["Tibet (Xizang)","Xizang","西藏自治区","Xizang Autonomous Region","Hsi-tsang","Xizang Province","Province of Xizang","Tibetan Autonomous Region","Province of Tibet","Thibet","Tibet"],"localName":"西藏自治区","type":"autonomous region","coordinate":[88.4137,31.4515],"landscape":"This region covers much of the Tibetan Plateau, the highest and largest plateau on Earth, with most of it above four thousand metres. The Himalaya form its southern rim, including Everest on the border with Nepal, and the Yarlung Tsangpo runs east across it before turning south into a gorge deeper than any other.","names":"Tibet (Xizang) is labelled 西藏自治区 in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Tibetan, Putonghua. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Thangka scroll paintings and butter sculpture are made for monasteries, and printing houses still produce texts from carved wooden blocks pressed by hand. At this altitude barley grows best of the grains, and roasted barley flour is a staple food.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q17269","regional-wd-Q34271","regional-wd-Q24841726","regional-wd-Q5869","regional-wiki-CN-XZ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-XJ","code":"CN-XJ","parentId":"CHN","name":"Xinjiang","aliases":["Xinjiang","新疆维吾尔自治区","Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region","Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region","XUAR","Xinjiang Province","Sinkiang","Sinkeang","Hsin-chiang","Chinese Turkestan","Xibei","Northwest","Chinese Northwest","Northwest China","CN-65","Northwest Ethnic Area"],"localName":"新疆维吾尔自治区","type":"autonomous region","coordinate":[85.4253,41.122],"landscape":"Xinjiang is the largest province-level division by area, taking in the Tarim Basin with the Taklamakan desert at its centre and the Dzungarian Basin to the north, separated by the Tianshan mountains. Meltwater from those mountains feeds oases around the desert rim, and the Turpan depression lies below sea level.","names":"新疆维吾尔自治区 is the full name, marking it as an autonomous region for the Uyghurs. Uyghur is a Turkic language written in a Perso-Arabic script, and Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Mongolian are among the other languages used here.","culture":"Karez tunnels carry meltwater underground to the oases around Turpan, a system related to those used in Iran and Central Asia. Muqam is a long suite form of Uyghur music combining sung poetry, instruments and dance, performed in sequences that can run for hours.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q34800","regional-wd-Q16959","regional-wiki-CN-XJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-YN","code":"CN-YN","parentId":"CHN","name":"Yunnan","aliases":["Yunnan","云南省","Younnan","Yunan","Yün-nan","Yun-nan","Yun Nan","Yunnan Province","Province of Yunnan","Yünnan"],"localName":"云南省","type":"province","coordinate":[101.661,24.4603],"landscape":"Yunnan drops from Himalayan peaks in its north-west to tropical lowlands on the Laos and Myanmar borders, so a short distance covers an enormous range of climates. Three great rivers, the Nu, Lancang and Jinsha, run parallel through deep gorges only tens of kilometres apart before heading to entirely different seas.","names":"云南 means south of the clouds. More than twenty officially recognised minority nationalities live here, among them the Bai, Yi, Dai, Hani and Naxi, and Yunnan has more language variety than any other province.","culture":"The Naxi kept Dongba, a pictographic script whose signs still look like the things they stand for, used by ritual specialists rather than for everyday writing. Pu'er tea is pressed into cakes and left to age, and Hani farmers built terraces that hold water down entire mountainsides.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q43194","regional-wd-Q182852","regional-wiki-CN-YN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHN:CN-ZJ","code":"CN-ZJ","parentId":"CHN","name":"Zhejiang","aliases":["Zhejiang","浙江省","Chekiang","Zhejiang Province","Kien-Kiang","Che-kiang","Che Kiang","Tche-kiang","Tche Kiang","Cheh-kiang","Tchekiang","Province of Zhejiang","Chihkiang Province","Chihkiang","Province of Chihkiang"],"localName":"浙江省","type":"province","coordinate":[119.97,29.1084],"landscape":"Zhejiang is hilly and green with a short but intricate coast and more offshore islands than any other province. The Qiantang river meets the sea through a wide funnel-shaped bay, which forces the incoming tide into a wall of water that races upstream and draws crowds each autumn.","names":"浙江 is an old name for the Qiantang river, the first character referring to its bends. Wu varieties including Hangzhou, Ningbo and Wenzhou speech are used here and differ considerably from one another.","culture":"Longjing tea is grown on hills near Hangzhou and pan-fired by hand, pressed flat against the side of the wok. Dragon boat racing, silk weaving and celadon pottery all have long histories in this province.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q16967","regional-wd-Q4970","regional-wiki-CN-ZJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"CHN-regional-landscape","placeId":"CHN","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["CHN:CN-GD","CHN:CN-SC","CHN:CN-NM"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q15175","regional-wd-Q16572","regional-topic-CN-GD","regional-wiki-CN-GD","regional-wd-Q19770","regional-wd-Q30002","regional-topic-CN-SC","regional-wiki-CN-SC","regional-wd-Q41079","regional-wd-Q535534","regional-topic-CN-NM","regional-wiki-CN-NM"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 sits where a river divides into many channels before the sea. Which is it?","answer":"Guangdong","others":["Sichuan","Inner Mongolia","Fujian"],"reading":"Guangdong: Guangdong meets the South China Sea and holds the Pearl River Delta, where the river divides into many channels and several very large cities sit close together. It is among the most populous provinces. Compare its warm southern coast with inland Sichuan. Sichuan: Sichuan is built around the Sichuan Basin, a low, often misty, fertile bowl ringed by mountains, with high plateau country rising steeply to the west. A province-wide landscape label would miss this contrast. Inner Mongolia: Inner Mongolia is a long, narrow region stretching some 2,400 kilometres across northern China, taking in grassland, parts of the Gobi Desert, farmland and cities such as Hohhot and Baotou. Not every part is open grassland.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the delta.","studyMap":{"title":"China · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Guangdong","coordinate":[113.72,23.7924]},{"label":"Sichuan","coordinate":[102.384,30.5431]},{"label":"Inner Mongolia","coordinate":[111.623,41.5938]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 is a low fertile basin with high plateau country to its west. Which is it?","answer":"Sichuan","others":["Guangdong","Inner Mongolia","Yunnan"],"reading":"Guangdong: Guangdong meets the South China Sea and holds the Pearl River Delta, where the river divides into many channels and several very large cities sit close together. It is among the most populous provinces. Compare its warm southern coast with inland Sichuan. Sichuan: Sichuan is built around the Sichuan Basin, a low, often misty, fertile bowl ringed by mountains, with high plateau country rising steeply to the west. A province-wide landscape label would miss this contrast. Inner Mongolia: Inner Mongolia is a long, narrow region stretching some 2,400 kilometres across northern China, taking in grassland, parts of the Gobi Desert, farmland and cities such as Hohhot and Baotou. Not every part is open grassland.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry describes a bowl ringed by mountains.","studyMap":{"title":"China · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Guangdong","coordinate":[113.72,23.7924]},{"label":"Sichuan","coordinate":[102.384,30.5431]},{"label":"Inner Mongolia","coordinate":[111.623,41.5938]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 stretches for thousands of kilometres across the north. Which is it?","answer":"Inner Mongolia","others":["Guangdong","Sichuan","Shandong"],"reading":"Guangdong: Guangdong meets the South China Sea and holds the Pearl River Delta, where the river divides into many channels and several very large cities sit close together. It is among the most populous provinces. Compare its warm southern coast with inland Sichuan. Sichuan: Sichuan is built around the Sichuan Basin, a low, often misty, fertile bowl ringed by mountains, with high plateau country rising steeply to the west. A province-wide landscape label would miss this contrast. Inner Mongolia: Inner Mongolia is a long, narrow region stretching some 2,400 kilometres across northern China, taking in grassland, parts of the Gobi Desert, farmland and cities such as Hohhot and Baotou. Not every part is open grassland.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Which one looks long and narrow on the map?","studyMap":{"title":"China · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Guangdong","coordinate":[113.72,23.7924]},{"label":"Sichuan","coordinate":[102.384,30.5431]},{"label":"Inner Mongolia","coordinate":[111.623,41.5938]}]}}]},{"id":"CHN-regional-names","placeId":"CHN","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["CHN:CN-GD","CHN:CN-SC","CHN:CN-NM"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q15175","regional-wd-Q16572","regional-topic-CN-GD","regional-wiki-CN-GD","regional-wd-Q19770","regional-wd-Q30002","regional-topic-CN-SC","regional-wiki-CN-SC","regional-wd-Q41079","regional-wd-Q535534","regional-topic-CN-NM","regional-wiki-CN-NM"],"steps":[{"question":"Which region's name is also the source of the word Cantonese?","answer":"Guangdong","others":["Sichuan","Inner Mongolia","Hunan"],"reading":"Guangdong: Guangdong and Canton are names met in different historical and language contexts, and the language name Cantonese comes from the same source. Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew and other varieties are used by different communities alongside standard Mandarin. Sichuan: 四川 is written Sichuan in pinyin, and the two characters mean four rivers. Local speech varies within the province; spelling a province name does not identify every resident's language. Inner Mongolia: Mongolian and Chinese names both appear in Inner Mongolia, and public signs often carry the two together. Traditional Mongolian script runs in vertical lines read from top to bottom, which makes it look quite unlike the Chinese characters beside it.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry links a place name to a language name."},{"question":"Which region's name is written with two characters meaning four rivers?","answer":"Sichuan","others":["Guangdong","Inner Mongolia","Zhejiang"],"reading":"Guangdong: Guangdong and Canton are names met in different historical and language contexts, and the language name Cantonese comes from the same source. Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew and other varieties are used by different communities alongside standard Mandarin. Sichuan: 四川 is written Sichuan in pinyin, and the two characters mean four rivers. Local speech varies within the province; spelling a province name does not identify every resident's language. Inner Mongolia: Mongolian and Chinese names both appear in Inner Mongolia, and public signs often carry the two together. Traditional Mongolian script runs in vertical lines read from top to bottom, which makes it look quite unlike the Chinese characters beside it.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for what the characters mean."},{"question":"Which region's signs may carry a script written in vertical lines?","answer":"Inner Mongolia","others":["Guangdong","Sichuan","Gansu"],"reading":"Guangdong: Guangdong and Canton are names met in different historical and language contexts, and the language name Cantonese comes from the same source. Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew and other varieties are used by different communities alongside standard Mandarin. Sichuan: 四川 is written Sichuan in pinyin, and the two characters mean four rivers. Local speech varies within the province; spelling a province name does not identify every resident's language. Inner Mongolia: Mongolian and Chinese names both appear in Inner Mongolia, and public signs often carry the two together. Traditional Mongolian script runs in vertical lines read from top to bottom, which makes it look quite unlike the Chinese characters beside it.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry describes a second writing system on the same sign."}]},{"id":"CHN-regional-culture","placeId":"CHN","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["CHN:CN-GD","CHN:CN-SC","CHN:CN-NM"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHN","voyage-CHN","regional-wd-Q15175","regional-wd-Q16572","regional-topic-CN-GD","regional-wiki-CN-GD","regional-wd-Q19770","regional-wd-Q30002","regional-topic-CN-SC","regional-wiki-CN-SC","regional-wd-Q41079","regional-wd-Q535534","regional-topic-CN-NM","regional-wiki-CN-NM"],"steps":[{"question":"Which region's example is a stage tradition also performed by communities overseas?","answer":"Guangdong","others":["Sichuan","Inner Mongolia","Jiangsu"],"reading":"Guangdong: Cantonese opera combines singing, acting, acrobatics, elaborate costume and a small orchestra, with stories often drawn from history and legend. It connects Guangdong with performers and audiences well beyond the provincial boundary, including Cantonese-speaking communities overseas. Sichuan: Sichuan opera has its own performance traditions, sung in local speech and often mixing comedy with drama. Face-changing, in which a performer's painted mask seems to switch in an instant, is one celebrated technique, but it is not the whole of this varied theatre form. Inner Mongolia: Mongolian long song stretches a small number of words over long, slow, highly decorated melodies, often about grassland, horses and home. It is connected with Mongolian communities on both sides of the border between China and Mongolia.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"One example is named after the language it is sung in."},{"question":"Which region's example includes a mask that seems to change in an instant?","answer":"Sichuan","others":["Guangdong","Inner Mongolia","Hainan"],"reading":"Guangdong: Cantonese opera combines singing, acting, acrobatics, elaborate costume and a small orchestra, with stories often drawn from history and legend. It connects Guangdong with performers and audiences well beyond the provincial boundary, including Cantonese-speaking communities overseas. Sichuan: Sichuan opera has its own performance traditions, sung in local speech and often mixing comedy with drama. Face-changing, in which a performer's painted mask seems to switch in an instant, is one celebrated technique, but it is not the whole of this varied theatre form. Inner Mongolia: Mongolian long song stretches a small number of words over long, slow, highly decorated melodies, often about grassland, horses and home. It is connected with Mongolian communities on both sides of the border between China and Mongolia.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the trick that everyone talks about."},{"question":"What does the name long song describe in this example?","answer":"A few words stretched over long decorated melodies","others":["A song with a very large number of words","A song performed only by a large orchestra","A song made entirely of drum beats"],"reading":"Guangdong: Cantonese opera combines singing, acting, acrobatics, elaborate costume and a small orchestra, with stories often drawn from history and legend. It connects Guangdong with performers and audiences well beyond the provincial boundary, including Cantonese-speaking communities overseas. Sichuan: Sichuan opera has its own performance traditions, sung in local speech and often mixing comedy with drama. Face-changing, in which a performer's painted mask seems to switch in an instant, is one celebrated technique, but it is not the whole of this varied theatre form. Inner Mongolia: Mongolian long song stretches a small number of words over long, slow, highly decorated melodies, often about grassland, horses and home. It is connected with Mongolian communities on both sides of the border between China and Mongolia.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 33 subdivisions of China. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. Provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, and SARs are distinct administrative types. Taiwan is not a subdivision in this collection. Hong Kong and Macau are labelled special administrative regions. Some international boundaries are disputed; the map is not a ruling on claims.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/CHN.geojson"},{"placeId":"IND","name":"India","regions":[{"id":"IND:IN-AN","code":"IN-AN","parentId":"IND","name":"Andaman and Nicobar Islands","aliases":["Andaman and Nicobar Islands","Andaman and Nicobar","अण्डमान और निकोबार द्वीपसमूह","Andaman & Nicobar Islands"],"localName":"अण्डमान और निकोबार द्वीपसमूह","type":"union territory","coordinate":[93.7895,6.83654],"landscape":"The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a long chain of more than five hundred islands in the Bay of Bengal, closer to Myanmar and Indonesia than to the Indian mainland. They are the tops of a drowned mountain range, fringed with coral reef and covered in dense rainforest.","names":"Andaman and Nicobar Islands is labelled अण्डमान और निकोबार द्वीपसमूह in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Hindi, Tamil, Nicobarese languages. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Several Indigenous peoples live on these islands, among them the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa and Sentinelese, and some have very little contact with outsiders by their own choice. Access to their areas is restricted by law, and the rules exist to protect people rather than scenery.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q40888","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q5885","regional-wd-Q217380","regional-wd-Q203476","regional-wiki-IN-AN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-AP","code":"IN-AP","parentId":"IND","name":"Andhra Pradesh","aliases":["Andhra Pradesh","ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్","AP"],"localName":"ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్","type":"state","coordinate":[79.208,16.4854],"landscape":"Andhra Pradesh has one of the longest coastlines of any Indian state, with the deltas of the Krishna and Godavari spreading behind it. Inland the land climbs to the dry Rayalaseema plateau, and the Eastern Ghats break the coastal strip into hills.","names":"Andhra Pradesh is labelled ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Telugu, Urdu. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Kuchipudi, a dance-drama named after the village where it took shape, combines footwork, storytelling and sung verse. Kalamkari cloth from this region is drawn by hand with a bamboo pen and coloured with dyes made from plants and iron.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1159","regional-wd-Q8097","regional-wd-Q1617","regional-wd-Q19881964","regional-wd-Q418708","regional-wiki-IN-AP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-AR","code":"IN-AR","parentId":"IND","name":"Arunachal Pradesh","aliases":["Arunachal Pradesh","North-East Frontier Tracts"],"localName":"Arunachal Pradesh","type":"state","coordinate":[94.4673,28.4056],"landscape":"Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the north-eastern states and almost entirely mountainous, rising from the Brahmaputra plain to Himalayan peaks above six thousand metres along its northern edge. The Siang, which becomes the Brahmaputra, cuts down through it, and heavy monsoon rain keeps much of the state under thick forest.","names":"The name comes from Sanskrit words for dawn-lit mountains and was adopted in 1972; India's easternmost point is here, so the sunrise reaches the country here first. English is the official language, and more than twenty-five other languages are spoken, among them Nyishi, Adi, Galo, Apatani and Monpa, most of them Tibeto-Burman.","culture":"Apatani farmers in the Ziro valley grow rice in flooded terraces and raise fish in the same water, so one field yields two harvests. Losar and Solung are among the festivals kept here, and they fall at different times because each community follows its own calendar.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1162","regional-wd-Q41128","regional-wiki-IN-AR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-AS","code":"IN-AS","parentId":"IND","name":"Assam","aliases":["Assam","অসম","The Land of Red Rivers and Blue Hills","Axom","Asom","IN-AS"],"localName":"অসম","type":"state","coordinate":[92.9929,26.3302],"landscape":"Assam includes much of the Brahmaputra valley. River plains and surrounding hills contrast with Rajasthan’s desert areas.","names":"অসম is a name form for Assam in Assamese script. Assamese is one of several languages used in the state.","culture":"Bihu celebrations in Assam connect music and dance with seasonal occasions. Different Bihu festivals mark different parts of the agricultural year.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1164","regional-wd-Q29401","regional-wd-Q33223","regional-wd-Q9610","regional-wd-Q271911","regional-wd-Q96650765","regional-wd-Q2308237","regional-topic-IN-AS","regional-wiki-IN-AS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-BR","code":"IN-BR","parentId":"IND","name":"Bihar","aliases":["Bihar","बिहार","Behar","Bahar","State of Bihar","Bihar State","Land of Buddha","Land of Mahavira","BR","IN-BR"],"localName":"बिहार","type":"state","coordinate":[85.8134,25.6853],"landscape":"Bihar lies on the plain of the Ganges, which runs west to east right across it, with tributaries coming down from Nepal in the north and low hills in the south. The land is flat and fertile, and rivers changing course or spilling over their banks is a regular part of life.","names":"Bihar takes its name from vihara, a word for a Buddhist monastery, since many once stood here. Hindi and Urdu are official, while Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili are spoken by very large numbers of people, and Maithili has a script tradition of its own.","culture":"At Bodh Gaya, a descendant of the tree under which the Buddha is said to have reached enlightenment still stands, and pilgrims come from across Asia. Madhubani painting, made by women in the north of the state, fills a surface completely with figures and pattern and leaves no space empty.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1165","regional-wd-Q5089","regional-wd-Q695610","regional-wd-Q80484","regional-wd-Q844619","regional-wiki-IN-BR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-CH","code":"IN-CH","parentId":"IND","name":"Chandigarh","aliases":["Chandigarh","ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ","The city beautiful"],"localName":"ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ","type":"union territory","coordinate":[76.7605,30.7452],"landscape":"Chandigarh sits on a gently sloping plain at the foot of the Shivalik hills, between two seasonal streams. The whole city was laid out on a grid of numbered sectors, each meant to hold its own shops, school and green space.","names":"The name comes from a temple to the goddess Chandi near the site. Chandigarh is a union territory and serves as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana, which is why it belongs administratively to neither.","culture":"The Rock Garden in Chandigarh includes sculpture made from reused objects. It offers a way to investigate how an artist can turn everyday materials into public art.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q43433","regional-topic-IN-CH","regional-wiki-IN-CH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-CT","code":"IN-CT","parentId":"IND","name":"Chhattisgarh","aliases":["Chhattisgarh","छत्तीसगढ़","Chattisgarh","IN-CT","Chhatisgarh State","State of Chhattisgarh"],"localName":"छत्तीसगढ़","type":"state","coordinate":[82.3069,21.8044],"landscape":"Chhattisgarh is a plateau state in the middle of the country, with a broad rice-growing plain around the Mahanadi and dense forest and hills to its north and south. It holds some of India's largest iron ore deposits, and the Chitrakote falls spread wide across the rock of the Indravati in the monsoon.","names":"Chhattisgarh is labelled छत्तीसगढ़ in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Hindi, Chhattisgarhi. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Bastar in the south is known for dhokra metalwork, in which a wax model is packed in clay and then melted out so molten brass can take its place, making every piece unique. Many different communities live in this state, and their crafts, dances and calendars are not the same as one another's.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1168","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q33158","regional-wd-Q372773","regional-wiki-IN-CT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-DH","code":"IN-DH","parentId":"IND","name":"Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu","aliases":["Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu","DNHDD, IN-DD"],"localName":"Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu","type":"union territory","coordinate":[73.029,20.1841],"landscape":"This union territory comes in three separate pieces on and near the west coast: Dadra and Nagar Haveli inland among the hills of the Western Ghats, Daman on the coast at the mouth of the Damanganga, and the island of Diu off the Saurashtra shore.","names":"The long name simply lists the parts, which were merged into one territory in 2020. Portugal governed these places for centuries, which is why Portuguese names and buildings appear alongside Gujarati and Marathi ones.","culture":"Warli painting, made by Warli communities here and in nearby Maharashtra, builds scenes of farming, dancing and village life out of circles, triangles and lines in white on a dark ground. Diu's fort and churches show a different history within the same small territory.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q77997266","regional-wd-Q5137","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q1571","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q463252","regional-wiki-IN-DH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-DL","code":"IN-DL","parentId":"IND","name":"Delhi","aliases":["Delhi","दिल्ली"],"localName":"दिल्ली","type":"union territory","coordinate":[77.0856,28.69],"landscape":"Delhi sits on the Yamuna where the plain meets the last low outcrop of the Aravalli hills, a ridge that runs through the middle of the city. Far inland and far from the sea, it swings between very hot summers and cold winter nights, and winter air often sits still over it.","names":"Delhi is officially the National Capital Territory, so it is neither a full state nor an ordinary union territory. Hindi, English, Urdu and Punjabi all have official roles, and residents speak a great many other languages besides.","culture":"Several cities have been built on this ground one after another, so a step-well, a fourteenth-century fort and a metro station can stand within a short walk of each other. The iron pillar at the Qutb complex has stood for around 1,600 years with very little rust, which metallurgists still study.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1353","regional-wd-Q1137365","regional-wiki-IN-DL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-GA","code":"IN-GA","parentId":"IND","name":"Goa","aliases":["Goa","गोंय"],"localName":"गोंय","type":"state","coordinate":[73.9951,15.3133],"landscape":"Goa is the smallest state by area, a narrow strip between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats, cut by short rivers running down to wide estuaries. Forested hills rise quickly behind the beaches, and the Dudhsagar falls drop in stages down the Ghats near the state border.","names":"Goa is labelled गोंय in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Konkani. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Portugal governed Goa until 1961, for far longer than anywhere else in India, and that shows in its churches, house fronts and food. Konkani is the state language, and Goan music and bread traditions draw on both Portuguese and Indian sources.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1171","regional-wd-Q34239","regional-wd-Q214681","regional-wiki-IN-GA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-GJ","code":"IN-GJ","parentId":"IND","name":"Gujarat","aliases":["Gujarat","ગુજરાત","State of Gujarat","Guzerat","Guzeratte","IN-GJ"],"localName":"ગુજરાત","type":"state","coordinate":[71.3013,22.7501],"landscape":"Gujarat has the longest coastline of any Indian state, wrapping around the Gulfs of Khambhat and Kachchh. Inland lies the Rann of Kachchh, a vast salt flat that floods in the monsoon and dries to a white crust, and the Gir forest in the south-west is the only place Asiatic lions live in the wild.","names":"The name goes back to Gurjara, a people recorded in this region long ago. Gujarati is the state language and has its own script, and Kachchhi is spoken in the west.","culture":"Kachchh is known for embroidery worked with tiny mirrors stitched into the cloth, in distinct styles belonging to different communities. Garba, danced in circles during Navratri, fills grounds across the state for nine nights each autumn.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1061","regional-wd-Q11910","regional-wiki-IN-GJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-HR","code":"IN-HR","parentId":"IND","name":"Haryana","aliases":["Haryana","हरियाणा","IN-HR","HR"],"localName":"हरियाणा","type":"state","coordinate":[76.271,29.1003],"landscape":"Haryana is flat, dry farmland on the plain west of the Yamuna, with the Shivalik hills in its north-east and the edge of the Thar in its south-west. Canals carry water across it, since the rainfall alone would not support the crops it grows.","names":"Haryana is labelled हरियाणा in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Hindi, Haryanvi. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Haryana produces a very large share of India's wheat and milk, and buffalo dairying is central to village life. Kurukshetra in the north is treated as the setting of the battle in the Mahabharata, and pilgrims gather at its tanks.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1174","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q33410","regional-wd-Q43433","regional-wiki-IN-HR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-HP","code":"IN-HP","parentId":"IND","name":"Himachal Pradesh","aliases":["Himachal Pradesh","हिमाचल प्रदेश","HP","Himachal","H. P.","IN-HP"],"localName":"हिमाचल प्रदेश","type":"state","coordinate":[77.2875,31.6755],"landscape":"Himachal Pradesh rises in steps from low foothills through wooded middle mountains to the high cold desert of Spiti in the north-east, where almost no rain falls because the ranges catch it first. The Sutlej, Beas and Chenab cut deep valleys through it.","names":"The name joins Sanskrit words for snow and mountain, so it can be read as the snowy mountains. Hindi is the official language, and Pahari varieties, Kinnauri and Tibetan-related languages are spoken in different valleys.","culture":"Apple orchards spread through the middle hills after new varieties were introduced in the 1910s, and apples are now a mainstay of the state's farming. In Spiti and Lahaul, monasteries perched on ridges keep Tibetan Buddhist traditions, and some hold wall paintings many centuries old.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1177","regional-wd-Q83786","regional-wiki-IN-HP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-JK","code":"IN-JK","parentId":"IND","name":"Jammu and Kashmir","aliases":["Jammu and Kashmir","جموں و کشمیر","J&K","JK","Jammu Kashmir","IN-JK"],"localName":"جموں و کشمیر","type":"union territory","coordinate":[76.6395,33.9658],"landscape":"Jammu and Kashmir includes the Kashmir Valley, a broad bowl among the mountains with the Jhelum winding through it and Dal Lake at its edge, and the lower hills and plains around Jammu to the south. The Pir Panjal range separates the two, and its passes close in winter. Boundaries in this region are disputed, and these teaching maps do not settle them.","names":"Jammu and Kashmir is labelled جموں و کشمیر in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Hindi, Kashmiri, Dogri, Urdu. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Kashmiri shawl weaving works very fine goat fleece into cloth, and kani weaving builds the pattern with small wooden sticks instead of a shuttle, a few rows a day. Walnut wood carving and painted papier-mâché are other long-standing crafts of the valley.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q66278313","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q33552","regional-wd-Q32730","regional-wd-Q1617","regional-wd-Q170115","regional-wd-Q255455","regional-wiki-IN-JK"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-JH","code":"IN-JH","parentId":"IND","name":"Jharkhand","aliases":["Jharkhand","झारखण्ड"],"localName":"झारखण्ड","type":"state","coordinate":[85.0584,23.5221],"landscape":"Jharkhand is a forested plateau state, with the Chota Nagpur plateau across most of it and the Damodar valley running east. Coal, iron and copper lie beneath it in unusual quantity, so mines and steel towns sit among the forest.","names":"Jharkhand is labelled झारखण्ड in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Hindi, Santali, Urdu, Panchpargania. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Many Adivasi communities live here, including the Santal, Munda, Oraon and Ho, and Santali is written in Ol Chiki, a script created in the 1920s specifically for it. Sohrai and Khovar wall painting, made by women at harvest and at weddings, covers house walls with animals and plants.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1184","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q33965","regional-wd-Q1617","regional-wd-Q21946879","regional-wd-Q174461","regional-wiki-IN-JH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-KA","code":"IN-KA","parentId":"IND","name":"Karnataka","aliases":["Karnataka","ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ","IN-KA","Karnatak"],"localName":"ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ","type":"state","coordinate":[75.667,14.3681],"landscape":"Karnataka runs from an Arabian Sea coast up the steep Western Ghats onto the Deccan plateau, so a short journey inland climbs a long way. The Kaveri and Krishna cross the plateau, and around Hampi the ground is strewn with enormous rounded granite boulders.","names":"Karnataka is labelled ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Kannada. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Yakshagana is an all-night coastal theatre form with towering headdresses, painted faces and a drummer setting the pace. Mysore silk weaving and sandalwood carving are long established, and Bengaluru has become the country's main centre for software work.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1185","regional-wd-Q33673","regional-wd-Q1355","regional-wd-Q270176","regional-wiki-IN-KA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-KL","code":"IN-KL","parentId":"IND","name":"Kerala","aliases":["Kerala","കേരളം","Keralam","IN-KL","God's Own Country","Land of coconuts","Keral","Kerla"],"localName":"കേരളം","type":"state","coordinate":[76.5237,10.3666],"landscape":"Kerala lies along the Arabian Sea, with low coastal areas and the Western Ghats inland. Coast and mountains are close together.","names":"കേരളം is a Malayalam name form for Kerala. Malayalam uses a different script from the Devanagari example shown for Rajasthan.","culture":"Kathakali is a dance-drama tradition from Kerala with elaborate costume and expressive movement. It is one performance tradition among several.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1186","regional-wd-Q58705","regional-wd-Q36236","regional-wd-Q167715","regional-topic-IN-KL","regional-wiki-IN-KL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-LA","code":"IN-LA","parentId":"IND","name":"Ladakh","aliases":["Ladakh","Ladhak","Ladak","Laddakh"],"localName":"Ladakh","type":"union territory","coordinate":[77.4806135651,34.0255867581],"landscape":"Ladakh is high cold desert between the Himalaya and the Karakoram, most of it above three thousand metres, where the mountains block the monsoon so almost no rain falls. The Indus runs through it, and villages live on meltwater channelled down from glaciers. Boundaries in this region are disputed, and these teaching maps do not settle them.","names":"The name comes from a Tibetan phrase for the land of high passes. Ladakhi, a Tibetan-related language, is widely spoken alongside Purgi, Balti and Hindi, and Ladakh was separated from Jammu and Kashmir as its own union territory in 2019.","culture":"Monasteries such as Hemis and Thiksey stand on ridges above the valley and hold masked dances at set points in the year. Because water is so scarce, villages have long shared it by rota, and some now build cones of ice in winter that melt slowly in spring when the fields need it.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q200667","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q230818","regional-wd-Q2088176","regional-wiki-IN-LA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-LD","code":"IN-LD","parentId":"IND","name":"Lakshadweep","aliases":["Lakshadweep","ലക്ഷദ്വീപ്","Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands"],"localName":"ലക്ഷദ്വീപ്","type":"union territory","coordinate":[72.7811,11.2249],"landscape":"Lakshadweep is a scattering of small coral islands and atolls in the Arabian Sea, a few hundred kilometres off the Kerala coast. It is the smallest union territory by land area, none of it rises more than a few metres above the sea, and shallow lagoons lie inside the reefs.","names":"Lakshadweep means a hundred thousand islands in Sanskrit, though only about a dozen are inhabited. Malayalam is used on most of the islands, while people on Minicoy speak Mahl, which is close to the language of the Maldives.","culture":"Coconut palms grow on nearly every island, and coir twisted from their husks is made into rope. Fishing for tuna, cooked and dried into a hard block, has long been the main livelihood, and the reefs are watched closely because coral bleaches when the sea warms.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q26927","regional-wd-Q271287","regional-wiki-IN-LD"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-MP","code":"IN-MP","parentId":"IND","name":"Madhya Pradesh","aliases":["Madhya Pradesh","मध्य प्रदेश"],"localName":"मध्य प्रदेश","type":"state","coordinate":[78.4214,22.9404],"landscape":"Madhya Pradesh sits in the middle of the country with no coast at all, crossed by the Vindhya and Satpura ranges with the Narmada running west between them along a long straight rift. Teak forest covers much of it, and several of India's tiger reserves are here.","names":"The name means the middle province, describing where it lies. Hindi is the official language, with Bundeli, Bagheli, Malvi and Gondi among those spoken in different parts.","culture":"At Bhimbetka, rock shelters hold paintings made over tens of thousands of years, some of the oldest art in the country. The temples at Khajuraho, built about a thousand years ago, are covered with carved figures on every outer surface.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1188","regional-wd-Q80989","regional-wd-Q23595","regional-wiki-IN-MP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-MH","code":"IN-MH","parentId":"IND","name":"Maharashtra","aliases":["Maharashtra","महाराष्ट्र","IN-MH"],"localName":"महाराष्ट्र","type":"state","coordinate":[75.4647,19.4723],"landscape":"Maharashtra is mostly Deccan plateau, built from layer upon layer of ancient lava that gives its hills flat, stepped profiles. The Western Ghats run down the coast as a steep wall catching the monsoon, and the Godavari and Krishna rise there and flow east across the state.","names":"Maharashtra is labelled महाराष्ट्र in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Marathi. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"In the basalt at Ajanta and Ellora, halls and temples were cut into the rock rather than built up from it, including one carved downward from the top as a single piece. Mumbai is India's largest film-production centre and one of the world's busiest port cities.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1191","regional-wd-Q1571","regional-wd-Q1156","regional-wd-Q1513","regional-wiki-IN-MH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-MN","code":"IN-MN","parentId":"IND","name":"Manipur","aliases":["Manipur","ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ"],"localName":"ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ","type":"state","coordinate":[93.8457,24.7442],"landscape":"Manipur is an oval valley ringed by forested hills, and almost all its people live on that valley floor. Loktak Lake in the middle carries phumdis, floating mats of matted plants thick enough to walk on, and one of them holds a national park that floats.","names":"The name is Sanskrit for a jewelled place and was adopted in the 1700s. Meiteilon, also called Manipuri, is the state language and is written both in Bengali script and in its own Meitei Mayek script, which has been brought back into schools; many hill communities speak Tibeto-Burman languages of their own.","culture":"Manipuri is one of India's classical dance traditions, rounder and gentler in its movements than several others, and its drum dance is performed by men leaping while playing. The modern game of polo grew from a game played here, and Manipur keeps its own version.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1193","regional-wd-Q208097","regional-wd-Q43436","regional-wiki-IN-MN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-ML","code":"IN-ML","parentId":"IND","name":"Meghalaya","aliases":["Meghalaya","Meghālaya"],"localName":"Meghalaya","type":"state","coordinate":[91.3031,25.4804],"landscape":"Meghalaya is a plateau standing above the Bangladesh plain, and moist air rising against its southern edge makes Mawsynram and Cherrapunji among the wettest inhabited places on Earth. Rivers cut deep gorges off the plateau, and the limestone beneath holds some of the longest caves in India.","names":"The name is Sanskrit for the abode of clouds and was given when the state was formed in 1972. Khasi, Garo and Pnar are the main languages, and Khasi is unusual in this region for belonging to the Austroasiatic family rather than the Tibeto-Burman one.","culture":"In parts of the Khasi and Jaintia hills, people guide the roots of rubber fig trees across streams over many years until the roots grow into a living bridge strong enough to walk on. Khasi and Garo societies pass property and family names through the mother's line.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1195","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q36137","regional-wd-Q33584","regional-wd-Q207752","regional-wd-Q8074","regional-wiki-IN-ML"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-MZ","code":"IN-MZ","parentId":"IND","name":"Mizoram","aliases":["Mizoram"],"localName":"Mizoram","type":"state","coordinate":[92.8409,23.2037],"landscape":"Mizoram is a state of long parallel north-south ridges with narrow valleys between them, so its roads and towns run along hilltops rather than valley floors. Bamboo covers a great deal of it, and rivers cut deep between the ranges.","names":"The name can be read as the land of the hill people, from Mizo. Mizo is the main language and is written in the Latin alphabet, introduced with mission schooling, and Mizoram has one of the highest literacy rates in India.","culture":"Cheraw is danced between bamboo poles that are clapped together on the beat, with dancers stepping in and out of the gaps. Every few decades the bamboo flowers and dies back across huge areas, and the rats that follow the seed have caused famines, so the cycle is now watched carefully.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1502","regional-wd-Q192379","regional-wiki-IN-MZ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-NL","code":"IN-NL","parentId":"IND","name":"Nagaland","aliases":["Nagaland","Nágáland","Nāgāland","IN-NL"],"localName":"Nagaland","type":"state","coordinate":[94.5664,26.1094],"landscape":"Nagaland is hill country along the border with Myanmar, with Saramati as its highest peak and the Doyang and Dhansiri running down toward the Assam plain. Steep slopes and heavy rain make terracing necessary for farming.","names":"The name comes from the Naga peoples, of whom there are many distinct groups. English is the official language, and because so many Naga languages are spoken, Nagamese, a creole based on Assamese, is widely used between communities.","culture":"In parts of the state, rice grows in terraces fed by channels running for kilometres along the hillside, dug and maintained by whole villages together. The Hornbill Festival each December brings different Naga groups to one place to present their own dances, dress and food.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1599","regional-wd-Q234056","regional-wiki-IN-NL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-OR","code":"IN-OR","parentId":"IND","name":"Odisha","aliases":["Odisha","ଓଡ଼ିଶା","Orissa","Kalinga","Utkal","IN-OD","OD"],"localName":"ଓଡ଼ିଶା","type":"state","coordinate":[84.4341,20.625],"landscape":"Odisha faces the Bay of Bengal with a wide coastal plain behind it, backed by the hills of the Eastern Ghats. Chilika, a shallow brackish lagoon, is the largest of its kind in India and fills with migrating birds in winter, and cyclones coming off the bay are a regular risk here.","names":"Odisha is labelled ଓଡ଼ିଶା in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Odia. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Odissi is a classical dance built on shifting the weight from one hip to the other, its poses echoing figures carved on temple walls. The Sun Temple at Konark was built as a giant stone chariot with carved wheels, and Pattachitra painters work on cloth stiffened with tamarind paste.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q22048","regional-wd-Q33810","regional-wd-Q171771","regional-wiki-IN-OR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-PY","code":"IN-PY","parentId":"IND","name":"Puducherry","aliases":["Puducherry","புதுச்சேரி","Pondy","Puduvai","Pondichéry","Pondicherry"],"localName":"புதுச்சேரி","type":"union territory","coordinate":[79.7758,10.9224],"landscape":"Puducherry comes in four separate pieces on two different coasts: Puducherry and Karaikal on the Bay of Bengal, Yanam further north in the Godavari delta, and Mahé on the Arabian Sea. All are small, low and coastal, and hundreds of kilometres apart.","names":"Puducherry is labelled புதுச்சேரி in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, English. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"France governed these places until 1954, and Puducherry's old quarter keeps a grid of streets with French names, while some residents still hold French citizenship. Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam are each the main language in a different part of the territory.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q66743","regional-wd-Q8097","regional-wd-Q5885","regional-wd-Q36236","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q639421","regional-wiki-IN-PY"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-PB","code":"IN-PB","parentId":"IND","name":"Punjab","aliases":["Punjab","ਪੰਜਾਬ","Land of Five Rivers","Punjab, India","Punjab State","East Punjab","IN-PB"],"localName":"ਪੰਜਾਬ","type":"state","coordinate":[75.3762,31.0245],"landscape":"Punjab is flat alluvial plain crossed by rivers coming down from the Himalaya, and its name records them. Very little of it is not farmed, and a dense network of canals spreads river water across the fields.","names":"Punjab is labelled ਪੰਜਾਬ in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Punjabi. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Punjab was central to the Green Revolution from the 1960s, when new wheat varieties and irrigation raised harvests sharply, and it still supplies a large share of the country's grain. Bhangra began as a harvest dance and Gidha as its counterpart danced by women, and both are now performed far beyond Punjab.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q22424","regional-wd-Q58635","regional-wd-Q43433","regional-wd-Q169132","regional-wiki-IN-PB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-RJ","code":"IN-RJ","parentId":"IND","name":"Rajasthan","aliases":["Rajasthan","राजस्थान","Rajputana","IN-RJ"],"localName":"राजस्थान","type":"state","coordinate":[73.8556,26.7468],"landscape":"Rajasthan includes parts of the Thar Desert and the Aravalli hills. Desert country and hill country create different local settings.","names":"राजस्थान is Rajasthan written in Devanagari. Several regional speech varieties are used alongside Hindi and other languages.","culture":"Kathputli is a string-puppet tradition associated with Rajasthan. Puppeteers combine crafted figures with storytelling and performance.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1437","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q66485","regional-wd-Q12097","regional-topic-IN-RJ","regional-wiki-IN-RJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-SK","code":"IN-SK","parentId":"IND","name":"Sikkim","aliases":["Sikkim","सिक्किम","IN-SK"],"localName":"सिक्किम","type":"state","coordinate":[88.4482,27.5709],"landscape":"Sikkim is small and almost entirely mountainous, climbing from subtropical valleys to Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain on Earth at about 8,586 metres, on its border. The Teesta drains nearly the whole state, and its slopes hold an unusual range of plants for so small an area.","names":"The name is usually traced to a Limbu phrase meaning new house or new palace. Nepali is the most widely spoken language, with Bhutia, Lepcha and Limbu also official, and Sikkim became a state of India in 1975.","culture":"Sikkim phased out chemical fertilisers across all its farmland and was certified fully organic in 2016. Kangchenjunga is treated as a guardian deity rather than a peak to be conquered, and climbers are asked not to set foot on the summit itself.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1505","regional-wd-Q186141","regional-wiki-IN-SK"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-TN","code":"IN-TN","parentId":"IND","name":"Tamil Nadu","aliases":["Tamil Nadu","தமிழ்நாடு"],"localName":"தமிழ்நாடு","type":"state","coordinate":[78.2704,11.0159],"landscape":"Tamil Nadu occupies the south-eastern corner of India, with the Eastern and Western Ghats meeting at the Nilgiri hills in the west and a long Coromandel coast to the east. Unlike most of the country it takes much of its rain from the retreating north-east monsoon late in the year, and the Kaveri delta is its main rice country.","names":"Tamil Nadu is labelled தமிழ்நாடு in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Tamil, English. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Bharatanatyam, a classical dance built on precise geometry of the limbs and a fixed vocabulary of hand signs, took its present form here. Temple towers called gopurams rise in tiers of painted sculpture, and Tamil has one of the longest continuous literary traditions of any living language.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1445","regional-wd-Q5885","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q1352","regional-wd-Q173491","regional-wd-Q6256","regional-wiki-IN-TN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-TG","code":"IN-TG","parentId":"IND","name":"Telangana","aliases":["Telangana","తెలంగాణ"],"localName":"తెలంగాణ","type":"state","coordinate":[78.468441094,17.4273126817],"landscape":"Telangana is a dry plateau state above the coastal plain, drained by the Godavari and Krishna as they cut across toward the sea. Granite boulders sit piled across the landscape around Hyderabad, and the state relies heavily on tanks and reservoirs because the rain is uneven.","names":"Telangana is labelled తెలంగాణ in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Telugu, Urdu. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Pochampally weavers tie and dye the threads before weaving, so the pattern only appears as the cloth is made and the dyeing has to be planned exactly. At Bathukamma each autumn, women build cone-shaped stacks of seasonal flowers and float them on water. Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh in 2014, making it India's newest state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q677037","regional-wd-Q8097","regional-wd-Q1617","regional-wd-Q1361","regional-wd-Q201","regional-wd-Q468895","regional-wiki-IN-TG"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-TR","code":"IN-TR","parentId":"IND","name":"Tripura","aliases":["Tripura","ত্রিপুরা","IN-TR"],"localName":"ত্রিপুরা","type":"state","coordinate":[91.7031,23.8519],"landscape":"Tripura is a small state almost surrounded by Bangladesh, with low north-south hill ranges and valleys between them. It is heavily forested, and being nearly enclosed means its road and rail links depend on a narrow corridor of Indian territory to the north-east.","names":"The origin of the name is debated, with explanations offered from both Sanskrit and Kokborok. Bengali and Kokborok are both official; Kokborok is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Tripuri people, while a large share of the population speaks Bengali.","culture":"Bamboo and cane are worked here into mats, screens and furniture, and the craft is one of the state's main trades outside farming. Ujjayanta Palace in Agartala and the rock carvings at Unakoti, cut straight into a cliff face, are among its best-known sites.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1363","regional-wd-Q170454","regional-wiki-IN-TR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-UP","code":"IN-UP","parentId":"IND","name":"Uttar Pradesh","aliases":["Uttar Pradesh","उत्तर प्रदेश","U.P."],"localName":"उत्तर प्रदेश","type":"state","coordinate":[80.9966,26.7201],"landscape":"Uttar Pradesh spreads across the Ganges plain, flat and fertile from the Himalayan foothills in the far north to the edge of the plateau in the south. The Ganges and Yamuna meet at Prayagraj, and more people live in this state than in almost any country.","names":"Uttar Pradesh is labelled उत्तर प्रदेश in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Hindi, Urdu. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Every twelve years the Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj draws tens of millions of people to the river confluence, making it one of the largest gatherings anywhere. Chikankari embroidery from Lucknow uses white thread on fine pale cloth in many different stitches, and the Taj Mahal at Agra is inlaid with cut stone set into marble.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1498","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q1617","regional-wd-Q47916","regional-wd-Q659","regional-wiki-IN-UP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-UT","code":"IN-UT","parentId":"IND","name":"Uttarakhand","aliases":["Uttarakhand","उत्तराखण्ड","Uttaranchal","IN-UK","State of Uttarakhand","Devbhoomi","UK"],"localName":"उत्तराखण्ड","type":"state","coordinate":[79.2841,30.0576],"landscape":"Uttarakhand rises from a strip of plain and forest through the middle Himalaya to peaks above seven thousand metres, including Nanda Devi. Both the Ganges and the Yamuna begin here at glaciers, and the steep slopes make the state prone to landslides in heavy rain.","names":"Uttarakhand is labelled उत्तराखण्ड in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Hindi, Sanskrit. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Four Himalayan shrines here are visited in a set circuit each summer, and the routes close under snow for the rest of the year. In the 1970s, villagers in these hills protected trees from felling by standing around them, a protest that gave its name to a wider movement.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1499","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q11059","regional-wd-Q199528","regional-wd-Q659","regional-wiki-IN-UT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"IND:IN-WB","code":"IN-WB","parentId":"IND","name":"West Bengal","aliases":["West Bengal","পশ্চিমবঙ্গ","Paschimbanga","WB","IN-WB"],"localName":"পশ্চিমবঙ্গ","type":"state","coordinate":[87.7289,23.0523],"landscape":"West Bengal reaches from Himalayan Darjeeling in the north down a narrow corridor to the Ganges delta and the Bay of Bengal. In the south lie the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world, where tigers swim between islands and the tide runs through the channels twice a day.","names":"West Bengal is labelled পশ্চিমবঙ্গ in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Bangla, English, Nepali, Hindi. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Durga Puja fills Kolkata each autumn with temporary pavilions built to different designs, made and then taken apart, with the clay images carried to the river at the end. Baul singers travel and perform their own songs, and the state has a long tradition of printing, theatre and film.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1356","regional-wd-Q9610","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q33823","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q1348","regional-wd-Q679","regional-wd-Q80338","regional-wiki-IN-WB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"IND-regional-landscape","placeId":"IND","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["IND:IN-RJ","IND:IN-KL","IND:IN-AS"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1437","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q66485","regional-wd-Q12097","regional-topic-IN-RJ","regional-wiki-IN-RJ","regional-wd-Q1186","regional-wd-Q58705","regional-wd-Q36236","regional-wd-Q167715","regional-topic-IN-KL","regional-wiki-IN-KL","regional-wd-Q1164","regional-wd-Q29401","regional-wd-Q33223","regional-wd-Q9610","regional-wd-Q271911","regional-wd-Q96650765","regional-wd-Q2308237","regional-topic-IN-AS","regional-wiki-IN-AS"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 is India's largest state, holding much of the Thar Desert. Which is it?","answer":"Rajasthan","others":["Kerala","Assam","Gujarat"],"reading":"Rajasthan: Rajasthan is India's largest state by area and includes much of the Thar Desert in the west, with the Aravalli hills running across it from south-west to north-east. The Aravallis are among the oldest ranges in the world, worn low over an enormous stretch of time. Desert country and hill country create different local settings. Kerala: Kerala is a narrow strip along the Arabian Sea, with lagoons and linked channels called the backwaters near the coast and the Western Ghats rising steeply just inland, so sea and mountains sit close together. Those hills catch the monsoon and make Kerala one of the wettest parts of the country. Assam: Assam holds most of the Brahmaputra valley, where the river braids into many channels and spreads across the plain in the monsoon. Majuli, a large river island, sits within it. River plains and the hills around them contrast with Rajasthan's deserts.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Compare the areas on the map first.","studyMap":{"title":"India · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Rajasthan","coordinate":[73.8556,26.7468]},{"label":"Kerala","coordinate":[76.5237,10.3666]},{"label":"Assam","coordinate":[92.9929,26.3302]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 is a narrow strip where backwaters and steep mountains sit close together. Which is it?","answer":"Kerala","others":["Rajasthan","Assam","Tamil Nadu"],"reading":"Rajasthan: Rajasthan is India's largest state by area and includes much of the Thar Desert in the west, with the Aravalli hills running across it from south-west to north-east. The Aravallis are among the oldest ranges in the world, worn low over an enormous stretch of time. Desert country and hill country create different local settings. Kerala: Kerala is a narrow strip along the Arabian Sea, with lagoons and linked channels called the backwaters near the coast and the Western Ghats rising steeply just inland, so sea and mountains sit close together. Those hills catch the monsoon and make Kerala one of the wettest parts of the country. Assam: Assam holds most of the Brahmaputra valley, where the river braids into many channels and spreads across the plain in the monsoon. Majuli, a large river island, sits within it. River plains and the hills around them contrast with Rajasthan's deserts.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry puts the sea and the hills almost side by side.","studyMap":{"title":"India · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Rajasthan","coordinate":[73.8556,26.7468]},{"label":"Kerala","coordinate":[76.5237,10.3666]},{"label":"Assam","coordinate":[92.9929,26.3302]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 follows a braided river that spreads across the plain each monsoon. Which is it?","answer":"Assam","others":["Rajasthan","Kerala","Odisha"],"reading":"Rajasthan: Rajasthan is India's largest state by area and includes much of the Thar Desert in the west, with the Aravalli hills running across it from south-west to north-east. The Aravallis are among the oldest ranges in the world, worn low over an enormous stretch of time. Desert country and hill country create different local settings. Kerala: Kerala is a narrow strip along the Arabian Sea, with lagoons and linked channels called the backwaters near the coast and the Western Ghats rising steeply just inland, so sea and mountains sit close together. Those hills catch the monsoon and make Kerala one of the wettest parts of the country. Assam: Assam holds most of the Brahmaputra valley, where the river braids into many channels and spreads across the plain in the monsoon. Majuli, a large river island, sits within it. River plains and the hills around them contrast with Rajasthan's deserts.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the entry that names a river island.","studyMap":{"title":"India · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Rajasthan","coordinate":[73.8556,26.7468]},{"label":"Kerala","coordinate":[76.5237,10.3666]},{"label":"Assam","coordinate":[92.9929,26.3302]}]}}]},{"id":"IND-regional-names","placeId":"IND","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["IND:IN-RJ","IND:IN-KL","IND:IN-AS"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1437","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q66485","regional-wd-Q12097","regional-topic-IN-RJ","regional-wiki-IN-RJ","regional-wd-Q1186","regional-wd-Q58705","regional-wd-Q36236","regional-wd-Q167715","regional-topic-IN-KL","regional-wiki-IN-KL","regional-wd-Q1164","regional-wd-Q29401","regional-wd-Q33223","regional-wd-Q9610","regional-wd-Q271911","regional-wd-Q96650765","regional-wd-Q2308237","regional-topic-IN-AS","regional-wiki-IN-AS"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's name is written in Devanagari and can be read as land of kings?","answer":"Rajasthan","others":["Kerala","Assam","Punjab"],"reading":"Rajasthan: राजस्थान is Rajasthan written in Devanagari, the script also used for Hindi, Marathi and Nepali, and the name can be read as land of kings. Several regional speech varieties, including Marwari and Mewari, are used alongside Hindi. Kerala: കേരളം is a Malayalam name form for Kerala. Malayalam uses a rounded script, quite unlike Devanagari, shaped that way partly because it was long written on palm leaves that would split under straight strokes. Assam: অসম is a name form for Assam in the Assamese script, which is close to the Bengali script but has letters of its own for the sounds r and w. Assamese is one of several languages used in the state, alongside Bodo, Mising and others.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One of the three scripts is shared with Hindi."},{"question":"Which state's script is rounded because it was long written on palm leaves?","answer":"Kerala","others":["Rajasthan","Assam","Karnataka"],"reading":"Rajasthan: राजस्थान is Rajasthan written in Devanagari, the script also used for Hindi, Marathi and Nepali, and the name can be read as land of kings. Several regional speech varieties, including Marwari and Mewari, are used alongside Hindi. Kerala: കേരളം is a Malayalam name form for Kerala. Malayalam uses a rounded script, quite unlike Devanagari, shaped that way partly because it was long written on palm leaves that would split under straight strokes. Assam: অসম is a name form for Assam in the Assamese script, which is close to the Bengali script but has letters of its own for the sounds r and w. Assamese is one of several languages used in the state, alongside Bodo, Mising and others.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for the entry that explains why the letters curve."},{"question":"Which state's script is close to Bengali but has two letters of its own?","answer":"Assam","others":["Rajasthan","Kerala","West Bengal"],"reading":"Rajasthan: राजस्थान is Rajasthan written in Devanagari, the script also used for Hindi, Marathi and Nepali, and the name can be read as land of kings. Several regional speech varieties, including Marwari and Mewari, are used alongside Hindi. Kerala: കേരളം is a Malayalam name form for Kerala. Malayalam uses a rounded script, quite unlike Devanagari, shaped that way partly because it was long written on palm leaves that would split under straight strokes. Assam: অসম is a name form for Assam in the Assamese script, which is close to the Bengali script but has letters of its own for the sounds r and w. Assamese is one of several languages used in the state, alongside Bodo, Mising and others.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Two of these scripts are close relatives."}]},{"id":"IND-regional-culture","placeId":"IND","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["IND:IN-RJ","IND:IN-KL","IND:IN-AS"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-IND","voyage-IND","regional-wd-Q1437","regional-wd-Q1568","regional-wd-Q66485","regional-wd-Q12097","regional-topic-IN-RJ","regional-wiki-IN-RJ","regional-wd-Q1186","regional-wd-Q58705","regional-wd-Q36236","regional-wd-Q167715","regional-topic-IN-KL","regional-wiki-IN-KL","regional-wd-Q1164","regional-wd-Q29401","regional-wd-Q33223","regional-wd-Q9610","regional-wd-Q271911","regional-wd-Q96650765","regional-wd-Q2308237","regional-topic-IN-AS","regional-wiki-IN-AS"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's example is worked on strings, with a whistle for a voice?","answer":"Rajasthan","others":["Kerala","Assam","Maharashtra"],"reading":"Rajasthan: Kathputli is a string-puppet tradition associated with Rajasthan, in which carved wooden figures in bright cloth are worked on a few strings, while a drum and a small reed whistle give the puppets their voices. Puppeteers combine crafted figures with storytelling and performance. Kerala: Kathakali is a dance-drama from Kerala in which performers spend hours having elaborate green, red and black make-up applied, then tell a story without speaking, using hand gestures, eye movements and drumming. It is one performance tradition among several in the state. Assam: Bihu names a set of celebrations in Assam tied to the farming year: one in spring at sowing, one in autumn when the fields are green but stores are low, and one in winter after the harvest, with feasting.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Which example is made of wood and cloth?"},{"question":"Which state's example tells its story without any spoken words?","answer":"Kerala","others":["Rajasthan","Assam","Bihar"],"reading":"Rajasthan: Kathputli is a string-puppet tradition associated with Rajasthan, in which carved wooden figures in bright cloth are worked on a few strings, while a drum and a small reed whistle give the puppets their voices. Puppeteers combine crafted figures with storytelling and performance. Kerala: Kathakali is a dance-drama from Kerala in which performers spend hours having elaborate green, red and black make-up applied, then tell a story without speaking, using hand gestures, eye movements and drumming. It is one performance tradition among several in the state. Assam: Bihu names a set of celebrations in Assam tied to the farming year: one in spring at sowing, one in autumn when the fields are green but stores are low, and one in winter after the harvest, with feasting.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for hands and eyes doing the talking."},{"question":"What connects the Bihu celebrations in Assam?","answer":"Different stages of the farming year","others":["The opening of a new theatre","The building of a puppet stage","One event held after every rainfall"],"reading":"Rajasthan: Kathputli is a string-puppet tradition associated with Rajasthan, in which carved wooden figures in bright cloth are worked on a few strings, while a drum and a small reed whistle give the puppets their voices. Puppeteers combine crafted figures with storytelling and performance. Kerala: Kathakali is a dance-drama from Kerala in which performers spend hours having elaborate green, red and black make-up applied, then tell a story without speaking, using hand gestures, eye movements and drumming. It is one performance tradition among several in the state. Assam: Bihu names a set of celebrations in Assam tied to the farming year: one in spring at sowing, one in autumn when the fields are green but stores are low, and one in winter after the harvest, with feasting.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 36 subdivisions of India. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. States and union territories are distinct administrative types. Some Himalayan boundaries are disputed. These teaching maps do not resolve territorial claims.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/IND.geojson"},{"placeId":"CHE","name":"Switzerland","regions":[{"id":"CHE:CH-AG","code":"CH-AG","parentId":"CHE","name":"Aargau","aliases":["Aargau","Kanton Aargau","Argovia","Canton of Argovia"],"localName":"Kanton Aargau","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.19995,47.4176],"landscape":"Aargau is named after the Aare, and three rivers, the Aare, Reuss and Limmat, join within a few kilometres of one another here. Low Jura ridges cross the north, and the rest is farmland and small industrial towns.","names":"Aargau is labelled Kanton Aargau in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The castle from which the Habsburg family took its name stands here on a low hill, a modest building for a family that later ruled much of Europe. Aargau holds a great many castles for its size.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11972","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q14274","regional-wd-Q1675","regional-wiki-CH-AG"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-AR","code":"CH-AR","parentId":"CHE","name":"Appenzell Ausserrhoden","aliases":["Appenzell Ausserrhoden","Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden","AR","Appenzell Outer Rhodes","Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden","Kanton Appenzell A.Rh.","Appenzell A.Rh."],"localName":"Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden","type":"canton","coordinate":[9.39726,47.3911],"landscape":"Appenzell Ausserrhoden curves around Innerrhoden as a ring of rolling hills and scattered farmhouses, lower and more open than its neighbour. Villages here are strung along ridges rather than gathered in valleys.","names":"Appenzell Ausserrhoden is labelled Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Swiss Standard German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Hand and machine embroidery made this a busy textile region in the 1800s, and painted farmhouse pictures showing cattle processions are still made. The two Appenzells split in 1597 over religion and have stayed separate ever since.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12079","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q63970","regional-wd-Q68189","regional-wiki-CH-AR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-AI","code":"CH-AI","parentId":"CHE","name":"Appenzell Innerrhoden","aliases":["Appenzell Innerrhoden","Kanton Appenzell Innerrhoden","AI","Appenzell Inner-Rhodes","Innerrhoden","Appenzell Inner Rhodes","Appenzell Inner-Rhoden"],"localName":"Kanton Appenzell Innerrhoden","type":"canton","coordinate":[9.39548,47.3092],"landscape":"Appenzell Innerrhoden is a small canton of green hills rising into the Alpstein, a limestone ridge crowned by the Säntis. Farms sit high on the slopes, and cattle are driven up to alpine pastures in early summer.","names":"Appenzell Innerrhoden is labelled Kanton Appenzell Innerrhoden in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Voters here still gather once a year in the open square at Appenzell and decide by raising their hands, one of the last cantons to govern this way. Women were only able to take part from 1991.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12094","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q209270","regional-wiki-CH-AI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-BL","code":"CH-BL","parentId":"CHE","name":"Basel-Landschaft","aliases":["Basel-Landschaft","Kanton Basel-Landschaft","Baselland","BL","Basle-Campagne","Baselbiet","Kanton Basel-Land","Basle-Country","Bâle-Campagne","Canton of Basel-Land","Canton of Basel-Country"],"localName":"Kanton Basel-Landschaft","type":"canton","coordinate":[7.72662,47.5056],"landscape":"Basel-Landschaft is the country around the city of Basel: wooded Jura ridges, narrow valleys and villages, with the land rising steadily as you move south away from the Rhine.","names":"Basel-Landschaft is labelled Kanton Basel-Landschaft in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Cherry orchards on these slopes supply kirsch, a clear spirit distilled from the fruit. The canton split from Basel-Stadt in 1833, and the two halves have voted more than once since on whether to join up again.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12146","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q68972","regional-wd-Q78","regional-wiki-CH-BL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-BS","code":"CH-BS","parentId":"CHE","name":"Basel-Stadt","aliases":["Basel-Stadt","Kanton Basel-Stadt","Basle-Stadt","BS","Basel-City","Basle-City","Bale-Ville","Canton of Basle-City","Basel-Stadt Canton","Kanton Basel Stadt"],"localName":"Kanton Basel-Stadt","type":"canton","coordinate":[7.5898,47.5605],"landscape":"Basel-Stadt is one of the smallest cantons, made up of the city of Basel and two neighbouring villages, at the point where the Rhine turns north and where Switzerland, France and Germany meet.","names":"Basel-Stadt is labelled Kanton Basel-Stadt in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Basel's carnival begins at four in the morning on the Monday after Ash Wednesday, when every light in the old town goes out and groups march through the dark carrying painted lanterns. It is a rare case of a city holding its carnival after Lent has already started.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12172","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q78","regional-wd-Q78","regional-wiki-CH-BS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-BE","code":"CH-BE","parentId":"CHE","name":"Bern","aliases":["Bern","Kanton Bern","BE","Berne","the Canton of Berne"],"localName":"Kanton Bern","type":"canton","coordinate":[7.65026,46.7988],"landscape":"Bern stretches from the Bernese Alps, where the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau stand above the Aletsch Glacier, down through the green Emmental hills to farmland in the north. The old city of Bern sits inside a tight loop of the Aare.","names":"Bern is labelled Kanton Bern in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Swiss Standard German, Swiss French. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The federal parliament meets in Bern, so the city acts as Switzerland's capital without formally being called one. Emmental cheese, with its large round holes, is named after the valley here where it was first made.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11911","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q1480152","regional-wd-Q70","regional-wiki-CH-BE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-FR","code":"CH-FR","parentId":"CHE","name":"Fribourg","aliases":["Fribourg","Kanton Freiburg","Freiburg, Switzerland","Canton de Fribourg","Freiburg","FR"],"localName":"Kanton Freiburg","type":"canton","coordinate":[6.85219,46.8411],"landscape":"Fribourg runs from the shore of Lake Neuchâtel up to the pre-Alps around the Moléson, with the Sarine cutting a deep gorge through the middle. The old town of Fribourg is built on a rock inside a bend of that river.","names":"Fribourg is labelled Kanton Freiburg in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include French, German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The canton is bilingual, and the language border between French and German runs roughly along the Sarine, so neighbouring villages can speak differently. Gruyère cheese comes from the district of the same name here.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12640","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q36378","regional-wiki-CH-FR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-GE","code":"CH-GE","parentId":"CHE","name":"Geneva","aliases":["Geneva","Genève","Kanton Genf","GE","Canton de Genève","Canton de Geneve","Geneve","CH-GE","Republic and Canton of Geneva"],"localName":"Genève","type":"canton","coordinate":[6.11764,46.237],"landscape":"Geneva lies at the western end of Lake Geneva, near the Rhône’s exit from the lake. It differs from Graubünden’s extensive mountain valleys.","names":"Genève is the French name for Geneva. French is used in cantonal public life, but residents use many other languages too.","culture":"Geneva’s Escalade celebration recalls an event in the city’s history. Local celebrations can be distinctive even within a small country.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11917","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q1480152","regional-wd-Q71","regional-topic-CH-GE","regional-wiki-CH-GE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-GL","code":"CH-GL","parentId":"CHE","name":"Glarus","aliases":["Glarus","Kanton Glarus","GL","Canton of Glarus"],"localName":"Kanton Glarus","type":"canton","coordinate":[9.05651,47.0096],"landscape":"Glarus is essentially one long valley with side valleys branching off it, walled by steep mountains and drained by the Linth. On the slopes above, a clear line runs across the rock where older stone was pushed up over younger stone by the building of the Alps.","names":"Glarus is labelled Kanton Glarus in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German, Swiss Standard German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Glarus still holds an open-air assembly each spring where citizens vote by show of hands, and in 2007 that assembly lowered the voting age in cantonal matters to sixteen, the only canton to do so.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11922","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q63912","regional-wiki-CH-GL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-GR","code":"CH-GR","parentId":"CHE","name":"Grisons","aliases":["Grisons","Graubünden","Kanton Graubünden","GR","the Grisons","Graubunden","Grigioni","Rhaetian League","Canton of Grisons","Grischun","Graubünden · Grisons · Grischun"],"localName":"Graubünden · Grisons · Grischun","type":"canton","coordinate":[9.55953,46.6729],"landscape":"Graubünden contains many Alpine valleys. Mountain barriers and passes affect how communities connect.","names":"Graubünden, Grisons, and Grischun are name forms encountered in German, French, and Romansh contexts. The canton uses German, Romansh, and Italian as official languages.","culture":"Sgraffito decoration can be seen on houses in the Engadin in Graubünden. Makers scratch through contrasting plaster layers to create designs.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11925","regional-wd-Q13199","regional-wd-Q652","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q69007","regional-topic-CH-GR","regional-institution-CH-GR","regional-wiki-CH-GR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-JU","code":"CH-JU","parentId":"CHE","name":"Jura","aliases":["Jura","Kanton Jura","Republic of Jura","Canton and Republic of Jura","Canton du Jura","République du Jura","Canton Jura"],"localName":"Kanton Jura","type":"canton","coordinate":[7.19817,47.3636],"landscape":"Jura lies in the folded ridges and long valleys of the mountain range it is named after, in the north-west against the French border. The limestone here is full of caves and sinkholes, and streams can vanish underground and reappear further on.","names":"Jura is labelled Kanton Jura in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include French. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Jura is Switzerland's newest canton, created in 1979 when French-speaking districts voted to separate from Bern. It is known for watchmaking workshops and for the Franches-Montagnes horses bred on its high pastures.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12755","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q63896","regional-wd-Q178611","regional-wiki-CH-JU"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-LU","code":"CH-LU","parentId":"CHE","name":"Lucerne","aliases":["Lucerne","Kanton Luzern","Luzern","LU","Canton Lucerne"],"localName":"Kanton Luzern","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.17219,47.096],"landscape":"Lucerne sits where the Reuss leaves Lake Lucerne, a lake with several long arms reaching between steep mountains. Pilatus and the Rigi rise on either side, and the land flattens into farmland toward the north.","names":"Lucerne is labelled Kanton Luzern in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The Chapel Bridge, a covered wooden footbridge with paintings set into its roof beams, has crossed the Reuss since the fourteenth century; much of it burned in 1993 and was rebuilt. Lucerne's carnival fills the streets with brass bands playing deliberately out of step.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12121","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q4191","regional-wiki-CH-LU"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-NE","code":"CH-NE","parentId":"CHE","name":"Neuchâtel","aliases":["Neuchâtel","Kanton Neuenburg","Canton de Neuchâtel","Canton de Neuchatel","Neuenburg","Canton Neuchatel"],"localName":"Kanton Neuenburg","type":"canton","coordinate":[6.76076,46.9893],"landscape":"Neuchâtel rises in steps from its lake, the largest lying entirely inside Switzerland, up through vineyards to high Jura valleys where the winters are long and cold.","names":"Neuchâtel is labelled Kanton Neuenburg in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include French. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Watchmaking grew in those cold upland valleys as work for the winter months, and La Chaux-de-Fonds was rebuilt on a grid to suit the trade, with long windows to light the workbenches. Absinthe was first distilled in the Val-de-Travers here.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12738","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q69345","regional-wiki-CH-NE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-NW","code":"CH-NW","parentId":"CHE","name":"Nidwalden","aliases":["Nidwalden","Kanton Nidwalden","NW","Unterwalden nid dem Wald","Nidwald","Canton of Nidwald"],"localName":"Kanton Nidwalden","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.40344,46.934],"landscape":"Nidwalden is a small canton on the southern shore of Lake Lucerne, with the Stanserhorn and Pilatus above it and a flat valley floor around Stans where most people live.","names":"Nidwalden is labelled Kanton Nidwalden in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Swiss Standard German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"A cable car up the Stanserhorn carries passengers on an open upper deck with no roof at all. Nidwalden and Obwalden together make up Unterwalden, one of the places named in the founding story of the Swiss Confederation.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12592","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q63931","regional-wiki-CH-NW"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-OW","code":"CH-OW","parentId":"CHE","name":"Obwalden","aliases":["Obwalden","Kanton Obwalden","OW","Unterwalden ob dem Wald","Canton of Obwalden","Canton of Obwald"],"localName":"Kanton Obwalden","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.20594,46.8686],"landscape":"Obwalden lies in valleys south-west of Lake Lucerne, around Lake Sarnen and Lake Lungern, and it includes Engelberg, a separate piece of the canton lying beneath the glaciers of the Titlis.","names":"Obwalden is labelled Kanton Obwalden in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Swiss Standard German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Engelberg grew up around a monastery founded in the twelfth century and later became a mountain resort reached by rack railway. Wood carving and dairy farming are long-standing trades in these valleys.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12573","regional-wd-Q689719","regional-wd-Q14381","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q63964","regional-wiki-CH-OW"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-SH","code":"CH-SH","parentId":"CHE","name":"Schaffhausen","aliases":["Schaffhausen","Kanton Schaffhausen","SH","c.sh"],"localName":"Kanton Schaffhausen","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.6232,47.7205],"landscape":"Schaffhausen is the only canton lying mostly north of the Rhine, pushing up into Germany, and it comes in several separate pieces. The Rhine Falls nearby is the largest waterfall in Europe measured by how much water goes over it.","names":"Schaffhausen is labelled Kanton Schaffhausen in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The Munot, a round fortress with a spiral ramp wide enough to ride a horse up, stands above the old town, and a watchman still lives in its tower and rings the bell each evening. The houses below carry painted fronts and jutting bay windows.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12697","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q9009","regional-wiki-CH-SH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-SZ","code":"CH-SZ","parentId":"CHE","name":"Schwyz","aliases":["Schwyz","Kanton Schwyz","Schwytz","Canton of Schwytz","SZ"],"localName":"Kanton Schwyz","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.68573,47.0455],"landscape":"Schwyz sits between Lake Lucerne and Lake Zurich, with the two Mythen peaks standing above the town of Schwyz and the Muota valley running back into the mountains.","names":"Schwyz is labelled Kanton Schwyz in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Swiss Standard German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Switzerland takes its name from this canton, whose name spread first to its neighbours and then to the whole country. The Federal Charter of 1291 is kept in a museum in the town of Schwyz, and the abbey at Einsiedeln has drawn pilgrims for a thousand years.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12433","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q68155","regional-wd-Q68155","regional-wiki-CH-SZ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-SO","code":"CH-SO","parentId":"CHE","name":"Solothurn","aliases":["Solothurn","Kanton Solothurn","Soleure","SO","Canton of Soleure"],"localName":"Kanton Solothurn","type":"canton","coordinate":[7.41999,47.4325],"landscape":"Solothurn lies along the Aare between the Jura ridges and the flatter middle country, with the Weissenstein rising behind the town and, from its crest on a clear day, a view along the whole Alpine chain.","names":"Solothurn is labelled Kanton Solothurn in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The number eleven runs through the town of Solothurn: eleven churches and chapels, eleven fountains, eleven towers, and a cathedral with eleven steps in each flight of its stairway. The canton was the eleventh to join the Confederation.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11929","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q68965","regional-wd-Q68965","regional-wiki-CH-SO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-SG","code":"CH-SG","parentId":"CHE","name":"St. Gallen","aliases":["St. Gallen","Sankt Gallen","Kanton St. Gallen","Saint Gallen","St. Gall","St Gallen","Saint Gall","Canton of St. Gall"],"localName":"Kanton St. Gallen","type":"canton","coordinate":[9.21267,47.1524],"landscape":"St. Gallen reaches from Lake Constance and the Rhine valley up into the Alpstein and the hills of the Toggenburg. The Rhine forms much of its eastern border with Austria and Liechtenstein.","names":"St. Gallen is labelled Kanton St. Gallen in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Swiss Standard German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The Abbey Library of St. Gallen holds manuscripts more than a thousand years old, and visitors put on felt overshoes to walk across its floor. The city also became a world centre for machine embroidery around 1900, and its lace still turns up in fashion collections.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12746","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q25607","regional-wiki-CH-SG"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-TG","code":"CH-TG","parentId":"CHE","name":"Thurgau","aliases":["Thurgau","Kanton Thurgau","TG","Thurgovia"],"localName":"Kanton Thurgau","type":"canton","coordinate":[9.14593,47.5858],"landscape":"Thurgau slopes gently from Lake Constance down through low hills and orchards, drained by the Thur. It is one of the flatter and warmer cantons, and fruit does well here.","names":"Thurgau is labelled Kanton Thurgau in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"So many apples grow here that the canton has a teasing nickname built on Most, the word for apple juice and cider. A château above the lake at Arenenberg was home to the family of a future French emperor and is now a museum.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12713","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q68120","regional-wd-Q14339","regional-wiki-CH-TG"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-TI","code":"CH-TI","parentId":"CHE","name":"Ticino","aliases":["Ticino","Kanton Tessin","Canton Ticino"],"localName":"Ticino","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.79019,46.3604],"landscape":"Ticino lies south of the main Alpine divide and includes mountain valleys and lakes. Switzerland is not only snowy peaks.","names":"Italian is the canton's official language. Ticino and the French-speaking Geneva example show variation within Switzerland.","culture":"Bellinzona’s Rabadan is a carnival celebration in Ticino. Its local name and activities differ from Geneva’s Escalade.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12724","regional-wd-Q652","regional-wd-Q64044","regional-topic-CH-TI","regional-wiki-CH-TI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-UR","code":"CH-UR","parentId":"CHE","name":"Uri","aliases":["Uri","Kanton Uri","Uri, Switzerland"],"localName":"Kanton Uri","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.63301,46.809],"landscape":"Uri runs south from Lake Lucerne up the Reuss valley to the Gotthard pass, walled by steep mountains the whole way. The Gotthard Base Tunnel, the longest railway tunnel in the world at about fifty-seven kilometres, starts at its northern end.","names":"Uri is labelled Kanton Uri in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Swiss Standard German, German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"The story of William Tell shooting an apple from his son's head is set at Altdorf, where a statue of him stands in the square. It is a legend rather than a record, but it has shaped how the country tells its own beginning.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12404","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q68150","regional-wiki-CH-UR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-VS","code":"CH-VS","parentId":"CHE","name":"Valais","aliases":["Valais","Kanton Wallis","VS","Wallis","Canton of Wallis","Canton Valais"],"localName":"Kanton Wallis","type":"canton","coordinate":[7.61347,46.2023],"landscape":"Valais is a long, deep valley following the upper Rhône, walled by the highest mountains in the Alps, among them the Matterhorn and the Dufourspitze, Switzerland's highest point. The valley floor is one of the driest places in the country, because the mountains catch the rain before it arrives.","names":"Valais is labelled Kanton Wallis in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include French, Swiss Standard German, German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Because it is so dry, farmers built bisses, narrow channels that carry meltwater along cliff faces for many kilometres to the fields; some are centuries old and are now walked as footpaths. The canton speaks French in the west and German in the east.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q834","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q1366643","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q68136","regional-wiki-CH-VS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-VD","code":"CH-VD","parentId":"CHE","name":"Vaud","aliases":["Vaud","Kanton Waadt","VD","Canton Vaud","the Canton of Vaud"],"localName":"Kanton Waadt","type":"canton","coordinate":[6.5118,46.6204],"landscape":"Vaud stretches from the Jura across the plain to Lake Geneva and up into the Alps around Les Diablerets. East of Lausanne the Lavaux terraces climb the steep lake shore in stone-walled steps.","names":"Vaud is labelled Kanton Waadt in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include French. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Those vineyard terraces have been worked since monks laid them out around the eleventh century, and growers say the vines are warmed three times over: by the sky, by light off the lake, and by heat coming back out of the walls. Lausanne is home to the International Olympic Committee.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q12771","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q807","regional-wiki-CH-VD"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-ZG","code":"CH-ZG","parentId":"CHE","name":"Zug","aliases":["Zug","Kanton Zug","ZG","Zug Canton"],"localName":"Kanton Zug","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.54747,47.1578],"landscape":"Zug is one of the smaller cantons, wrapped around Lake Zug, with flat land to the north and the slopes of the Rigi and the Zugerberg rising to the south.","names":"Zug is labelled Kanton Zug in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Zug cherries go into a cake soaked in kirsch that has been made here since the 1920s. Low taxes have drawn many companies to register in the canton, so a small place holds a surprising number of head offices.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11933","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q68144","regional-wiki-CH-ZG"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"CHE:CH-ZH","code":"CH-ZH","parentId":"CHE","name":"Zürich","aliases":["Zürich","Kanton Zürich","ZH","Canton Zurich","Zurich"],"localName":"Kanton Zürich","type":"canton","coordinate":[8.6609,47.4297],"landscape":"Zürich spreads from the northern end of its lake down the Limmat valley, with wooded ridges on either side and farmland and wine villages further north toward the Rhine.","names":"Zürich is labelled Kanton Zürich in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"At the spring festival of Sechseläuten a snowman figure packed with fireworks is burned on a bonfire, and people time how long its head takes to explode, joking that a quick bang promises a fine summer. More people live in this canton than in any other.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11943","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q72","regional-wiki-CH-ZH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"CHE-regional-landscape","placeId":"CHE","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["CHE:CH-GE","CHE:CH-TI","CHE:CH-GR"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11917","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q1480152","regional-wd-Q71","regional-topic-CH-GE","regional-wiki-CH-GE","regional-wd-Q12724","regional-wd-Q652","regional-wd-Q64044","regional-topic-CH-TI","regional-wiki-CH-TI","regional-wd-Q11925","regional-wd-Q13199","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q69007","regional-topic-CH-GR","regional-institution-CH-GR","regional-wiki-CH-GR"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 sits where a river leaves a lake, almost ringed by another country. Which canton?","answer":"Geneva","others":["Ticino","Grisons","Vaud"],"reading":"Geneva: Geneva sits at the western tip of Lake Geneva, where the Rhône leaves the lake and flows on toward France. It is one of the smallest cantons and is almost entirely surrounded by French territory. Its lakeside setting differs from Graubünden's high valleys. Ticino: Ticino lies south of the main Alpine divide, so its rivers drain toward Italy rather than toward the north. It includes mountain valleys, warm lakeshores at Lugano and Locarno, and a milder climate. Switzerland is not only snowy peaks. Grisons: Graubünden is the largest canton by area and holds around 150 valleys, with high passes such as the Julier and the Bernina. Mountain barriers and passes affect how communities connect, and both the Rhine and the Inn rise here.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the smallest of the three.","studyMap":{"title":"Switzerland · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Geneva","coordinate":[6.11764,46.237]},{"label":"Ticino","coordinate":[8.79019,46.3604]},{"label":"Grisons","coordinate":[9.55953,46.6729]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 lies on the southern side of the Alps, so its rivers run toward Italy. Which canton?","answer":"Ticino","others":["Geneva","Grisons","Valais"],"reading":"Geneva: Geneva sits at the western tip of Lake Geneva, where the Rhône leaves the lake and flows on toward France. It is one of the smallest cantons and is almost entirely surrounded by French territory. Its lakeside setting differs from Graubünden's high valleys. Ticino: Ticino lies south of the main Alpine divide, so its rivers drain toward Italy rather than toward the north. It includes mountain valleys, warm lakeshores at Lugano and Locarno, and a milder climate. Switzerland is not only snowy peaks. Grisons: Graubünden is the largest canton by area and holds around 150 valleys, with high passes such as the Julier and the Bernina. Mountain barriers and passes affect how communities connect, and both the Rhine and the Inn rise here.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Which way does the water flow?","studyMap":{"title":"Switzerland · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Geneva","coordinate":[6.11764,46.237]},{"label":"Ticino","coordinate":[8.79019,46.3604]},{"label":"Grisons","coordinate":[9.55953,46.6729]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 is the largest canton, holding around 150 valleys. Which is it?","answer":"Grisons","others":["Geneva","Ticino","Bern"],"reading":"Geneva: Geneva sits at the western tip of Lake Geneva, where the Rhône leaves the lake and flows on toward France. It is one of the smallest cantons and is almost entirely surrounded by French territory. Its lakeside setting differs from Graubünden's high valleys. Ticino: Ticino lies south of the main Alpine divide, so its rivers drain toward Italy rather than toward the north. It includes mountain valleys, warm lakeshores at Lugano and Locarno, and a milder climate. Switzerland is not only snowy peaks. Grisons: Graubünden is the largest canton by area and holds around 150 valleys, with high passes such as the Julier and the Bernina. Mountain barriers and passes affect how communities connect, and both the Rhine and the Inn rise here.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry counts its valleys.","studyMap":{"title":"Switzerland · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Geneva","coordinate":[6.11764,46.237]},{"label":"Ticino","coordinate":[8.79019,46.3604]},{"label":"Grisons","coordinate":[9.55953,46.6729]}]}}]},{"id":"CHE-regional-names","placeId":"CHE","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["CHE:CH-GE","CHE:CH-TI","CHE:CH-GR"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11917","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q1480152","regional-wd-Q71","regional-topic-CH-GE","regional-wiki-CH-GE","regional-wd-Q12724","regional-wd-Q652","regional-wd-Q64044","regional-topic-CH-TI","regional-wiki-CH-TI","regional-wd-Q11925","regional-wd-Q13199","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q69007","regional-topic-CH-GR","regional-institution-CH-GR","regional-wiki-CH-GR"],"steps":[{"question":"Which canton is called Genève in French and Genf in German?","answer":"Geneva","others":["Ticino","Grisons","Zurich"],"reading":"Geneva: Genève is the French name for Geneva, and German speakers say Genf. French is used in cantonal public life, but residents come from many countries and use many other languages. Ticino: Italian is Ticino's official language, and it is the only canton where Italian stands alone in that role. Ticino and French-speaking Geneva show how much can vary inside one small country. Grisons: Graubünden, Grisons and Grischun are the German, French and Romansh forms of one canton's name, and Grigioni is the Italian one. It is the only Swiss canton with three official languages: German, Romansh and Italian.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Two forms of the same name are given for one of the three."},{"question":"Which canton uses Italian as its only official language?","answer":"Ticino","others":["Geneva","Grisons","Fribourg"],"reading":"Geneva: Genève is the French name for Geneva, and German speakers say Genf. French is used in cantonal public life, but residents come from many countries and use many other languages. Ticino: Italian is Ticino's official language, and it is the only canton where Italian stands alone in that role. Ticino and French-speaking Geneva show how much can vary inside one small country. Grisons: Graubünden, Grisons and Grischun are the German, French and Romansh forms of one canton's name, and Grigioni is the Italian one. It is the only Swiss canton with three official languages: German, Romansh and Italian.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for the entry with a single official language."},{"question":"Which canton has three official languages at once?","answer":"Grisons","others":["Geneva","Ticino","Lucerne"],"reading":"Geneva: Genève is the French name for Geneva, and German speakers say Genf. French is used in cantonal public life, but residents come from many countries and use many other languages. Ticino: Italian is Ticino's official language, and it is the only canton where Italian stands alone in that role. Ticino and French-speaking Geneva show how much can vary inside one small country. Grisons: Graubünden, Grisons and Grischun are the German, French and Romansh forms of one canton's name, and Grigioni is the Italian one. It is the only Swiss canton with three official languages: German, Romansh and Italian.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Count the official languages named in each entry."}]},{"id":"CHE-regional-culture","placeId":"CHE","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["CHE:CH-GE","CHE:CH-TI","CHE:CH-GR"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-CHE","voyage-CHE","regional-wd-Q11917","regional-wd-Q150","regional-wd-Q1480152","regional-wd-Q71","regional-topic-CH-GE","regional-wiki-CH-GE","regional-wd-Q12724","regional-wd-Q652","regional-wd-Q64044","regional-topic-CH-TI","regional-wiki-CH-TI","regional-wd-Q11925","regional-wd-Q13199","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q69007","regional-topic-CH-GR","regional-institution-CH-GR","regional-wiki-CH-GR"],"steps":[{"question":"Which canton's example remembers a particular night in the city's past?","answer":"Geneva","others":["Ticino","Grisons","Bern"],"reading":"Geneva: Geneva's Escalade each December recalls a night in 1602 when the city withstood an attempted surprise attack. People parade in historical costume, and families break open a chocolate cauldron in memory of the story. Local celebrations can be distinctive even within a small country. Ticino: Bellinzona's Rabadan is a carnival held in the weeks before Lent, with masked groups, brass bands and a mock ruler handed the keys to the town. Its local name and activities differ from Geneva's Escalade. Grisons: Sgraffito decoration can be seen on houses in the Engadin in Graubünden. Builders spread pale plaster over a darker layer, then scratch through it while it is still damp to leave patterns, dates and sayings around windows and doors.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"One example looks back to a single year."},{"question":"Which canton's example is fixed to a season of the calendar?","answer":"Ticino","others":["Geneva","Grisons","Basel-Stadt"],"reading":"Geneva: Geneva's Escalade each December recalls a night in 1602 when the city withstood an attempted surprise attack. People parade in historical costume, and families break open a chocolate cauldron in memory of the story. Local celebrations can be distinctive even within a small country. Ticino: Bellinzona's Rabadan is a carnival held in the weeks before Lent, with masked groups, brass bands and a mock ruler handed the keys to the town. Its local name and activities differ from Geneva's Escalade. Grisons: Sgraffito decoration can be seen on houses in the Engadin in Graubünden. Builders spread pale plaster over a darker layer, then scratch through it while it is still damp to leave patterns, dates and sayings around windows and doors.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"One example happens in the weeks before Lent."},{"question":"How does Engadin sgraffito reveal its patterns?","answer":"Scratching through pale plaster to a darker layer","others":["Gluing coloured tiles onto glass","Carving patterns into wooden beams","Painting on finished cloth"],"reading":"Geneva: Geneva's Escalade each December recalls a night in 1602 when the city withstood an attempted surprise attack. People parade in historical costume, and families break open a chocolate cauldron in memory of the story. Local celebrations can be distinctive even within a small country. Ticino: Bellinzona's Rabadan is a carnival held in the weeks before Lent, with masked groups, brass bands and a mock ruler handed the keys to the town. Its local name and activities differ from Geneva's Escalade. Grisons: Sgraffito decoration can be seen on houses in the Engadin in Graubünden. Builders spread pale plaster over a darker layer, then scratch through it while it is still damp to leave patterns, dates and sayings around windows and doors.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 26 subdivisions of Switzerland. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. A canton is a member unit of Switzerland’s federation, with its own government.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/CHE.geojson"},{"placeId":"MYS","name":"Malaysia","regions":[{"id":"MYS:MY-01","code":"MY-01","parentId":"MYS","name":"Johor","aliases":["Johor","Johore","Johor Darul Ta'zim"],"localName":"Johor","type":"state","coordinate":[103.412,2.00649],"landscape":"Johor is the southernmost state on the Asian mainland, with coasts on both the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Rivers run down from a low central spine, and a causeway crosses the narrow strait to Singapore.","names":"Johor's ceremonial name is Johor Darul Ta'zim. Malay is used everywhere, alongside Chinese varieties, Tamil and English, and the state has its own sultan.","culture":"So many people cross the causeway to work in Singapore each day that it is one of the busiest land crossings anywhere. Living in one country and working in another is an ordinary arrangement here.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q183032","regional-wd-Q732132","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q33549","regional-wd-Q34002","regional-wd-Q231318","regional-wiki-MY-01"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-02","code":"MY-02","parentId":"MYS","name":"Kedah","aliases":["Kedah","Kedah Darul Aman","Queda"],"localName":"Kedah","type":"state","coordinate":[100.647,5.80958],"landscape":"Kedah is a wide, flat plain in the north-west, so level that the paddy fields seem to run to the horizon, with Gunung Jerai standing alone above them. The islands of Langkawi belong to the state, and their rocks are among the oldest in the country.","names":"Kedah's ceremonial name is Kedah Darul Aman. In the Bujang Valley, inscriptions and temple bases show that traders and travellers from India reached this coast well over a thousand years ago.","culture":"Kedah grows a large share of Malaysia's rice, and the farming year turns on the monsoon and on canals that move water between fields. It is often called the country's rice bowl.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q188947","regional-wd-Q4209385","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q474868","regional-wiki-MY-02"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-03","code":"MY-03","parentId":"MYS","name":"Kelantan","aliases":["Kelantan","Klate","Kelantan Darul Naim"],"localName":"Kelantan","type":"state","coordinate":[102.005,5.40349],"landscape":"Kelantan lies in the north-east, with a wide river delta on the South China Sea and mountains along its inland border. The north-east monsoon brings heavy rain from November to February, and the Kelantan River spreads across the low ground.","names":"Kelantan's ceremonial name is Kelantan Darul Naim. Kelantanese Malay sounds different enough from standard Malay that speakers elsewhere may not follow it easily, and Thai is used in some communities near the border.","culture":"Wau are large decorated kites flown here, some taller than the person holding the string, with a bow above the head that hums in the wind. The state is also known for batik, silverwork and shadow play.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q185944","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q651131","regional-wiki-MY-03"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-14","code":"MY-14","parentId":"MYS","name":"Kuala Lumpur","aliases":["Kuala Lumpur","KL","Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur","K.L."],"localName":"Kuala Lumpur","type":"federal territory","coordinate":[101.698,3.13836],"landscape":"Kuala Lumpur sits where the Klang and Gombak rivers meet, in a valley with the Titiwangsa range rising behind it. The city began as a tin-mining settlement at that meeting of waters.","names":"Kuala Lumpur means muddy confluence in Malay: kuala is the place where rivers meet, and lumpur is mud. It is a federal territory, so it is not part of Selangor even though Selangor surrounds it.","culture":"Kuala Lumpur’s Central Market is associated with crafts and shopping. Its stalls offer varied goods; a market’s displays cannot represent every community in the city.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q1865","regional-wd-Q2121341","regional-wd-Q619086","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-topic-MY-14","regional-wiki-MY-14"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-15","code":"MY-15","parentId":"MYS","name":"Labuan","aliases":["Labuan","Federal Territory of Labuan","Maida Island (during Japanese WW2 occupation)"],"localName":"Labuan","type":"federal territory","coordinate":[115.222,5.32524],"landscape":"Labuan is a small island off the coast of Sabah in the South China Sea, with a deep natural harbour and several smaller islands around it. It is flat compared with the Borneo coast opposite.","names":"Labuan comes from a Malay word for an anchorage, which is what the island was chiefly used as. It became a federal territory in 1984, so it is governed from Kuala Lumpur rather than by Sabah.","culture":"That harbour made the island a coaling and undersea-cable station, and the Japanese surrender in Borneo was signed here in 1945. War cemeteries and a memorial on the island are visited each year.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q214504","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q2363616","regional-wd-Q16508530","regional-wiki-MY-15"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-04","code":"MY-04","parentId":"MYS","name":"Melaka","aliases":["Melaka","Melaka Negeri Bersejarah","Historic State of Malacca"],"localName":"Melaka","type":"state","coordinate":[102.293,2.32162],"landscape":"Melaka is a small state on the Strait of Malacca, one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world. Its coast is low, and a good deal of the land near the city has been added by filling in the sea.","names":"The state and its main city share a name, once spelled Malacca in English. Malay, Hokkien, Tamil and English are all used, along with Kristang, a creole with Portuguese roots spoken by a small community.","culture":"Peranakan or Baba-Nyonya families, descended from early Chinese settlers who married locally, developed their own food, dress and house style, mixing Chinese, Malay and European elements. Old shophouses along Jonker Street still show it.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q185221","regional-wd-Q48359","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q61089","regional-wiki-MY-04"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-05","code":"MY-05","parentId":"MYS","name":"Negeri Sembilan","aliases":["Negeri Sembilan","Nogori Sombilan","Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus","Negri Sembilan"],"localName":"Negeri Sembilan","type":"state","coordinate":[102.149,2.70857],"landscape":"Negeri Sembilan lies inland and along the Strait of Malacca south of Kuala Lumpur, with hills, river valleys and a short coast. Much of the land is planted with oil palm and rubber.","names":"Negeri Sembilan means the nine states, after the districts that once made it up. Its Malay carries words and sounds brought by Minangkabau settlers from Sumatra.","culture":"Roofs here often sweep up at both ends like a buffalo's horns, a style that came with those Minangkabau settlers. Some families also follow adat perpatih, under which land and family names pass through the mother's side.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q213893","regional-wd-Q48359","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q13324","regional-wd-Q3195442","regional-wd-Q847610","regional-wiki-MY-05"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-06","code":"MY-06","parentId":"MYS","name":"Pahang","aliases":["Pahang","Pahang Darul Makmur","Paha","Pahaeng","Pahaq"],"localName":"Pahang","type":"state","coordinate":[102.491,3.84557],"landscape":"Pahang is the largest state in Peninsular Malaysia, with the peninsula's longest river running across it and Taman Negara, a rainforest reckoned to be well over a hundred million years old, in its north. The Cameron Highlands are cool enough for tea and strawberries.","names":"Pahang's ceremonial name is Pahang Darul Makmur. Orang Asli communities, including the Semai, Temiar and Jakun, have their own languages here.","culture":"Tea has been grown on the terraced slopes of the Cameron Highlands since the 1920s, and vegetables are trucked down from there to markets in the hot lowlands. Height above sea level can do the work that distance from the Equator does elsewhere.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q191346","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q33549","regional-wd-Q34002","regional-wd-Q817578","regional-wiki-MY-06"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-07","code":"MY-07","parentId":"MYS","name":"Penang","aliases":["Penang","Pulau Pinang","Pinang"],"localName":"Pulau Pinang","type":"state","coordinate":[100.261,5.36839],"landscape":"Penang includes an island and a mainland section. The whole state is not the same thing as Penang Island.","names":"Pulau Pinang is the Malay name. Penang’s communities use several languages, including Malay, Chinese varieties, Tamil, and English.","culture":"Hawker food in Penang reflects several community cooking traditions. A market can offer different foods rather than one meal shared by everyone.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q188096","regional-wd-Q48359","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q61092","regional-topic-MY-07","regional-wiki-MY-07"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-08","code":"MY-08","parentId":"MYS","name":"Perak","aliases":["Perak","Peghok","Perak Darul Ridzuan"],"localName":"Perak","type":"state","coordinate":[101.059,4.74737],"landscape":"Perak's Kinta Valley is dotted with limestone hills that rise straight out of flat ground and are riddled with caves. In the north lies the Royal Belum, one of the oldest rainforests in the world, and the Perak River runs the length of the state.","names":"Perak means silver in Malay, a name usually linked to the tin that was mined here. Its ceremonial name is Perak Darul Ridzuan.","culture":"Tin dredged from the Kinta Valley once made this one of the world's great mining districts, and the flooded pits left behind are now lakes. Cave temples built into the limestone hills near Ipoh are still in use.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q188953","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q33549","regional-wd-Q34002","regional-wd-Q271619","regional-wiki-MY-08"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-09","code":"MY-09","parentId":"MYS","name":"Perlis","aliases":["Perlis","Perlis Indera Kayangan","Peghelih"],"localName":"Perlis","type":"state","coordinate":[100.253,6.52169],"landscape":"Perlis is the smallest state, a strip of flat rice land in the far north-west against the Thai border, with a line of limestone hills running through it. From higher ground you can see across most of the state at once.","names":"Perlis Indera Kayangan is its ceremonial name. Malay here shades toward the speech of southern Thailand, and Thai is used by some communities near the border.","culture":"Sugar cane was once grown across the plains at Chuping, and rice is grown almost everywhere else. In a state this small, one crop failing is felt by a great many people at the same time.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q213467","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q921155","regional-wiki-MY-09"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-16","code":"MY-16","parentId":"MYS","name":"Putrajaya","aliases":["Putrajaya","Federal Territory of Purajaya"],"localName":"Putrajaya","type":"federal territory","coordinate":[101.706,2.93814],"landscape":"Putrajaya was built on former plantation land south of Kuala Lumpur, around a lake made by damming two small rivers. Its boulevards, bridges and government buildings were laid out before anyone moved in.","names":"Putrajaya is named after Malaysia's first prime minister, with jaya meaning success. It became a federal territory in 2001 and holds the government's administrative offices, while parliament stays in Kuala Lumpur.","culture":"Putra Bridge in Putrajaya is an example of civic architecture. Its form connects a practical crossing with decorative design in a planned administrative city.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q182378","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-topic-MY-16","regional-wiki-MY-16"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-12","code":"MY-12","parentId":"MYS","name":"Sabah","aliases":["Sabah","State of Sabah","Land Below the Wind"],"localName":"Sabah","type":"state","coordinate":[117.095,5.31115],"landscape":"Sabah occupies northern Borneo and includes Mount Kinabalu as well as coasts and islands. Coastal and mountain communities have different surroundings.","names":"Sabah includes Kadazandusun and many other language communities. Malay is used widely, without replacing every home language.","culture":"Sumazau is a dance associated with Kadazandusun communities in Sabah. It is a specific community example, not a dance practised by every resident.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q179029","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q160194","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q137271","regional-topic-MY-12","regional-wiki-MY-12"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-13","code":"MY-13","parentId":"MYS","name":"Sarawak","aliases":["Sarawak","State of Sarawak"],"localName":"Sarawak","type":"state","coordinate":[113.344,2.44952],"landscape":"Sarawak is on Borneo, across the South China Sea from Penang. It includes coastal settlements, rivers, and inland highlands.","names":"Sarawak includes Iban, Bidayuh, and many other language communities. These names should not be collapsed into one Borneo language.","culture":"The sape is a plucked string instrument associated with communities including the Kayan and Kenyah in Borneo. Its musical traditions connect Sarawak with places beyond its boundary.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q170462","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q15065","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q220445","regional-topic-MY-13","regional-wiki-MY-13"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-10","code":"MY-10","parentId":"MYS","name":"Selangor","aliases":["Selangor","Selangor Darul Ehsan"],"localName":"Selangor","type":"state","coordinate":[101.428,3.3078],"landscape":"Selangor wraps around Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya on the west coast, running from the Titiwangsa mountains down through hills to mangrove coast and river mouths on the Strait of Malacca. Port Klang is the country's busiest port.","names":"Selangor Darul Ehsan is its ceremonial name. More people live here than in any other state, and many languages are used across its towns.","culture":"At Batu Caves, limestone caverns above a long flight of steps hold Hindu shrines, and enormous crowds climb them at Thaipusam. The caves were quarried for bat guano and used as shelter long before that.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q189710","regional-wd-Q48359","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q33549","regional-wd-Q34002","regional-wd-Q13324","regional-wd-Q500033","regional-wiki-MY-10"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"MYS:MY-11","code":"MY-11","parentId":"MYS","name":"Terengganu","aliases":["Terengganu","Trengganu","Tringganu","Terangganu","Terengganu Darul Iman"],"localName":"Terengganu","type":"state","coordinate":[103.013,4.94214],"landscape":"Terengganu faces the South China Sea with long sandy beaches and clear-water islands such as Redang and the Perhentians offshore. From November to February the monsoon brings heavy rain and rough seas, and some islands close to visitors.","names":"Terengganu Darul Iman is its ceremonial name. A stone found here, the Terengganu Inscription Stone, carries some of the earliest known Malay written in Arabic script.","culture":"Boats have long been built here by eye rather than from drawn plans, and the state is also known for songket weaving and for beaches where sea turtles come ashore to lay eggs. Crafts and turtles alike last only if people decide to protect them.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q189701","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q846502","regional-wiki-MY-11"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"MYS-regional-landscape","placeId":"MYS","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["MYS:MY-07","MYS:MY-13","MYS:MY-12"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q188096","regional-wd-Q48359","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q61092","regional-topic-MY-07","regional-wiki-MY-07","regional-wd-Q170462","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q15065","regional-wd-Q220445","regional-topic-MY-13","regional-wiki-MY-13","regional-wd-Q179029","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q160194","regional-wd-Q137271","regional-topic-MY-12","regional-wiki-MY-12"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 has an island part and a mainland part joined by bridges. Which state?","answer":"Penang","others":["Sarawak","Sabah","Johor"],"reading":"Penang: Penang has two parts, Penang Island and Seberang Perai on the mainland, joined by two long bridges and by a ferry across a narrow channel. The whole state is not the same thing as Penang Island, and the island itself has a hilly, forested centre. Sarawak: Sarawak is Malaysia's largest state, on the island of Borneo across the South China Sea from Penang, with coastal settlements, long navigable rivers such as the Rajang that long served as the main roads inland, and highlands along the border with Indonesia. Sabah: Sabah occupies northern Borneo and rises to Mount Kinabalu, at about 4,095 metres the highest peak in Malaysia, with coral-fringed islands offshore. Coastal and mountain communities have very different surroundings.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One of the three comes in two pieces.","studyMap":{"title":"Malaysia · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Penang","coordinate":[100.261,5.36839]},{"label":"Sarawak","coordinate":[113.344,2.44952]},{"label":"Sabah","coordinate":[117.095,5.31115]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 is Malaysia's largest state, with long rivers once used as roads inland. Which is it?","answer":"Sarawak","others":["Penang","Sabah","Perak"],"reading":"Penang: Penang has two parts, Penang Island and Seberang Perai on the mainland, joined by two long bridges and by a ferry across a narrow channel. The whole state is not the same thing as Penang Island, and the island itself has a hilly, forested centre. Sarawak: Sarawak is Malaysia's largest state, on the island of Borneo across the South China Sea from Penang, with coastal settlements, long navigable rivers such as the Rajang that long served as the main roads inland, and highlands along the border with Indonesia. Sabah: Sabah occupies northern Borneo and rises to Mount Kinabalu, at about 4,095 metres the highest peak in Malaysia, with coral-fringed islands offshore. Coastal and mountain communities have very different surroundings.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Compare the sizes on the map, then look for a river.","studyMap":{"title":"Malaysia · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Penang","coordinate":[100.261,5.36839]},{"label":"Sarawak","coordinate":[113.344,2.44952]},{"label":"Sabah","coordinate":[117.095,5.31115]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 holds Malaysia's highest mountain. Which is it?","answer":"Sabah","others":["Penang","Sarawak","Selangor"],"reading":"Penang: Penang has two parts, Penang Island and Seberang Perai on the mainland, joined by two long bridges and by a ferry across a narrow channel. The whole state is not the same thing as Penang Island, and the island itself has a hilly, forested centre. Sarawak: Sarawak is Malaysia's largest state, on the island of Borneo across the South China Sea from Penang, with coastal settlements, long navigable rivers such as the Rajang that long served as the main roads inland, and highlands along the border with Indonesia. Sabah: Sabah occupies northern Borneo and rises to Mount Kinabalu, at about 4,095 metres the highest peak in Malaysia, with coral-fringed islands offshore. Coastal and mountain communities have very different surroundings.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for a height given in metres.","studyMap":{"title":"Malaysia · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Penang","coordinate":[100.261,5.36839]},{"label":"Sarawak","coordinate":[113.344,2.44952]},{"label":"Sabah","coordinate":[117.095,5.31115]}]}}]},{"id":"MYS-regional-names","placeId":"MYS","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["MYS:MY-07","MYS:MY-13","MYS:MY-12"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q188096","regional-wd-Q48359","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q61092","regional-topic-MY-07","regional-wiki-MY-07","regional-wd-Q170462","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q15065","regional-wd-Q220445","regional-topic-MY-13","regional-wiki-MY-13","regional-wd-Q179029","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q160194","regional-wd-Q137271","regional-topic-MY-12","regional-wiki-MY-12"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's Malay name means the island of the areca nut?","answer":"Penang","others":["Sarawak","Sabah","Kelantan"],"reading":"Penang: Pulau Pinang is the Malay name: pulau means island and pinang is the areca nut, so the name describes what once grew there. Penang's communities use several languages, including Malay, Hokkien and other Chinese varieties, Tamil and English. Sarawak: Sarawak includes Iban, Bidayuh, Melanau, Kayan and many other language communities, and Iban has the largest number of speakers among them. These names should not be collapsed into one Borneo language. Sabah: Sabah includes Kadazandusun, Bajau, Murut and many other language communities, with more than thirty languages counted in the state. Malay is used widely as a shared language, without replacing every home language.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Read the Malay name as two separate words."},{"question":"In which state does Iban have the largest number of speakers?","answer":"Sarawak","others":["Penang","Sabah","Terengganu"],"reading":"Penang: Pulau Pinang is the Malay name: pulau means island and pinang is the areca nut, so the name describes what once grew there. Penang's communities use several languages, including Malay, Hokkien and other Chinese varieties, Tamil and English. Sarawak: Sarawak includes Iban, Bidayuh, Melanau, Kayan and many other language communities, and Iban has the largest number of speakers among them. These names should not be collapsed into one Borneo language. Sabah: Sabah includes Kadazandusun, Bajau, Murut and many other language communities, with more than thirty languages counted in the state. Malay is used widely as a shared language, without replacing every home language.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry names the biggest language group of the three."},{"question":"Which state counts more than thirty languages, among them Kadazandusun?","answer":"Sabah","others":["Penang","Sarawak","Pahang"],"reading":"Penang: Pulau Pinang is the Malay name: pulau means island and pinang is the areca nut, so the name describes what once grew there. Penang's communities use several languages, including Malay, Hokkien and other Chinese varieties, Tamil and English. Sarawak: Sarawak includes Iban, Bidayuh, Melanau, Kayan and many other language communities, and Iban has the largest number of speakers among them. These names should not be collapsed into one Borneo language. Sabah: Sabah includes Kadazandusun, Bajau, Murut and many other language communities, with more than thirty languages counted in the state. Malay is used widely as a shared language, without replacing every home language.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry gives a number."}]},{"id":"MYS-regional-culture","placeId":"MYS","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["MYS:MY-07","MYS:MY-13","MYS:MY-12"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-MYS","voyage-MYS","regional-wd-Q188096","regional-wd-Q48359","regional-wd-Q9237","regional-wd-Q61092","regional-topic-MY-07","regional-wiki-MY-07","regional-wd-Q170462","regional-wd-Q1860","regional-wd-Q15065","regional-wd-Q220445","regional-topic-MY-13","regional-wiki-MY-13","regional-wd-Q179029","regional-wd-Q37660","regional-wd-Q160194","regional-wd-Q137271","regional-topic-MY-12","regional-wiki-MY-12"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's example lets neighbouring stalls sell dishes from different traditions?","answer":"Penang","others":["Sarawak","Sabah","Melaka"],"reading":"Penang: Hawker food in Penang draws on several community cooking traditions at once, so neighbouring stalls on one street may sell Malay, Chinese, Indian and Peranakan dishes such as char kway teow, assam laksa and nasi kandar. A market can offer different foods rather than one meal shared by everyone. Sarawak: The sape is a long boat-shaped lute carved from a single block of wood, associated with communities including the Kayan and Kenyah in Borneo, and traditionally played to accompany dance. Its musical traditions connect Sarawak with places beyond its boundary. Sabah: Sumazau is a dance associated with Kadazandusun communities in Sabah, in which partners face one another with arms spread and moved slowly like a bird in flight, usually to gongs. It is a specific community example, not a dance practised by every resident.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Only one of the three examples is eaten."},{"question":"Which state's example is carved from a single block of wood?","answer":"Sarawak","others":["Penang","Sabah","Kedah"],"reading":"Penang: Hawker food in Penang draws on several community cooking traditions at once, so neighbouring stalls on one street may sell Malay, Chinese, Indian and Peranakan dishes such as char kway teow, assam laksa and nasi kandar. A market can offer different foods rather than one meal shared by everyone. Sarawak: The sape is a long boat-shaped lute carved from a single block of wood, associated with communities including the Kayan and Kenyah in Borneo, and traditionally played to accompany dance. Its musical traditions connect Sarawak with places beyond its boundary. Sabah: Sumazau is a dance associated with Kadazandusun communities in Sabah, in which partners face one another with arms spread and moved slowly like a bird in flight, usually to gongs. It is a specific community example, not a dance practised by every resident.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the entry about how the instrument is made."},{"question":"Which movement is described in Sabah's Sumazau dance?","answer":"Partners spread and move their arms like birds","others":["Players enter a circle for a capoeira game","Dancers work strings above puppets","Performers change painted masks"],"reading":"Penang: Hawker food in Penang draws on several community cooking traditions at once, so neighbouring stalls on one street may sell Malay, Chinese, Indian and Peranakan dishes such as char kway teow, assam laksa and nasi kandar. A market can offer different foods rather than one meal shared by everyone. Sarawak: The sape is a long boat-shaped lute carved from a single block of wood, associated with communities including the Kayan and Kenyah in Borneo, and traditionally played to accompany dance. Its musical traditions connect Sarawak with places beyond its boundary. Sabah: Sumazau is a dance associated with Kadazandusun communities in Sabah, in which partners face one another with arms spread and moved slowly like a bird in flight, usually to gongs. It is a specific community example, not a dance practised by every resident.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 16 subdivisions of Malaysia. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. States have state governments; federal territories are administered under the federal government.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/MYS.geojson"},{"placeId":"TWN","name":"Taiwan","regions":[{"id":"TWN:TW-CHA","code":"TW-CHA","parentId":"TWN","name":"Changhua County","aliases":["Changhua County","Changhua","彰化縣","Zhanghua County"],"localName":"彰化縣","type":"county","coordinate":[120.464,24.0016],"landscape":"Changhua County sits on the flat western plain, with the Zhuoshui, Taiwan's longest river, running along its southern border. The low Bagua ridge rises at its eastern edge, and the coast to the west has wide tidal flats where oysters are farmed.","names":"彰化縣 identifies Changhua County, a name given in the 1720s from a phrase about making good government plain to see. Mandarin and Taiwanese Taigi are both widely used here. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Lukang was one of the island's busiest ports until its harbour silted up, and its narrow lanes, temples and craft workshops stayed much as they were. Oyster farmers still ride out onto the mud flats to tend their racks, once by ox cart and now mostly by tractor.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q133865","regional-wd-Q195215","regional-wiki-TW-CHA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-CYI","code":"TW-CYI","parentId":"TWN","name":"Chiayi City","aliases":["Chiayi City","嘉義市","Kiayi"],"localName":"嘉義市","type":"city","coordinate":[120.441,23.4822],"landscape":"Chiayi City is a small city on the western plain, completely surrounded by Chiayi County. The Tropic of Cancer passes just to its south, and the mountain railway toward Alishan starts from its station.","names":"嘉義市 identifies Chiayi City. The name was granted in the 1780s as a commendation, meaning something close to praiseworthy loyalty. Mandarin, Taiwanese Taigi and Hakka are among the languages used. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Koji pottery is associated with Chiayi’s craft heritage. Colourful ceramic figures can be used in architectural decoration; makers develop particular skills and styles.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q249995","regional-topic-TW-CYI","regional-wiki-TW-CYI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-CYQ","code":"TW-CYQ","parentId":"TWN","name":"Chiayi County","aliases":["Chiayi County","Chiayi","嘉義縣"],"localName":"嘉義縣","type":"county","coordinate":[120.26,23.4465],"landscape":"Chiayi County reaches from a flat coast of salt pans and fish ponds up into the Alishan range, climbing more than two thousand metres over a short distance. Part of Yushan, Taiwan's highest mountain, lies on its eastern boundary.","names":"嘉義縣 identifies Chiayi County. Tsou communities in the mountains speak a language unrelated to Chinese, while Mandarin and Taiwanese Taigi are used on the plain. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"A narrow-gauge railway built to bring cypress logs down from Alishan now carries passengers instead, spiralling and switching back to climb the slope. High-mountain tea grows on the same ridges, where cool cloud slows the leaves and concentrates the flavour.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q166977","regional-wd-Q701634","regional-wiki-TW-CYQ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-HSZ","code":"TW-HSZ","parentId":"TWN","name":"Hsinchu City","aliases":["Hsinchu City","新竹市","Sin-tek City","Sîn-tsuk City","Tik-tshàm","Zug-qiam","Chuchien","Jhucian","Zhuqian","Sîn-chuk City","Sin-zhug City","Xin-zug City","Shinchiku"],"localName":"新竹市","type":"city","coordinate":[120.959,24.7757],"landscape":"Hsinchu City lies on the north-west coast where the land narrows between hills and sea, and wind funnels through so reliably that it is nicknamed the windy city. The Touqian River reaches the sea at its edge.","names":"新竹市 identifies Hsinchu City. An older name for the area came from an Indigenous Taokas word and was later written with Chinese characters that happened to mean bamboo. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Hsinchu City has a glass museum connected with its glassmaking history. Glass can be both an everyday material and a medium for artistic work.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q249994","regional-wd-Q8007827","regional-topic-TW-HSZ","regional-wiki-TW-HSZ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-HSQ","code":"TW-HSQ","parentId":"TWN","name":"Hsinchu County","aliases":["Hsinchu County","Hsinchu","新竹縣","Sin-tek County","Sîn-tsuk County","Sîn-chuk County","Shinchiku"],"localName":"新竹縣","type":"county","coordinate":[121.163,24.6748],"landscape":"Hsinchu County runs from a narrow coastal plain up into the mountains of the interior, cut by the Touqian and Fengshan rivers. The high country in the south-east includes Dabajianshan, a distinctive flat-topped peak.","names":"新竹縣 identifies Hsinchu County, where 新 means new and 竹 means bamboo. This is one of Taiwan's main Hakka-speaking areas, and Atayal and Saisiyat communities live in the mountains. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"In autumn, persimmons are peeled and spread on round trays in the open at Xinpu, where the dry seasonal wind does the drying. The Saisiyat hold a ceremony every two years that is central to their community and not open to casual visitors.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q74054","regional-wd-Q29624","regional-wiki-TW-HSQ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-HUA","code":"TW-HUA","parentId":"TWN","name":"Hualien County","aliases":["Hualien County","Hualien","花蓮縣","Hualian County","Hoa-liân County","Fâ-lièn County"],"localName":"花蓮縣","type":"county","coordinate":[121.381,23.7743],"landscape":"Hualien County lies between Taiwan’s eastern mountains and the Pacific. A narrow coastal corridor differs from Tainan’s western lowlands.","names":"花蓮縣 identifies Hualien County. Amis and Truku communities, among others, have their own languages and place-name traditions. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan’s separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Amis harvest celebrations are held by particular communities, including in Hualien. Their timing and practices vary, and visitors should follow community guidance.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q249868","regional-wd-Q713310","regional-topic-TW-HUA","regional-wiki-TW-HUA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-KHH","code":"TW-KHH","parentId":"TWN","name":"Kaohsiung City","aliases":["Kaohsiung City","高雄市","Takao","TW-KHH","City of Kaohsiung","Gaosyong","Tá-káu","Takaô","Ta-kaô","Takow"],"localName":"高雄市","type":"special municipality","coordinate":[120.609,23.0157],"landscape":"Kaohsiung City stretches from a great harbour on the south-west coast far inland into mountain country, so one municipality takes in docks, city streets, farmland and high forest. The Love River runs through the centre, and Cijin is a long sandbar sheltering the port.","names":"高雄市 identifies Kaohsiung City. The present characters were applied in 1920 to sound like an older local name, Takau, which came from an Indigenous word for a bamboo thicket. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Kaohsiung’s shadow-puppet museum introduces a local performance heritage. Flat figures and light can create a story on a screen, in contrast with three-dimensional glove puppets.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q181557","regional-wd-Q57256","regional-wd-Q2052526","regional-topic-TW-KHH","regional-wiki-TW-KHH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-KEE","code":"TW-KEE","parentId":"TWN","name":"Keelung City","aliases":["Keelung City","基隆市","Rainy Port","Chilung","Kiirun","Jilong","Kelang","Kelangh","Chi-lung","Kue-lâng","Ke-lâng","Keloung","Kelong","Kelung","City of Keelung"],"localName":"基隆市","type":"city","coordinate":[121.704,25.1131],"landscape":"Keelung City is built around a deep natural harbour at the northern tip of the island, with steep hills rising straight behind the docks so the streets climb them. It is known as the rainy port, with rain falling on well over half the days of the year.","names":"基隆市 identifies Keelung City. The characters replaced an older name meaning chicken cage, which had itself come from an Indigenous Ketagalan word. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Keelung's Miaokou night market grew up around a temple, and its stalls keep the same numbered places year after year. In midsummer the city holds a month-long festival in which different family associations take turns leading the ceremonies.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q249996","regional-wd-Q708976","regional-wd-Q712871","regional-wiki-TW-KEE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-KIN","code":"TW-KIN","parentId":"TWN","name":"Kinmen County","aliases":["Kinmen County","Kinmen","金門縣","Quemoy","Chin-men Tao","Jinmen County","Chin-men","Kim-mng","Ging-meóng-gā̤ⁿ","Ngôo-tó","Wudao"],"localName":"金門縣","type":"county","coordinate":[118.368,24.454],"landscape":"Kinmen County is a group of low granite islands lying far from Taiwan itself and only a couple of kilometres off the Chinese mainland coast. The land is dry and windy, with sandy shores and very little fresh water.","names":"金門縣 identifies Kinmen County, written Quemoy in older English sources, and the characters mean golden gate. The local speech is a variety of Hokkien closer to that of the nearby mainland coast than to Taiwan's. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Stone wind lion figures stand at the edges of villages, set up to guard against the strong dry winds that once stripped the fields. Sorghum grown on the islands is distilled into a strong liquor that is the county's best-known product.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q249870","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q706539","regional-wiki-TW-KIN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-LIE","code":"TW-LIE","parentId":"TWN","name":"Lienchiang County (Matsu)","aliases":["Lienchiang County (Matsu)","連江縣","Matsu","Lienchiang","馬祖"],"localName":"連江縣","type":"county","coordinate":[119.95,26.16],"landscape":"The Matsu islands lie offshore from the Fujian coast and are administered by the ROC (Taiwan). The marker locates the island group approximately; it is not a county boundary.","names":"連江縣 identifies Lienchiang County, the island group usually called Matsu, named after a sea goddess honoured all along this coast. The local speech is a variety of Eastern Min, closer to that of Fuzhou than to Taiwanese Taigi. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"The Matsu Folk Culture Museum introduces local life and customs in the island communities. The county’s offshore setting gives it stories distinct from Taipei or Tainan.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q249872","regional-topic-TW-LIE","regional-wiki-TW-LIE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-MIA","code":"TW-MIA","parentId":"TWN","name":"Miaoli County","aliases":["Miaoli County","Miaoli","苗栗縣","Biâu-le̍k","Meuˇ lid","Bari","Mèu-li̍t","Byōritsu","Biâu-li̍k"],"localName":"苗栗縣","type":"county","coordinate":[120.942,24.5253],"landscape":"Miaoli County is mostly hills and terraces between the western plain and the central mountains, cut by short rivers running to the sea. Its slopes carry tea, citrus and camphor, and in spring the tung trees flower so heavily that the hills look dusted with snow.","names":"苗栗縣 identifies Miaoli County, the name coming from an Indigenous Taokas word later written with Chinese characters. Hakka is widely spoken here alongside Mandarin, and Atayal and Saisiyat communities live in the mountains. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Sanyi is known for wood carving, a trade that began with camphor stumps left behind by logging and grew into workshops and a museum. Hakka communities here hold spring tung-flower festivals and keep their own food traditions.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q63706","regional-wd-Q701651","regional-wiki-TW-MIA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-NAN","code":"TW-NAN","parentId":"TWN","name":"Nantou County","aliases":["Nantou County","Nantou","南投縣"],"localName":"南投縣","type":"county","coordinate":[120.988,23.7977],"landscape":"Nantou County is the only one with no coastline, sitting in the middle of the island among its highest mountains. Yushan, at about 3,952 metres the highest peak in Taiwan, stands on its border, and Sun Moon Lake fills a basin among the hills.","names":"南投縣 identifies Nantou County, the name coming from a Hoanya word written with Chinese characters. Thao, Bunun, Atayal and Seediq communities live here, each with their own language. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Tea grown on these high slopes is picked by hand and rolled into tight balls that open out again in hot water. A severe earthquake centred in the county in 1999 damaged buildings across central Taiwan, and its fault scars are still studied.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q82357","regional-wd-Q715171","regional-wiki-TW-NAN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-TPQ","code":"TW-TPQ","parentId":"TWN","name":"New Taipei City","aliases":["New Taipei City","新北市","Xinbei City","Taipei County","NTPC"],"localName":"新北市","type":"special municipality","coordinate":[121.646,24.911],"landscape":"New Taipei City wraps entirely around Taipei City, taking in seaside towns, river valleys, hot-spring hills and high forest in one municipality. The Tamsui River reaches the sea at its north-west corner, and along the north coast the sandstone at Yehliu has weathered into mushroom-shaped rocks.","names":"新北市 identifies New Taipei City, and the name simply means new Taipei; it was renamed and upgraded in 2010, having been Taipei County. Atayal communities live at Wulai in its mountains. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Jiufen grew as a gold-mining town on a steep hillside and emptied when the mines closed, then filled again with visitors climbing its stepped lanes. In the Pingxi valley, paper lanterns are released at festival time, and volunteers go out afterwards to gather the fallen ones from the hills.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q244898","regional-wd-Q7419001","regional-wd-Q10880497","regional-wd-Q570090","regional-wiki-TW-TPQ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-PEN","code":"TW-PEN","parentId":"TWN","name":"Penghu County","aliases":["Penghu County","Penghu","澎湖縣","Pecadores Islands","Phêⁿ-ô͘ County","Phênn-ôo County","Phîⁿ-ô͘ County","Phînn-ôo County","Houko","Hōko"],"localName":"澎湖縣","type":"county","coordinate":[119.597,23.5724],"landscape":"Penghu County is an archipelago of about ninety low islands in the strait between Taiwan and the mainland, built from old lava weathered into columns and flat tables. Trees are scarce, because the winter wind is too strong and too salty for them.","names":"澎湖縣 identifies Penghu County, called the Pescadores, meaning fishermen, on older European maps. Taiwanese Taigi is very widely used here. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Fishers built weirs out of stacked basalt and coral in the shallows, shaped so that fish swim in at high tide and cannot find their way out as the water falls; one at Qimei is built as two joined hearts. Making one took years of work shared between families.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q198525","regional-wd-Q701428","regional-wiki-TW-PEN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-PIF","code":"TW-PIF","parentId":"TWN","name":"Pingtung County","aliases":["Pingtung County","Pingtung","屏東縣","Pingdong County","Pingdong","Pîn-tong","Phìn-tûng","Heitō","A-kâu","Akō"],"localName":"屏東縣","type":"county","coordinate":[120.661,22.5344],"landscape":"Pingtung County is the southernmost part of Taiwan, reaching down the Hengchun peninsula to the island's tip, where the climate is fully tropical and coral reefs fringe the shore. Mountains run down its eastern side, and the Kaoping River drains the plain.","names":"屏東縣 identifies Pingtung County, the name meaning east of the screen, after a mountain that stands beside it like a folding screen. Paiwan and Rukai communities live in the mountains and have their own languages. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Paiwan carving covers house beams and posts with figures and hundred-pace snakes, and glass beads are strung in patterns that carry family meanings. On the plain, the strong dry wind of the cooler months is used to cure onions and to dry a local flat noodle.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q194989","regional-wd-Q4697063","regional-wd-Q713377","regional-wiki-TW-PIF"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-TXG","code":"TW-TXG","parentId":"TWN","name":"Taichung City","aliases":["Taichung City","台中市"],"localName":"台中市","type":"special municipality","coordinate":[120.966,24.238],"landscape":"Taichung City lies in a basin on the western side of the island, sheltered from the worst of the typhoons and rarely very cold, with the Dadu plateau on one side and mountains rising to the east. The Dajia and Dadu rivers cross the municipality.","names":"台中市 identifies Taichung City, and the name means central Tai, given for where it sits on the island. Mandarin, Taiwanese Taigi and Hakka are all used here. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Taichung’s National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts presents visual art. A city’s cultural life can include contemporary work as well as older craft traditions.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q245023","regional-topic-TW-TXG","regional-wiki-TW-TXG"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-TNN","code":"TW-TNN","parentId":"TWN","name":"Tainan City","aliases":["Tainan City","臺南市","Tai-wan","Fucheng","Hú-siânn","Tâi-lâm","Thòi-nàm","Nanying","Thaiwan","Tainan, Taiwan"],"localName":"臺南市","type":"special municipality","coordinate":[120.182,23.0464],"landscape":"Tainan City combines an urban centre, coastal lowlands, and more inland areas in southwestern Taiwan. A municipality can include more than dense city streets.","names":"臺南市 identifies Tainan City. Traditional Chinese place names can appear alongside several spoken languages and romanization systems. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan’s separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Temple buildings in Tainan contain work by craftspeople, including carving and decorative arts. Different temples have their own histories and communities.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q140631","regional-wd-Q703607","regional-wd-Q701497","regional-topic-TW-TNN","regional-wiki-TW-TNN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-TPE","code":"TW-TPE","parentId":"TWN","name":"Taipei City","aliases":["Taipei City","臺北市","The City of Azaleas","Taibei","City of Taipei","Tanshoui","Tai Pei","Tâi-pak","Taipak","Thòi-pet","Thoipet","Taihoku"],"localName":"臺北市","type":"special municipality","coordinate":[121.559,25.0904],"landscape":"Taipei City lies in northern Taiwan, in a basin crossed by rivers. Compare the city’s basin setting with Hualien’s eastern mountain-and-coast setting.","names":"臺北市 identifies Taipei City. Mandarin, Taiwanese Taigi, Hakka, Indigenous languages, and other languages are used by communities across Taiwan. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan’s separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Dadaocheng in Taipei has a history of tea trading. Its shops and streets offer one way to investigate how trade shapes a city neighbourhood.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q1867","regional-wd-Q708976","regional-wd-Q262828","regional-wd-Q271151","regional-topic-TW-TPE","regional-wiki-TW-TPE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-TTT","code":"TW-TTT","parentId":"TWN","name":"Taitung County","aliases":["Taitung County","Taitung","臺東縣","Taidong County"],"localName":"臺東縣","type":"county","coordinate":[121.54,22.0499],"landscape":"Taitung County runs down the south-east coast between the Central Mountains and the Pacific, with the East Rift Valley behind them, a long trough marking where two of the Earth's plates meet. Green Island and Orchid Island lie offshore.","names":"臺東縣 identifies Taitung County, the name meaning eastern Tai. Amis, Puyuma and Bunun communities live on the mainland part, and the Tao people of Orchid Island speak a language closer to those of the northern Philippines than to any other on Taiwan. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Tao families on Orchid Island build plank canoes without nails, fitting separately carved pieces together and painting them with cut patterns, and the flying-fish season sets the shape of their year. Visitors are asked to follow community rules about what may be photographed and when.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q249904","regional-wd-Q713381","regional-wiki-TW-TTT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-TAO","code":"TW-TAO","parentId":"TWN","name":"Taoyuan City","aliases":["Taoyuan City","Taoyuan","桃園市","Taoyuan County, Taiwan","Thô-hn̂g","Thohng","Thò-yèn","Thoyen","toˇ ienˇ","Toien","to rhan","Torhan","Tōen","Tōshien"],"localName":"桃園市","type":"special municipality","coordinate":[121.227,24.961],"landscape":"Taoyuan City sits on a broad terrace of old river gravel north-west of Taipei, tilted toward the sea and cut by short rivers. Because streams run off it so quickly, thousands of ponds were dug across the terrace to hold irrigation water, and many still dot the map.","names":"桃園市 identifies Taoyuan City, and the name means peach garden, after orchards once planted here. It is one of Taiwan's main Hakka-speaking areas, and Mandarin and Taiwanese Taigi are also used. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Taiwan's largest international airport is here, and the factories around it draw workers from Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, so shops and food stalls serving those communities cluster near the stations. What a place makes can reshape what its high streets sell.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q115256","regional-wd-Q199374","regional-wd-Q17025296","regional-wd-Q715975","regional-wd-Q28416630","regional-wiki-TW-TAO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-ILA","code":"TW-ILA","parentId":"TWN","name":"Yilan County","aliases":["Yilan County","Yilan","宜蘭縣","Giran","Gî-lân","Ilan"],"localName":"宜蘭縣","type":"county","coordinate":[121.644,24.5913],"landscape":"Yilan County is a triangular plain on the north-east coast, hemmed in by mountains on two sides and open to the sea on the third. Rain-bearing winds pile up against those mountains, making this one of the wettest parts of Taiwan, and Guishan Island lies offshore shaped like a floating turtle.","names":"宜蘭縣 identifies Yilan County, and the name goes back to the Kavalan people who lived on this plain. Kavalan and Atayal communities are here alongside Mandarin and Taiwanese Taigi speakers. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"The hot springs at Jiaoxi rise clear and without the sulphur smell of many others, and the town grew up around its bathhouses. A long tunnel opened in 2006 cut the drive from Taipei to under an hour and changed how the county spends its weekends.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q237258","regional-wd-Q680842","regional-wiki-TW-ILA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"TWN:TW-YUN","code":"TW-YUN","parentId":"TWN","name":"Yunlin County","aliases":["Yunlin County","Yunlin","雲林縣"],"localName":"雲林縣","type":"county","coordinate":[120.427,23.7253],"landscape":"Yunlin County is flat farming country on the west coast between the Zhuoshui River and the sea. So much groundwater has been pumped for farms and fish ponds that parts of the land have sunk, which is why some coastal roads and rail lines have had to be raised.","names":"雲林縣 identifies Yunlin County, and its characters join cloud and forest, taken from an earlier settlement's name. Taiwanese Taigi is very widely used here. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","culture":"Huwei is a centre of Taiwanese glove puppetry, where troupes carve heads, sew costumes and perform, and a museum keeps older figures. Beigang's Mazu temple draws enormous pilgrimages each spring, when statues are carried on foot for days between towns.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q153221","regional-wd-Q669566","regional-wiki-TW-YUN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"TWN-regional-landscape","placeId":"TWN","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["TWN:TW-TPE","TWN:TW-TNN","TWN:TW-HUA"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q1867","regional-wd-Q708976","regional-wd-Q262828","regional-wd-Q271151","regional-topic-TW-TPE","regional-wiki-TW-TPE","regional-wd-Q140631","regional-wd-Q703607","regional-wd-Q701497","regional-topic-TW-TNN","regional-wiki-TW-TNN","regional-wd-Q249868","regional-wd-Q713310","regional-topic-TW-HUA","regional-wiki-TW-HUA"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 stands on flat ground with hills close on almost every side. Which is it?","answer":"Taipei City","others":["Tainan City","Hualien County","Kaohsiung City"],"reading":"Taipei City: Taipei City sits in a basin in northern Taiwan, ringed by hills and crossed by the Tamsui and Keelung rivers, so the city stands on flat ground with high ground close on almost every side. Compare that basin setting with Hualien's mountains and coast. Tainan City: Tainan City in the south-west combines an old urban centre, flat coastal lowlands with salt pans and fish ponds, and hill country further inland. A municipality can include much more than dense city streets. Hualien County: Hualien County lies between Taiwan's eastern mountains and the Pacific, where the Central Mountain Range drops almost straight into the sea and Taroko Gorge cuts deep into marble. Only a narrow coastal corridor is flat, which differs from Tainan's western lowlands.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the entry that names a basin.","studyMap":{"title":"Taiwan · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Taipei City","coordinate":[121.559,25.0904]},{"label":"Tainan City","coordinate":[120.182,23.0464]},{"label":"Hualien County","coordinate":[121.381,23.7743]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 has salt pans and fish ponds on flat coastal lowlands. Which is it?","answer":"Tainan City","others":["Taipei City","Hualien County","Taichung City"],"reading":"Taipei City: Taipei City sits in a basin in northern Taiwan, ringed by hills and crossed by the Tamsui and Keelung rivers, so the city stands on flat ground with high ground close on almost every side. Compare that basin setting with Hualien's mountains and coast. Tainan City: Tainan City in the south-west combines an old urban centre, flat coastal lowlands with salt pans and fish ponds, and hill country further inland. A municipality can include much more than dense city streets. Hualien County: Hualien County lies between Taiwan's eastern mountains and the Pacific, where the Central Mountain Range drops almost straight into the sea and Taroko Gorge cuts deep into marble. Only a narrow coastal corridor is flat, which differs from Tainan's western lowlands.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry says what the flat coast is used for.","studyMap":{"title":"Taiwan · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Taipei City","coordinate":[121.559,25.0904]},{"label":"Tainan City","coordinate":[120.182,23.0464]},{"label":"Hualien County","coordinate":[121.381,23.7743]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 leaves only a narrow flat strip between mountains and the Pacific. Which is it?","answer":"Hualien County","others":["Taipei City","Tainan City","Yilan County"],"reading":"Taipei City: Taipei City sits in a basin in northern Taiwan, ringed by hills and crossed by the Tamsui and Keelung rivers, so the city stands on flat ground with high ground close on almost every side. Compare that basin setting with Hualien's mountains and coast. Tainan City: Tainan City in the south-west combines an old urban centre, flat coastal lowlands with salt pans and fish ponds, and hill country further inland. A municipality can include much more than dense city streets. Hualien County: Hualien County lies between Taiwan's eastern mountains and the Pacific, where the Central Mountain Range drops almost straight into the sea and Taroko Gorge cuts deep into marble. Only a narrow coastal corridor is flat, which differs from Tainan's western lowlands.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the gorge cut into marble.","studyMap":{"title":"Taiwan · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Taipei City","coordinate":[121.559,25.0904]},{"label":"Tainan City","coordinate":[120.182,23.0464]},{"label":"Hualien County","coordinate":[121.381,23.7743]}]}}]},{"id":"TWN-regional-names","placeId":"TWN","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["TWN:TW-TPE","TWN:TW-TNN","TWN:TW-HUA"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q1867","regional-wd-Q708976","regional-wd-Q262828","regional-wd-Q271151","regional-topic-TW-TPE","regional-wiki-TW-TPE","regional-wd-Q140631","regional-wd-Q703607","regional-wd-Q701497","regional-topic-TW-TNN","regional-wiki-TW-TNN","regional-wd-Q249868","regional-wd-Q713310","regional-topic-TW-HUA","regional-wiki-TW-HUA"],"steps":[{"question":"Which subdivision's name carries the character meaning north?","answer":"Taipei City","others":["Tainan City","Hualien County","Taoyuan City"],"reading":"Taipei City: 臺北市 identifies Taipei City, and the character 北 means north. Mandarin, Taiwanese Taigi, Hakka, Indigenous languages and others are used by communities across Taiwan. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry. Tainan City: 臺南市 identifies Tainan City, where 南 means south, so this name and Taipei's mark opposite ends of the island. Traditional Chinese characters are used, and place names may appear in more than one romanization system, so the same name can be spelled differently on two maps. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry. Hualien County: 花蓮縣 identifies Hualien County, and its first character means flower. Amis and Truku communities, among others, have their own languages and place-name traditions, and the final character 縣 marks this as a county rather than a city. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Two of these names differ by a single character."},{"question":"Which subdivision's name carries the character meaning south?","answer":"Tainan City","others":["Taipei City","Hualien County","New Taipei City"],"reading":"Taipei City: 臺北市 identifies Taipei City, and the character 北 means north. Mandarin, Taiwanese Taigi, Hakka, Indigenous languages and others are used by communities across Taiwan. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry. Tainan City: 臺南市 identifies Tainan City, where 南 means south, so this name and Taipei's mark opposite ends of the island. Traditional Chinese characters are used, and place names may appear in more than one romanization system, so the same name can be spelled differently on two maps. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry. Hualien County: 花蓮縣 identifies Hualien County, and its first character means flower. Amis and Truku communities, among others, have their own languages and place-name traditions, and the final character 縣 marks this as a county rather than a city. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One pair of names marks opposite ends of the island."},{"question":"Which subdivision's name begins with the character for flower and ends with the one for county?","answer":"Hualien County","others":["Taipei City","Tainan City","Nantou County"],"reading":"Taipei City: 臺北市 identifies Taipei City, and the character 北 means north. Mandarin, Taiwanese Taigi, Hakka, Indigenous languages and others are used by communities across Taiwan. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry. Tainan City: 臺南市 identifies Tainan City, where 南 means south, so this name and Taipei's mark opposite ends of the island. Traditional Chinese characters are used, and place names may appear in more than one romanization system, so the same name can be spelled differently on two maps. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry. Hualien County: 花蓮縣 identifies Hualien County, and its first character means flower. Amis and Truku communities, among others, have their own languages and place-name traditions, and the final character 縣 marks this as a county rather than a city. This subdivision belongs to Taiwan's separate atlas entry, not the PRC entry.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look at the last character in each name, not only the first."}]},{"id":"TWN-regional-culture","placeId":"TWN","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["TWN:TW-TPE","TWN:TW-TNN","TWN:TW-HUA"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-TWN","voyage-TWN","regional-wd-Q1867","regional-wd-Q708976","regional-wd-Q262828","regional-wd-Q271151","regional-topic-TW-TPE","regional-wiki-TW-TPE","regional-wd-Q140631","regional-wd-Q703607","regional-wd-Q701497","regional-topic-TW-TNN","regional-wiki-TW-TNN","regional-wd-Q249868","regional-wd-Q713310","regional-topic-TW-HUA","regional-wiki-TW-HUA"],"steps":[{"question":"Which subdivision's example is a district built on buying and shipping one crop?","answer":"Taipei City","others":["Tainan City","Hualien County","Kaohsiung City"],"reading":"Taipei City: Dadaocheng in Taipei grew as a tea-trading district in the nineteenth century, shipping tea out along the Tamsui River, and its long narrow shophouses still sell dried goods, herbs and tea today. Its shops and streets offer one way to investigate how trade shapes a city neighbourhood. Tainan City: Tainan holds a great many historic temples, and their buildings carry work by specialist craftspeople: carved beams, painted doors, and cut-and-paste ceramic figures along the roof ridges. Different temples have their own histories and communities. Hualien County: Amis harvest celebrations are held by particular communities, including in Hualien, in the middle and later part of summer, with singing, dancing and roles set by age group. Their timing and practices vary between communities, and visitors should follow community guidance.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Only one of the three examples is about trade."},{"question":"Which subdivision's example is decorated with carved beams and roof-ridge figures?","answer":"Tainan City","others":["Taipei City","Hualien County","Pingtung County"],"reading":"Taipei City: Dadaocheng in Taipei grew as a tea-trading district in the nineteenth century, shipping tea out along the Tamsui River, and its long narrow shophouses still sell dried goods, herbs and tea today. Its shops and streets offer one way to investigate how trade shapes a city neighbourhood. Tainan City: Tainan holds a great many historic temples, and their buildings carry work by specialist craftspeople: carved beams, painted doors, and cut-and-paste ceramic figures along the roof ridges. Different temples have their own histories and communities. Hualien County: Amis harvest celebrations are held by particular communities, including in Hualien, in the middle and later part of summer, with singing, dancing and roles set by age group. Their timing and practices vary between communities, and visitors should follow community guidance.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look up at the roof."},{"question":"What should a visitor check before attending an Amis harvest celebration?","answer":"The host community's timing and guidance","others":["Only the date of a celebration in another village","Only a general Taiwan holiday list","Only the opening hours of a city museum"],"reading":"Taipei City: Dadaocheng in Taipei grew as a tea-trading district in the nineteenth century, shipping tea out along the Tamsui River, and its long narrow shophouses still sell dried goods, herbs and tea today. Its shops and streets offer one way to investigate how trade shapes a city neighbourhood. Tainan City: Tainan holds a great many historic temples, and their buildings carry work by specialist craftspeople: carved beams, painted doors, and cut-and-paste ceramic figures along the roof ridges. Different temples have their own histories and communities. Hualien County: Amis harvest celebrations are held by particular communities, including in Hualien, in the middle and later part of summer, with singing, dancing and roles set by age group. Their timing and practices vary between communities, and visitors should follow community guidance.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 22 subdivisions of Taiwan. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. Counties, cities, and special municipalities are distinct local-government types. Taiwan and the PRC are separate atlas destinations. This collection includes Taiwan’s currently administered counties and cities, including its offshore counties.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/TWN.geojson"},{"placeId":"AUS","name":"Australia","regions":[{"id":"AUS:AU-ACT","code":"AU-ACT","parentId":"AUS","name":"Australian Capital Territory","aliases":["Australian Capital Territory","The Australian Capital Territory","Australian Capital Territory, Australia","Yass-Canberra","AU-ACT","Australian capital territory","ACT, Australia","Australia Capital Territory","Capital Territory of Australia","the Australian Capital Territory"],"localName":"Australian Capital Territory","type":"territory","coordinate":[148.983,-35.4618],"landscape":"The Australian Capital Territory is a piece of land cut out of New South Wales, with the Brindabella Ranges along its western edge and Namadgi National Park covering much of its south. Lake Burley Griffin in the middle of Canberra is not natural: the Molonglo River was dammed to make it.","names":"Canberra's name comes from a Ngunnawal word connected with this area, and Ngunnawal and Ngambri people are among those with long connections to the country here. The territory's own name simply describes what it was made for.","culture":"Canberra was designed on paper before it was built, its circles and long sight-lines coming from a plan that won a competition in 1912. Living in a city laid out in advance is one Australian experience among many, and an unusual one.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q3258","regional-wd-Q3114","regional-wiki-AU-ACT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"AUS:AU-NSW","code":"AU-NSW","parentId":"AUS","name":"New South Wales","aliases":["New South Wales","NSW","N.S.W.","State of New South Wales","AU-NSW"],"localName":"New South Wales","type":"state","coordinate":[146.781,-32.4751],"landscape":"New South Wales runs from a long Pacific coast up over the Great Dividing Range and down into dry inland plains. Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest peak at 2,228 metres, stands in the Snowy Mountains in the south, and the Murray River forms much of the border with Victoria.","names":"The name was given in 1770 by a British navigator who thought the coast resembled south Wales. Aboriginal names are far older and many are still in use, among them Parramatta, Wagga Wagga and Cooma.","culture":"Sydney Harbour is crossed by ferries that people ride to work rather than only for the view, and the Opera House beside it is roofed with concrete shells covered in more than a million small tiles. One famous building is not a description of how people here live.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q3224","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q3130","regional-wd-Q1286223","regional-wiki-AU-NSW"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"AUS:AU-NT","code":"AU-NT","parentId":"AUS","name":"Northern Territory","aliases":["Northern Territory","NT","N.T.","Northern Territory of Australia"],"localName":"Northern Territory","type":"territory","coordinate":[133.78,-20.1026],"landscape":"The Northern Territory spans a tropical north and dry central Australia. Rainfall and seasonal patterns vary greatly within the territory.","names":"The Northern Territory has many Aboriginal languages. Arnhem Land is a geographic region within it, not the name of a single people or language.","culture":"Pandanus weaving is practised by artists in Arnhem Land, including in the Northern Territory. Makers use locally prepared fibres for varied forms and designs.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q3235","regional-wd-Q131418","regional-wd-Q128880","regional-wd-Q11568","regional-wd-Q659","regional-topic-AU-NT","regional-institution-AU-NT","regional-wiki-AU-NT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"AUS:AU-QLD","code":"AU-QLD","parentId":"AUS","name":"Queensland","aliases":["Queensland","State of Queensland","QLD","Qld.","AU-QLD"],"localName":"Queensland","type":"state","coordinate":[144.778,-23.1364],"landscape":"Queensland reaches from the tip of Cape York in the tropics down to cooler country in the south, with the Great Barrier Reef running some 2,300 kilometres along its coast. Inland is dry grazing land, and the Daintree in the far north is a very old rainforest.","names":"Queensland was named in 1859 after Queen Victoria, when it separated from New South Wales. Many place names come from Aboriginal languages, and the reef and the rainforest also carry names given by the Traditional Owners of those areas.","culture":"Sugar cane grown along the coast travels to the mills on narrow tramways that cross ordinary roads on their own small tracks. Farming, mining and tourism shape working life in different parts of the state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q36074","regional-wd-Q34932","regional-wd-Q9439","regional-wiki-AU-QLD"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"AUS:AU-SA","code":"AU-SA","parentId":"AUS","name":"South Australia","aliases":["South Australia","SA","S.A.","AU-SA","S. Aust.","State of South Australia"],"localName":"South Australia","type":"state","coordinate":[135.783,-29.6504],"landscape":"South Australia is the driest of the states. The Flinders Ranges rise in the north, the Murray River reaches the sea in the south-east, and Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, usually a dry salt pan, fills with water only after rare heavy rain falling far away.","names":"The state's name describes where it sits. Kati Thanda is the Arabana name for the lake now written with both names together, one of many Australian places carrying a dual name.","culture":"At Coober Pedy, opal miners have built houses underground, where the rock stays cool through very hot summers. That is one town's answer to its climate rather than a common way of living in the state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q35715","regional-wd-Q1239","regional-wd-Q5112","regional-wd-Q667","regional-wd-Q3960","regional-wiki-AU-SA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"AUS:AU-TAS","code":"AU-TAS","parentId":"AUS","name":"Tasmania","aliases":["Tasmania","TAS","Tassie","Tasmania, Australia","Lutruwita","Van Diemen's Land","State of Tasmania","Tas.","Dimens Land"],"localName":"Tasmania","type":"state","coordinate":[146.603,-42.1383],"landscape":"Tasmania is an island state, separated from the mainland by Bass Strait. Mountains, lakes and deep river valleys cover much of it, and a large wilderness area in the west takes in some of the wettest country in Australia.","names":"Tasmania is also known as lutruwita in palawa kani, a language rebuilt by the Aboriginal community here from records of the island's original languages. Some places now carry both names, such as kunanyi / Mount Wellington.","culture":"Cool weather and clean water suit apple orchards, and the island was once nicknamed the Apple Isle for how much fruit it shipped. What a place grows depends on its climate as much as on the people farming it.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q34366","regional-wd-Q40191","regional-wd-Q42188","regional-wiki-AU-TAS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"AUS:AU-VIC","code":"AU-VIC","parentId":"AUS","name":"Victoria","aliases":["Victoria","VIC","Victoria, Australia","State of Victoria","State of VIC","Vic.","AU-VIC"],"localName":"Victoria","type":"state","coordinate":[144.75,-37.0082],"landscape":"Victoria includes a southern coast, mountains, and inland plains. Melbourne is only one part of the state.","names":"Victoria has many Aboriginal place names as well as names from later settlement. Different names can preserve different histories.","culture":"Melbourne’s tram network is part of everyday urban life in Victoria. Public transport offers a cultural comparison with communities where people travel in other ways.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q36687","regional-wd-Q33254","regional-wd-Q7354","regional-wd-Q44679","regional-wd-Q3141","regional-wd-Q9439","regional-topic-AU-VIC","regional-wiki-AU-VIC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"AUS:AU-WA","code":"AU-WA","parentId":"AUS","name":"Western Australia","aliases":["Western Australia","WA","W.A.","State of Western Australia","State of WA","W. Aust.","Western Oz"],"localName":"Western Australia","type":"state","coordinate":[121.646,-25.8483],"landscape":"Western Australia stretches from tropical northern areas to a temperate southwest, with large dry inland areas. One state spans many environments.","names":"Noongar languages and place names belong to the southwest of Western Australia. They do not describe every Aboriginal language in the state.","culture":"Noongar cultural knowledge includes seasonal understandings of the southwest. These local seasons relate to changes in plants, animals, and weather.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q3206","regional-wd-Q1239","regional-wd-Q7354","regional-wd-Q3183","regional-wd-Q408","regional-wd-Q679","regional-topic-AU-WA","regional-wiki-AU-WA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"AUS-regional-landscape","placeId":"AUS","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["AUS:AU-WA","AUS:AU-VIC","AUS:AU-NT"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q3206","regional-wd-Q1239","regional-wd-Q7354","regional-wd-Q3183","regional-wd-Q408","regional-wd-Q679","regional-topic-AU-WA","regional-wiki-AU-WA","regional-wd-Q36687","regional-wd-Q33254","regional-wd-Q44679","regional-wd-Q3141","regional-wd-Q9439","regional-topic-AU-VIC","regional-wiki-AU-VIC","regional-wd-Q3235","regional-wd-Q131418","regional-wd-Q128880","regional-wd-Q11568","regional-wd-Q659","regional-topic-AU-NT","regional-institution-AU-NT","regional-wiki-AU-NT"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 covers about a third of the whole country. Which subdivision is it?","answer":"Western Australia","others":["Victoria","Northern Territory","Queensland"],"reading":"Western Australia: Western Australia covers about a third of the country, stretching from the tropical Kimberley in the north, across the dry Pilbara and inland deserts, to a temperate south-west around Perth. One state spans many environments. Victoria: Victoria is the smallest of the mainland states, with a southern coast, the Victorian Alps in the east, and inland plains where much of the farming happens. Melbourne is only one part of the state. Northern Territory: The Northern Territory reaches from a tropical north around Darwin, where a wet season and a dry season take the place of four even ones, to dry central Australia around Alice Springs and Uluṟu. Rainfall and seasonal patterns vary greatly within the territory.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Compare how much of the map each one takes up.","studyMap":{"title":"Australia · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Western Australia","coordinate":[121.646,-25.8483]},{"label":"Victoria","coordinate":[144.75,-37.0082]},{"label":"Northern Territory","coordinate":[133.78,-20.1026]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 is the smallest of Australia's mainland states. Which is it?","answer":"Victoria","others":["Western Australia","Northern Territory","Tasmania"],"reading":"Western Australia: Western Australia covers about a third of the country, stretching from the tropical Kimberley in the north, across the dry Pilbara and inland deserts, to a temperate south-west around Perth. One state spans many environments. Victoria: Victoria is the smallest of the mainland states, with a southern coast, the Victorian Alps in the east, and inland plains where much of the farming happens. Melbourne is only one part of the state. Northern Territory: The Northern Territory reaches from a tropical north around Darwin, where a wet season and a dry season take the place of four even ones, to dry central Australia around Alice Springs and Uluṟu. Rainfall and seasonal patterns vary greatly within the territory.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One of the three is small on the map but holds a very large city.","studyMap":{"title":"Australia · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Western Australia","coordinate":[121.646,-25.8483]},{"label":"Victoria","coordinate":[144.75,-37.0082]},{"label":"Northern Territory","coordinate":[133.78,-20.1026]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 runs from a tropical north down to the dry centre around Uluṟu. Which is it?","answer":"Northern Territory","others":["Western Australia","Victoria","South Australia"],"reading":"Western Australia: Western Australia covers about a third of the country, stretching from the tropical Kimberley in the north, across the dry Pilbara and inland deserts, to a temperate south-west around Perth. One state spans many environments. Victoria: Victoria is the smallest of the mainland states, with a southern coast, the Victorian Alps in the east, and inland plains where much of the farming happens. Melbourne is only one part of the state. Northern Territory: The Northern Territory reaches from a tropical north around Darwin, where a wet season and a dry season take the place of four even ones, to dry central Australia around Alice Springs and Uluṟu. Rainfall and seasonal patterns vary greatly within the territory.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the entry that mentions a wet season and a dry season.","studyMap":{"title":"Australia · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Western Australia","coordinate":[121.646,-25.8483]},{"label":"Victoria","coordinate":[144.75,-37.0082]},{"label":"Northern Territory","coordinate":[133.78,-20.1026]}]}}]},{"id":"AUS-regional-names","placeId":"AUS","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["AUS:AU-WA","AUS:AU-VIC","AUS:AU-NT"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q3206","regional-wd-Q1239","regional-wd-Q7354","regional-wd-Q3183","regional-wd-Q408","regional-wd-Q679","regional-topic-AU-WA","regional-wiki-AU-WA","regional-wd-Q36687","regional-wd-Q33254","regional-wd-Q44679","regional-wd-Q3141","regional-wd-Q9439","regional-topic-AU-VIC","regional-wiki-AU-VIC","regional-wd-Q3235","regional-wd-Q131418","regional-wd-Q128880","regional-wd-Q11568","regional-wd-Q659","regional-topic-AU-NT","regional-institution-AU-NT","regional-wiki-AU-NT"],"steps":[{"question":"Noongar languages and a six-season calendar belong to the south-west of which subdivision?","answer":"Western Australia","others":["Victoria","Northern Territory","New South Wales"],"reading":"Western Australia: Noongar languages and place names belong to the south-west of Western Australia, and the Noongar calendar describes six seasons rather than four. They do not describe every Aboriginal language in the state, since the Kimberley and Pilbara have many others. Victoria: Victoria was named after a British queen in 1851, while many of its place names come from Aboriginal languages, including Woiwurrung and Boonwurrung around Melbourne. Different names can preserve different histories. Northern Territory: The name Northern Territory describes where it sits rather than honouring a person, and the territory has many Aboriginal languages, among them Yolŋu Matha, Warlpiri and Arrernte. Arnhem Land is a geographic region within it, not the name of a single people or language.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for the entry that counts more than four seasons."},{"question":"Which subdivision was named after a British queen?","answer":"Victoria","others":["Western Australia","Northern Territory","Queensland"],"reading":"Western Australia: Noongar languages and place names belong to the south-west of Western Australia, and the Noongar calendar describes six seasons rather than four. They do not describe every Aboriginal language in the state, since the Kimberley and Pilbara have many others. Victoria: Victoria was named after a British queen in 1851, while many of its place names come from Aboriginal languages, including Woiwurrung and Boonwurrung around Melbourne. Different names can preserve different histories. Northern Territory: The name Northern Territory describes where it sits rather than honouring a person, and the territory has many Aboriginal languages, among them Yolŋu Matha, Warlpiri and Arrernte. Arnhem Land is a geographic region within it, not the name of a single people or language.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One of the three names honours a person rather than describing the land."},{"question":"Which subdivision contains the region called Arnhem Land?","answer":"Northern Territory","others":["Western Australia","Victoria","South Australia"],"reading":"Western Australia: Noongar languages and place names belong to the south-west of Western Australia, and the Noongar calendar describes six seasons rather than four. They do not describe every Aboriginal language in the state, since the Kimberley and Pilbara have many others. Victoria: Victoria was named after a British queen in 1851, while many of its place names come from Aboriginal languages, including Woiwurrung and Boonwurrung around Melbourne. Different names can preserve different histories. Northern Territory: The name Northern Territory describes where it sits rather than honouring a person, and the territory has many Aboriginal languages, among them Yolŋu Matha, Warlpiri and Arrernte. Arnhem Land is a geographic region within it, not the name of a single people or language.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Arnhem Land is a region, not a subdivision. Find the one that holds it."}]},{"id":"AUS-regional-culture","placeId":"AUS","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["AUS:AU-WA","AUS:AU-VIC","AUS:AU-NT"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-AUS","voyage-AUS","regional-wd-Q3206","regional-wd-Q1239","regional-wd-Q7354","regional-wd-Q3183","regional-wd-Q408","regional-wd-Q679","regional-topic-AU-WA","regional-wiki-AU-WA","regional-wd-Q36687","regional-wd-Q33254","regional-wd-Q44679","regional-wd-Q3141","regional-wd-Q9439","regional-topic-AU-VIC","regional-wiki-AU-VIC","regional-wd-Q3235","regional-wd-Q131418","regional-wd-Q128880","regional-wd-Q11568","regional-wd-Q659","regional-topic-AU-NT","regional-institution-AU-NT","regional-wiki-AU-NT"],"steps":[{"question":"Which subdivision's example is a way of reading the year from plants, animals and weather?","answer":"Western Australia","others":["Victoria","Northern Territory","Queensland"],"reading":"Western Australia: Noongar cultural knowledge includes six seasons for the south-west, named Birak, Bunuru, Djeran, Makuru, Djilba and Kambarang. Each is linked to changes in plants, animals and weather that tell people what can be gathered and when. Victoria: Melbourne's tram network is one of the largest in the world and is part of everyday urban life in Victoria, carrying people to work, school and the shops. Public transport offers a cultural comparison with communities where people travel in other ways. Northern Territory: Pandanus weaving is practised by artists in Arnhem Land, including in the Northern Territory. Makers strip the young leaves, dye them with roots and bark, and coil or twine them into baskets, mats and fibre sculptures.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Which example is about knowing when to do something?"},{"question":"Which subdivision's example is a network that moves people around a city?","answer":"Victoria","others":["Western Australia","Northern Territory","Tasmania"],"reading":"Western Australia: Noongar cultural knowledge includes six seasons for the south-west, named Birak, Bunuru, Djeran, Makuru, Djilba and Kambarang. Each is linked to changes in plants, animals and weather that tell people what can be gathered and when. Victoria: Melbourne's tram network is one of the largest in the world and is part of everyday urban life in Victoria, carrying people to work, school and the shops. Public transport offers a cultural comparison with communities where people travel in other ways. Northern Territory: Pandanus weaving is practised by artists in Arnhem Land, including in the Northern Territory. Makers strip the young leaves, dye them with roots and bark, and coil or twine them into baskets, mats and fibre sculptures.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Two examples produce knowledge or objects. One moves people."},{"question":"How do Arnhem Land weavers prepare pandanus leaves in this example?","answer":"Strip and dye them before coiling or twining","others":["Fire them in a pottery kiln","Carve them into stone printing blocks","Melt them into coloured glass"],"reading":"Western Australia: Noongar cultural knowledge includes six seasons for the south-west, named Birak, Bunuru, Djeran, Makuru, Djilba and Kambarang. Each is linked to changes in plants, animals and weather that tell people what can be gathered and when. Victoria: Melbourne's tram network is one of the largest in the world and is part of everyday urban life in Victoria, carrying people to work, school and the shops. Public transport offers a cultural comparison with communities where people travel in other ways. Northern Territory: Pandanus weaving is practised by artists in Arnhem Land, including in the Northern Territory. Makers strip the young leaves, dye them with roots and bark, and coil or twine them into baskets, mats and fibre sculptures.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 8 subdivisions of Australia. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. States and the two self-governing mainland territories have different government arrangements. The Australian Indian Ocean Territories link groups Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Jervis Bay and other external territories are outside this eight-unit collection.","related":["IOA","ATC","NFK","HMD"],"geometry":"content/regions/AUS.geojson"},{"placeId":"BRA","name":"Brazil","regions":[{"id":"BRA:BR-AC","code":"BR-AC","parentId":"BRA","name":"Acre","aliases":["Acre","State of Acre","AC","Acre State"],"localName":"Acre","type":"state","coordinate":[-70.2976,-8.9285],"landscape":"Acre is Brazil's westernmost state, in the far south-west of the Amazon basin, bordering Peru and Bolivia. Rivers such as the Juruá and the Purus wind so much that a journey by boat can be several times the distance measured in a straight line.","names":"The name comes from a local river, from an Indigenous word later misheard and respelled. Acre was Bolivian territory until settlers working rubber pressed for change, and Brazil bought it in 1903.","culture":"Rubber tappers here cut shallow grooves in wild trees and collect the latex without felling anything, and in the 1980s they organised to defend the forest they worked in. Extractive reserves, where communities harvest forest products under agreed rules, were created as a result.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40780","regional-wd-Q171612","regional-wd-Q22074343","regional-wiki-BR-AC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-AL","code":"BR-AL","parentId":"BRA","name":"Alagoas","aliases":["Alagoas","State of Alagoas","AL","Alagoas State"],"localName":"Alagoas","type":"state","coordinate":[-36.6917,-9.77391],"landscape":"Alagoas is one of the smallest states, on the north-east coast, with a string of coastal lagoons that give it its name and a drier sertão inland. The São Francisco forms its southern border and drops over falls near Paulo Afonso.","names":"Alagoas means the lagoons. It was separated from Pernambuco in 1817.","culture":"Filé lace is knotted onto a net by hand around the Mundaú lagoon, and the technique passes between women in the lagoon-side villages. Coconut palms and sugar cane cover much of the coastal strip.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40885","regional-wd-Q168888","regional-wd-Q3253281","regional-wiki-BR-AL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-AP","code":"BR-AP","parentId":"BRA","name":"Amapá","aliases":["Amapá","State of Amapá","Portuguese Guiana"],"localName":"Amapá","type":"state","coordinate":[-51.6842,1.41157],"landscape":"Amapá sits on the northern side of the Amazon's mouth, facing the Atlantic, and the Equator runs through it. Most of the state is forest, among the best preserved in Brazil, with a very large protected park in its north-west.","names":"The name comes from an Indigenous word for a tree valued for its resin. Macapá, its capital, is one of very few cities the Equator passes directly through.","culture":"A monument in Macapá marks the Equator, and a football stadium there is built so the line runs through the centre of the pitch. The pororoca, a tidal bore, runs up rivers here as a wave that can be surfed.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40130","regional-wd-Q180215","regional-wiki-BR-AP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-AM","code":"BR-AM","parentId":"BRA","name":"Amazonas","aliases":["Amazonas","State of Amazonas","AM","Amazonas (Brazil)","Amazonas State"],"localName":"Amazonas","type":"state","coordinate":[-63.7853,-4.21774],"landscape":"Amazonas includes extensive river networks and rainforest. Rivers connect many communities, while the state also contains large cities such as Manaus.","names":"Portuguese is widely used, alongside many Indigenous languages. The state name Amazonas and the river name Amazon are related map labels at different scales.","culture":"The Parintins festival in Amazonas features competing boi-bumbá groups. This city celebration is one example within a very large and diverse state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40040","regional-wd-Q40236","regional-wd-Q3783","regional-topic-BR-AM","regional-wiki-BR-AM"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-BA","code":"BR-BA","parentId":"BRA","name":"Bahia","aliases":["Bahia","BA","State of Bahia","Bahia State"],"localName":"Bahia","type":"state","coordinate":[-41.8027,-12.3651],"landscape":"Bahia has an Atlantic coast and a much drier interior. Coastal scenery does not describe all of the state.","names":"Bahia is a Portuguese spelling related to the word for bay. Names can preserve older spellings as well as geographic clues.","culture":"Capoeira combines movement, music, and play, with important Afro-Brazilian histories in Bahia and elsewhere. It is not confined to one state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40430","regional-wd-Q5146","regional-wd-Q36947","regional-wd-Q1310944","regional-topic-BR-BA","regional-wiki-BR-BA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-CE","code":"BR-CE","parentId":"BRA","name":"Ceará","aliases":["Ceará","State of Ceará","CE","Ceara State"],"localName":"Ceará","type":"state","coordinate":[-39.3429,-5.37602],"landscape":"Ceará sits at the corner where Brazil's coast turns, with tall shifting dunes along the shore and a hot dry sertão inland where drought is a recurring hardship. The Chapada do Araripe in the south rises high enough to catch rain and stay green.","names":"The name is usually traced to a Tupi phrase about a bird's song. Fortaleza is one of Brazil's largest coastal cities.","culture":"Jangadas, small sailing rafts, have been used to fish off this coast for centuries. In Juazeiro do Norte, woodcuts made to illustrate cheap booklets of rhymed verse are still cut and printed by hand.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40123","regional-wd-Q43463","regional-wd-Q776138","regional-wiki-BR-CE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-ES","code":"BR-ES","parentId":"BRA","name":"Espírito Santo","aliases":["Espírito Santo","ES","Espiritu Santo","Espirito Santo State"],"localName":"Espírito Santo","type":"state","coordinate":[-40.5436,-19.6916],"landscape":"Espírito Santo is a narrow state on the south-east coast, with warm beaches, mountains inland cool enough for coffee, and enormous granite domes standing above the forest. Offshore oil is important to its economy.","names":"The name means holy spirit. Vitória, its capital, sits on an island.","culture":"Moqueca capixaba is a fish stew cooked in a black clay pot made by hand at Goiabeiras, where potters dig and fire the clay by a long-established method. The state also grows a large share of Brazil's robusta coffee.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q43233","regional-wd-Q168376","regional-wd-Q37302","regional-wiki-BR-ES"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-DF","code":"BR-DF","parentId":"BRA","name":"Federal District","aliases":["Federal District","Distrito Federal","Federal","DF"],"localName":"Federal","type":"federal district","coordinate":[-47.7902,-15.7665],"landscape":"The Federal District is a small area cut out of the state of Goiás on the high central plateau, about 1,100 metres above sea level, in cerrado savanna. Lake Paranoá at its centre is artificial, made by damming a stream when the city was built.","names":"It is not a state and cannot be divided into municipalities, so it is governed as a single unit. Brasília, at its centre, has been the national capital since 1960.","culture":"Brasília was designed and built in under four years, laid out in a shape often described as an aeroplane, with residential superblocks and public buildings by Oscar Niemeyer. Living in a city planned all at once is unlike living in one that grew over centuries.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q119158","regional-wd-Q2844","regional-wiki-BR-DF"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-GO","code":"BR-GO","parentId":"BRA","name":"Goiás","aliases":["Goiás","Goias state","GO","Goias State"],"localName":"Goiás","type":"state","coordinate":[-49.5786,-15.863],"landscape":"Goiás is on the central plateau, covered largely in cerrado, a savanna of twisted trees and deep-rooted grasses that is among the most biodiverse of its kind. The Chapada dos Veadeiros in the north is a high plateau of quartz rock and waterfalls.","names":"The name comes from the Goyaz people. The Federal District was carved out of this state in the 1950s.","culture":"Goiás Velho, the old capital, keeps steep cobbled streets and a Holy Week procession lit by torches with the street lights switched off. The state is one of Brazil's biggest producers of soy, maize and beef.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q41587","regional-wd-Q83189","regional-wd-Q10290797","regional-wiki-BR-GO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-MA","code":"BR-MA","parentId":"BRA","name":"Maranhão","aliases":["Maranhão","Maranhao","Maranhao State","Maranhato"],"localName":"Maranhão","type":"state","coordinate":[-45.389,-5.01897],"landscape":"Maranhão is where Amazonia and the dry north-east meet, so it has rainforest in the west and scrubland in the east. The Lençóis Maranhenses is a field of white dunes that fills with rainwater each year, leaving thousands of clear blue lagoons between the sands.","names":"The origin of the name is uncertain. São Luís, its capital, stands on an island and was founded by the French in 1612, the only Brazilian state capital they founded.","culture":"Bumba-meu-boi is performed here in June with a bull figure, drums and characters acting out a story of death and revival, and each group has its own style and rhythm. São Luís's old centre is faced with Portuguese tiles.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q42362","regional-wd-Q28441","regional-wiki-BR-MA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-MT","code":"BR-MT","parentId":"BRA","name":"Mato Grosso","aliases":["Mato Grosso"],"localName":"Mato Grosso","type":"state","coordinate":[-55.9235,-13.3926],"landscape":"Mato Grosso sits where three environments meet: Amazon rainforest in the north, cerrado through the middle, and the upper Pantanal in the south-west. The Chapada dos Guimarães is a plateau of red cliffs, and a marker near Cuiabá claims the geographic centre of South America.","names":"The name means thick woods. The state was divided in 1977, its southern half becoming a separate state.","culture":"Mato Grosso is Brazil's largest producer of soy and cattle, and how much forest and cerrado is cleared for that is closely watched and argued over. Indigenous peoples of the Xingu region live in a large protected territory in the north-east of the state.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q42824","regional-wd-Q170762","regional-wiki-BR-MT"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-MS","code":"BR-MS","parentId":"BRA","name":"Mato Grosso do Sul","aliases":["Mato Grosso do Sul","MS","Southern Mato Grosso"],"localName":"Mato Grosso do Sul","type":"state","coordinate":[-54.5502,-20.6756],"landscape":"Mato Grosso do Sul holds most of the Pantanal, the largest tropical wetland in the world, which floods across an enormous flat basin each rainy season and drains slowly for the rest of the year. Limestone country around Bonito holds rivers so clear the bottom is visible many metres down.","names":"The name means thick woods of the south. The state was separated from Mato Grosso in 1977.","culture":"Because the Pantanal floods, cattle ranching here works around the water, and animals are moved to higher ground as it rises. Terena and Kadiwéu communities live in the state, and Kadiwéu painted pottery uses designs recorded for well over a century.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q43319","regional-wd-Q168929","regional-wd-Q42824","regional-wiki-BR-MS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-MG","code":"BR-MG","parentId":"BRA","name":"Minas Gerais","aliases":["Minas Gerais","Minas Gerais state","MG","Minas Gerais State","Minais Gerais"],"localName":"Minas Gerais","type":"state","coordinate":[-44.4808,-18.5895],"landscape":"Minas Gerais is a large inland state of hills and mountain ranges, with the Serra do Espinhaço running north to south and rivers including the São Francisco rising within it. It has no coast, and iron ore is mined from its hills in enormous quantity.","names":"The name means general mines, after the gold found here around 1700. Its people are called mineiros, the same word as miners.","culture":"Ouro Preto's steep streets and churches were built with gold money, and a sculptor known as Aleijadinho carved soapstone prophets that still stand outside a church at Congonhas. Minas cheese and pão de queijo are known throughout Brazil.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q39109","regional-wd-Q42800","regional-wd-Q820477","regional-wiki-BR-MG"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-PR","code":"BR-PR","parentId":"BRA","name":"Paraná","aliases":["Paraná","Parana","PR","Parana State"],"localName":"Paraná","type":"state","coordinate":[-51.3228,-24.6618],"landscape":"Paraná is in the south, with a short Atlantic coast backed by the steep Serra do Mar, then a high plateau of farmland and remnants of araucaria pine forest. The Iguaçu falls on its western border spread across nearly three kilometres in hundreds of separate cascades.","names":"The name comes from a Tupi word for a large river. The state has a large population descended from Polish, Ukrainian, Italian, German and Japanese settlers.","culture":"Curitiba built one of the first bus rapid transit systems in the world in the 1970s, with tube-shaped stations where passengers pay before boarding, and the idea has been copied in many countries. Pine nuts from the araucaria are roasted and eaten in winter.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q15499","regional-wd-Q4361","regional-wd-Q127892","regional-wiki-BR-PR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-PB","code":"BR-PB","parentId":"BRA","name":"Paraíba","aliases":["Paraíba","Paraiba","PB","Paraiba State"],"localName":"Paraíba","type":"state","coordinate":[-36.2726,-7.34234],"landscape":"Paraíba is a small north-eastern state running from Ponta do Seixas, the easternmost point of the Americas, inland to a dry sertão of bare rock outcrops. Its coastal strip is warm and green, and its interior can go long stretches without rain.","names":"The name comes from a Tupi word for the river. João Pessoa, its capital, is one of the oldest cities in Brazil.","culture":"Forró, played on accordion, triangle and zabumba drum, is danced in June at festivals across the state and far beyond it. A rock face at Ingá is covered with carvings whose meaning is unknown, and lace-making is long established in the interior.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q38088","regional-wd-Q167436","regional-wd-Q2743394","regional-wiki-BR-PB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-PA","code":"BR-PA","parentId":"BRA","name":"Pará","aliases":["Pará","Para","PA","Para State"],"localName":"Pará","type":"state","coordinate":[-52.6491,-4.44313],"landscape":"Pará straddles the lower Amazon, whose mouth is wide enough to contain Marajó, a river island roughly the size of Switzerland. Tidal water pushes far upstream, and much of the state is rainforest broken by huge tributaries.","names":"The name comes from a Tupi word for sea or great river. Belém, its capital, stands near the river's mouth.","culture":"The Círio de Nazaré procession in Belém each October is one of the largest religious gatherings in the world, with a rope hauled by tens of thousands of people. Açaí is prepared here as a savoury dish eaten with fish rather than as a sweet bowl.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q39517","regional-wd-Q12829733","regional-wiki-BR-PA"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-PE","code":"BR-PE","parentId":"BRA","name":"Pernambuco","aliases":["Pernambuco","Pernambuco state","Pernambuco State"],"localName":"Pernambuco","type":"state","coordinate":[-37.2958,-8.47283],"landscape":"Pernambuco reaches from a green coastal strip through a middle zone to a long dry sertão, and it also includes Fernando de Noronha, a volcanic island group about 350 kilometres out in the Atlantic. The São Francisco runs along part of its southern edge.","names":"The name is usually traced to a Tupi phrase about a hole in the sea, describing a gap in the coastal reef. Recife, its capital, is named for those reefs.","culture":"Frevo is a fast carnival music and dance from Recife and Olinda, performed with a small umbrella for balance, and maracatu processions beat heavy drums behind a court of costumed figures. Giant carnival puppets are carried through Olinda's streets.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40942","regional-wd-Q48344","regional-wiki-BR-PE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-PI","code":"BR-PI","parentId":"BRA","name":"Piauí","aliases":["Piauí","Piaui","PI","Piaui State"],"localName":"Piauí","type":"state","coordinate":[-43.1974,-8.08698],"landscape":"Piauí has the shortest coastline of any Brazilian state, barely sixty kilometres of it, and stretches far inland into hot dry country. In the south-east, the canyons of Serra da Capivara hold shelters painted with thousands of images.","names":"The name comes from a Tupi phrase about a river of piau fish. Teresina, its capital, was purpose-built in the 1850s and does not sit on the coast.","culture":"The paintings at Serra da Capivara show hunting, dancing and animals, and the site has been central to arguments about how long people have been in the Americas. Opals are mined at Pedro II, one of the few sources in South America.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q42722","regional-wd-Q165341","regional-wd-Q10349320","regional-wiki-BR-PI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-RN","code":"BR-RN","parentId":"BRA","name":"Rio Grande do Norte","aliases":["Rio Grande do Norte","RN","Rio Grande do Norte state","Rio Grande do Norte State"],"localName":"Rio Grande do Norte","type":"state","coordinate":[-36.5472,-5.66157],"landscape":"Rio Grande do Norte sits at the corner where Brazil's coast turns from east-facing to north-facing, so it has two very different shores. Steady sea winds drive one of the country's largest concentrations of wind turbines, and salt is evaporated from ponds along the coast.","names":"The name means great river of the north, paired with Rio Grande do Sul far to the south. Natal, its capital, is named for Christmas, when the fort there was begun.","culture":"Cashews grow well here, and one tree near Natal has spread by rooting its own branches until it covers more ground than a football pitch. Sea salt from this state supplies most of Brazil's needs.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q43255","regional-wd-Q131620","regional-wd-Q975675","regional-wiki-BR-RN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-RS","code":"BR-RS","parentId":"BRA","name":"Rio Grande do Sul","aliases":["Rio Grande do Sul","RS","Rio Grande do Sul State"],"localName":"Rio Grande do Sul","type":"state","coordinate":[-53.656,-29.7277],"landscape":"Rio Grande do Sul is in southern Brazil and includes grasslands and uplands. It contrasts with Amazonas’s equatorial river setting.","names":"Rio Grande do Sul means a southern Rio Grande in Portuguese naming. Portuguese, Indigenous languages, and languages of immigrant communities have shaped local life.","culture":"Chimarrão is a way of drinking yerba mate associated with Rio Grande do Sul and wider regional traditions. It is a cultural example, not a drink chosen by everyone.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40030","regional-wd-Q18278","regional-wd-Q661235","regional-wd-Q40269","regional-topic-BR-RS","regional-wiki-BR-RS"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-RJ","code":"BR-RJ","parentId":"BRA","name":"Rio de Janeiro","aliases":["Rio de Janeiro","RJ","BR-RJ","State of Rio de Janeiro","Rio de Janeiro (state)","Rio de Janeiro State","Estado do Rio de Janeiro"],"localName":"Rio de Janeiro","type":"state","coordinate":[-43.1152,-22.4049],"landscape":"Rio de Janeiro is a small state with a dramatic coast of bays, islands and granite domes rising straight out of the water, backed by the Serra do Mar. Guanabara Bay was mistaken for a river mouth by early Portuguese navigators.","names":"The name means river of January, from the month of that arrival. Residents of the city are called cariocas, and people of the state as a whole fluminenses.","culture":"Rio's carnival brings samba schools into a purpose-built avenue, each with thousands of members, floats and a song written for that year. The Tijuca forest above the city was replanted from the 1860s after coffee farming had stripped the hillsides.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q41428","regional-wd-Q1482804","regional-wd-Q8678","regional-wiki-BR-RJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-RO","code":"BR-RO","parentId":"BRA","name":"Rondônia","aliases":["Rondônia","RO","Rondonia State","Rondônia State"],"localName":"Rondônia","type":"state","coordinate":[-63.1439,-10.9712],"landscape":"Rondônia is in the south-west Amazon, drained by the Madeira, whose rapids long blocked boats and prompted a railway that was built at great cost and later abandoned. Forest covers much of the state, though large areas have been cleared for pasture.","names":"The state is named after an army officer and surveyor who laid telegraph lines across the interior and argued for Indigenous rights. It became a state in 1981.","culture":"Rondônia grew quickly from the 1970s as new roads brought settlers from the south, so most of its towns are young. Several Indigenous peoples live here, some in territories set aside after long disputes.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q43235","regional-wd-Q172512","regional-wd-Q961743","regional-wiki-BR-RO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-RR","code":"BR-RR","parentId":"BRA","name":"Roraima","aliases":["Roraima","RR","Roraima state","Roraima State"],"localName":"Roraima","type":"state","coordinate":[-61.3325,1.93803],"landscape":"Roraima is Brazil's northernmost state, where rainforest gives way to open savanna toward Venezuela and Guyana. Mount Roraima, a flat-topped tabletop mountain, stands where the three countries meet, its cliffs rising hundreds of metres.","names":"The name comes from a Pemon word for that mountain. It became a state in 1988.","culture":"The Yanomami and Macuxi are among the peoples living here, and the Yanomami territory is one of the largest Indigenous lands in Brazil. Illegal gold mining on that land has been a persistent problem, and removing miners has taken repeated operations.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q42508","regional-wd-Q181056","regional-wiki-BR-RR"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-SC","code":"BR-SC","parentId":"BRA","name":"Santa Catarina","aliases":["Santa Catarina","Santa Catarina state","SC"],"localName":"Santa Catarina","type":"state","coordinate":[-51.1586,-27.0392],"landscape":"Santa Catarina is a small southern state with beaches and lagoons along the coast, a steep escarpment behind them, and a cool highland plateau where frost and occasional snow occur. Florianópolis, its capital, is mostly on an island.","names":"The state is named after a saint, from a name first given to the island. German, Italian and Azorean settlement shaped the towns of the interior and the coast.","culture":"Blumenau holds an Oktoberfest that grew out of German settlement in the valley, and highland towns keep Italian and Azorean food traditions. Oysters are farmed in the sheltered bays around Florianópolis in large numbers.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q41115","regional-wd-Q132997","regional-wd-Q179718","regional-wiki-BR-SC"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-SE","code":"BR-SE","parentId":"BRA","name":"Sergipe","aliases":["Sergipe","SE","Sergipe State"],"localName":"Sergipe","type":"state","coordinate":[-37.3836,-10.5918],"landscape":"Sergipe is Brazil's smallest state, on the north-east coast, with mangrove-lined river mouths, a short coastal strip and a dry interior. The São Francisco forms its northern border and reaches the sea through a wide sandy mouth.","names":"The name comes from a Tupi phrase about a river of crabs. Aracaju, its capital, was laid out on a grid in 1855.","culture":"The canyons of Xingó, where the São Francisco runs between rock walls behind a dam, are travelled by boat. São Cristóvão, one of Brazil's oldest towns, keeps a square lined with buildings from the 1600s and 1700s.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q43783","regional-wd-Q170578","regional-wiki-BR-SE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-SP","code":"BR-SP","parentId":"BRA","name":"São Paulo","aliases":["São Paulo","State of São Paulo","São Paulo State","São Paulo (state)"],"localName":"São Paulo","type":"state","coordinate":[-48.5206,-22.2267],"landscape":"São Paulo has a short but busy Atlantic coast at Santos, the largest port in Latin America, and a vast interior plateau of farmland reached by climbing the Serra do Mar. The plateau's red soil suited coffee, which paid for the state's early growth.","names":"The city was founded on the feast day of Saint Paul in 1554. More people live in this state than in any other, and São Paulo city is the largest in the southern hemisphere.","culture":"Migration from Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Portugal and Brazil's own north-east built the city's neighbourhoods and its food, and São Paulo has the largest Japanese-descended population outside Japan. Sugar cane grown here is turned into ethanol that fuels a large share of the country's cars.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q175","regional-wd-Q1482804","regional-wd-Q174","regional-wd-Q9200","regional-wiki-BR-SP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"BRA:BR-TO","code":"BR-TO","parentId":"BRA","name":"Tocantins","aliases":["Tocantins","Tocantins State"],"localName":"Tocantins","type":"state","coordinate":[-48.2502,-10.223],"landscape":"Tocantins is Brazil's newest state, in the middle of the country where cerrado meets the edge of Amazonia, drained by the Tocantins and Araguaia rivers. Bananal, formed between two arms of the Araguaia, is the largest river island in the world.","names":"The name comes from a Tupi phrase often given as toucan's beak, after the river. The state was split from Goiás in 1988.","culture":"Palmas, its capital, was planned and begun in 1989, making it one of the youngest planned cities in the country. In Jalapão, golden grass stems are coiled and stitched into baskets and jewellery, a craft with rules about when the grass may be cut.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q43695","regional-wd-Q178993","regional-wd-Q156054","regional-wiki-BR-TO"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"BRA-regional-landscape","placeId":"BRA","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["BRA:BR-AM","BRA:BR-BA","BRA:BR-RS"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40040","regional-wd-Q40236","regional-wd-Q3783","regional-topic-BR-AM","regional-wiki-BR-AM","regional-wd-Q40430","regional-wd-Q5146","regional-wd-Q36947","regional-wd-Q1310944","regional-topic-BR-BA","regional-wiki-BR-BA","regional-wd-Q40030","regional-wd-Q18278","regional-wd-Q661235","regional-wd-Q40269","regional-topic-BR-RS","regional-wiki-BR-RS"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 is Brazil's largest state, where two rivers of different colours run side by side. Which is it?","answer":"Amazonas","others":["Bahia","Rio Grande do Sul","Pará"],"reading":"Amazonas: Amazonas is Brazil's largest state, covered largely by rainforest and threaded with rivers. At Manaus the dark Rio Negro meets the pale Solimões and the two run side by side for kilometres before mixing. Rivers connect many communities, and the state also contains large cities. Bahia: Bahia has a long Atlantic coast and a much drier interior called the sertão, where thorny caatinga scrub survives long dry spells. Coastal scenery does not describe all of the state. Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande do Sul is Brazil's southernmost state, with rolling grasslands known as the pampa, uplands, and cool winters. It contrasts sharply with Amazonas's equatorial river setting.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the entry that describes two rivers meeting.","studyMap":{"title":"Brazil · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Amazonas","coordinate":[-63.7853,-4.21774]},{"label":"Bahia","coordinate":[-41.8027,-12.3651]},{"label":"Rio Grande do Sul","coordinate":[-53.656,-29.7277]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 has an Atlantic coast on one side and a dry interior on the other. Which is it?","answer":"Bahia","others":["Amazonas","Rio Grande do Sul","Pernambuco"],"reading":"Amazonas: Amazonas is Brazil's largest state, covered largely by rainforest and threaded with rivers. At Manaus the dark Rio Negro meets the pale Solimões and the two run side by side for kilometres before mixing. Rivers connect many communities, and the state also contains large cities. Bahia: Bahia has a long Atlantic coast and a much drier interior called the sertão, where thorny caatinga scrub survives long dry spells. Coastal scenery does not describe all of the state. Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande do Sul is Brazil's southernmost state, with rolling grasslands known as the pampa, uplands, and cool winters. It contrasts sharply with Amazonas's equatorial river setting.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry names a dry inland region behind the beaches.","studyMap":{"title":"Brazil · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Amazonas","coordinate":[-63.7853,-4.21774]},{"label":"Bahia","coordinate":[-41.8027,-12.3651]},{"label":"Rio Grande do Sul","coordinate":[-53.656,-29.7277]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 lies furthest south, with grasslands and cool winters. Which is it?","answer":"Rio Grande do Sul","others":["Amazonas","Bahia","Paraná"],"reading":"Amazonas: Amazonas is Brazil's largest state, covered largely by rainforest and threaded with rivers. At Manaus the dark Rio Negro meets the pale Solimões and the two run side by side for kilometres before mixing. Rivers connect many communities, and the state also contains large cities. Bahia: Bahia has a long Atlantic coast and a much drier interior called the sertão, where thorny caatinga scrub survives long dry spells. Coastal scenery does not describe all of the state. Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande do Sul is Brazil's southernmost state, with rolling grasslands known as the pampa, uplands, and cool winters. It contrasts sharply with Amazonas's equatorial river setting.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Which marker sits closest to the bottom of the map?","studyMap":{"title":"Brazil · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Amazonas","coordinate":[-63.7853,-4.21774]},{"label":"Bahia","coordinate":[-41.8027,-12.3651]},{"label":"Rio Grande do Sul","coordinate":[-53.656,-29.7277]}]}}]},{"id":"BRA-regional-names","placeId":"BRA","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["BRA:BR-AM","BRA:BR-BA","BRA:BR-RS"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40040","regional-wd-Q40236","regional-wd-Q3783","regional-topic-BR-AM","regional-wiki-BR-AM","regional-wd-Q40430","regional-wd-Q5146","regional-wd-Q36947","regional-wd-Q1310944","regional-topic-BR-BA","regional-wiki-BR-BA","regional-wd-Q40030","regional-wd-Q18278","regional-wd-Q661235","regional-wd-Q40269","regional-topic-BR-RS","regional-wiki-BR-RS"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's name is closely related to the name of a river running through it?","answer":"Amazonas","others":["Bahia","Rio Grande do Sul","Minas Gerais"],"reading":"Amazonas: Portuguese is widely used, alongside many Indigenous languages such as Tikuna and Nheengatu. The state name Amazonas and the river name Amazon are related map labels at different scales, so a similar word can point to a river or to a whole state. Bahia: Bahia comes from the Portuguese word for a bay, and points back to the wide Baía de Todos os Santos beside Salvador. Names can preserve older spellings as well as geographic clues. Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande do Sul means the great river of the south in Portuguese, and there is a Rio Grande do Norte, a northern one, far up the coast. Portuguese, Indigenous languages, and languages brought by immigrant communities including Italian and German have all shaped local life.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One name works at two scales at once."},{"question":"Which state's name comes from the Portuguese word for a bay?","answer":"Bahia","others":["Amazonas","Rio Grande do Sul","Ceará"],"reading":"Amazonas: Portuguese is widely used, alongside many Indigenous languages such as Tikuna and Nheengatu. The state name Amazonas and the river name Amazon are related map labels at different scales, so a similar word can point to a river or to a whole state. Bahia: Bahia comes from the Portuguese word for a bay, and points back to the wide Baía de Todos os Santos beside Salvador. Names can preserve older spellings as well as geographic clues. Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande do Sul means the great river of the south in Portuguese, and there is a Rio Grande do Norte, a northern one, far up the coast. Portuguese, Indigenous languages, and languages brought by immigrant communities including Italian and German have all shaped local life.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Think about the shape of a coastline."},{"question":"Which state's name has a matching northern twin elsewhere in Brazil?","answer":"Rio Grande do Sul","others":["Amazonas","Bahia","Mato Grosso"],"reading":"Amazonas: Portuguese is widely used, alongside many Indigenous languages such as Tikuna and Nheengatu. The state name Amazonas and the river name Amazon are related map labels at different scales, so a similar word can point to a river or to a whole state. Bahia: Bahia comes from the Portuguese word for a bay, and points back to the wide Baía de Todos os Santos beside Salvador. Names can preserve older spellings as well as geographic clues. Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande do Sul means the great river of the south in Portuguese, and there is a Rio Grande do Norte, a northern one, far up the coast. Portuguese, Indigenous languages, and languages brought by immigrant communities including Italian and German have all shaped local life.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Read that name as separate words rather than one label."}]},{"id":"BRA-regional-culture","placeId":"BRA","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["BRA:BR-AM","BRA:BR-BA","BRA:BR-RS"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-BRA","voyage-BRA","regional-wd-Q40040","regional-wd-Q40236","regional-wd-Q3783","regional-topic-BR-AM","regional-wiki-BR-AM","regional-wd-Q40430","regional-wd-Q5146","regional-wd-Q36947","regional-wd-Q1310944","regional-topic-BR-BA","regional-wiki-BR-BA","regional-wd-Q40030","regional-wd-Q18278","regional-wd-Q661235","regional-wd-Q40269","regional-topic-BR-RS","regional-wiki-BR-RS"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's example is a contest between two teams in an arena?","answer":"Amazonas","others":["Bahia","Rio Grande do Sul","São Paulo"],"reading":"Amazonas: The Parintins festival fills three nights each June, when two boi-bumbá groups, the red Garantido and the blue Caprichoso, compete with singing, dancing and enormous moving figures in an arena built for it. This city celebration is one example within a very large and diverse state. Bahia: Capoeira combines movement, music and play, with important Afro-Brazilian histories in Bahia and elsewhere. In a roda a berimbau sets the rhythm while the circle sings and claps. It is not confined to one state. Rio Grande do Sul: Chimarrão is a way of drinking yerba mate from a gourd through a metal straw, usually passed around a group, and it is associated with Rio Grande do Sul and with neighbouring Uruguay and Argentina. It is a cultural example, not a drink chosen by everyone.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for red against blue."},{"question":"Which state's example is a circle where the music guides two players?","answer":"Bahia","others":["Amazonas","Rio Grande do Sul","Rio de Janeiro"],"reading":"Amazonas: The Parintins festival fills three nights each June, when two boi-bumbá groups, the red Garantido and the blue Caprichoso, compete with singing, dancing and enormous moving figures in an arena built for it. This city celebration is one example within a very large and diverse state. Bahia: Capoeira combines movement, music and play, with important Afro-Brazilian histories in Bahia and elsewhere. In a roda a berimbau sets the rhythm while the circle sings and claps. It is not confined to one state. Rio Grande do Sul: Chimarrão is a way of drinking yerba mate from a gourd through a metal straw, usually passed around a group, and it is associated with Rio Grande do Sul and with neighbouring Uruguay and Argentina. It is a cultural example, not a drink chosen by everyone.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Which example needs a berimbau?"},{"question":"What equipment is used for chimarrão?","answer":"A gourd and a metal straw","others":["A handloom and shuttle","A bow and hollow gourd played for rhythm","A carved wooden printing block"],"reading":"Amazonas: The Parintins festival fills three nights each June, when two boi-bumbá groups, the red Garantido and the blue Caprichoso, compete with singing, dancing and enormous moving figures in an arena built for it. This city celebration is one example within a very large and diverse state. Bahia: Capoeira combines movement, music and play, with important Afro-Brazilian histories in Bahia and elsewhere. In a roda a berimbau sets the rhythm while the circle sings and claps. It is not confined to one state. Rio Grande do Sul: Chimarrão is a way of drinking yerba mate from a gourd through a metal straw, usually passed around a group, and it is associated with Rio Grande do Sul and with neighbouring Uruguay and Argentina. It is a cultural example, not a drink chosen by everyone.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 27 subdivisions of Brazil. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. States and the Federal District are distinct units of the federation.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/BRA.geojson"},{"placeId":"DEU","name":"Germany","regions":[{"id":"DEU:DE-BW","code":"DE-BW","parentId":"DEU","name":"Baden-Württemberg","aliases":["Baden-Württemberg","Land Baden-Württemberg","BaWü","The Länd"],"localName":"Baden-Württemberg","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[9.00328,48.59],"landscape":"Baden-Württemberg has the Black Forest along its west, dark with spruce and cut by narrow valleys, and Lake Constance on its southern border with Switzerland and Austria. The Danube begins here as a small stream and flows east across Europe to the Black Sea.","names":"The state was made in 1952 by joining Baden and Württemberg, so its name is two older names set side by side. Swabian and Alemannic ways of speaking differ noticeably from standard German.","culture":"Cuckoo clocks were developed in the Black Forest, where farming families carved and assembled them through long winters and clockmaking grew into a whole regional industry. A craft can begin as something to do in a quiet season.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q985","regional-wd-Q4127","regional-wd-Q584","regional-wd-Q1022","regional-wd-Q6877935","regional-wd-Q159626","regional-wiki-DE-BW"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-BY","code":"DE-BY","parentId":"DEU","name":"Bavaria","aliases":["Bavaria","Bayern","Free State of Bavaria","Freistaat Bayern","Freistoot Bayern","State of Bavaria"],"localName":"Bayern","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[11.3966,49.0056],"landscape":"Bavaria includes the Alps in the south and other landscapes farther north. Not all Bavarian communities are Alpine villages.","names":"Bayern is the German name for Bavaria. Franconian, Swabian, and Bavarian cultural and speech regions do not fit one simple state-wide label.","culture":"Maypole traditions occur in parts of Bavaria and beyond. The way a community decorates and raises a pole can differ from another community’s practice.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q980","regional-wd-Q279350","regional-wd-Q1726","regional-wd-Q156740","regional-topic-DE-BY","regional-wiki-DE-BY"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-BE","code":"DE-BE","parentId":"DEU","name":"Berlin","aliases":["Berlin","Berlin, Germany","DE-BE"],"localName":"Berlin","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[13.4213,52.5131],"landscape":"Berlin is a city and a state at the same time, built on flat sandy ground where the Spree meets the Havel. It has more bridges than Venice, and roughly a third of its area is parks, forest, lakes and rivers.","names":"The name probably comes from an old Slavic word for a dry place in a marsh, rather than from the bear on the city's badge, although the bear has been its symbol for centuries.","culture":"Museum Island in Berlin gathers several museums in one area. Their collections offer different perspectives on art and history; no single museum tells every story.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q64","regional-wd-Q1684","regional-wd-Q3908364","regional-wd-Q188","regional-topic-DE-BE","regional-wiki-DE-BE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-BB","code":"DE-BB","parentId":"DEU","name":"Brandenburg","aliases":["Brandenburg","Land Brandenburg","State of Brandenburg"],"localName":"Brandenburg","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[12.9206,52.8156],"landscape":"Brandenburg is flat, sandy country left behind by ice-age glaciers, with more than three thousand lakes and the Havel and Spree winding through it. In the Spreewald the Spree splits into hundreds of narrow channels, and people move between houses by punt.","names":"Lower Sorbian is used in Lower Lusatia in the south-east, and towns there carry German and Sorbian names together on their signs. Brandenburg surrounds Berlin on every side without including it.","culture":"In parts of the Spreewald the post is still delivered by boat, because water is the shortest route between doors. Cucumbers pickled to a local recipe are the region's best-known food.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1208","regional-wd-Q1711","regional-wiki-DE-BB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-HB","code":"DE-HB","parentId":"DEU","name":"Free Hanseatic Bremen","aliases":["Free Hanseatic Bremen","Bremen","Freie Hansestadt Bremen","Free Hanseatic City of Bremen","Bremen (state)"],"localName":"Freie Hansestadt Bremen","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[8.74299,53.1211],"landscape":"Bremen is Germany's smallest state and comes in two separate pieces: the city of Bremen on the River Weser and Bremerhaven at the river's mouth some sixty kilometres downstream, with Lower Saxony all around them.","names":"The full name, Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, remembers the Hanseatic League, a group of trading towns around the North and Baltic Seas. Low German is still spoken and sung by some people here.","culture":"The Town Musicians of Bremen, a donkey, dog, cat and rooster standing on one another's backs, come from a folk tale collected by the Brothers Grimm. In the story the four animals never actually reach the city.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1209","regional-wd-Q1650","regional-wd-Q1693","regional-wd-Q24879","regional-wiki-DE-HB"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-HH","code":"DE-HH","parentId":"DEU","name":"Hamburg","aliases":["Hamburg","Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg","Hamburg, Germany","Hamburg, Freie und Hansestadt"],"localName":"Hamburg","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[10.0344,53.559],"landscape":"Hamburg is a city-state on the Elbe about a hundred kilometres inland from the North Sea, and ships still reach it because the tide pushes right up the river. Canals and harbour basins run through the city, which has more bridges than any other in Europe.","names":"Its full name, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, records a history as an independent trading city. The hamburger takes its name from here, although what people mean by the word changed a great deal along the way.","culture":"Hamburg’s Speicherstadt is a warehouse district linked with port trade. Buildings made for storing goods can later gain new uses as a city changes.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1055","regional-wd-Q1219","regional-wd-Q1644","regional-topic-DE-HH","regional-wiki-DE-HH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-HE","code":"DE-HE","parentId":"DEU","name":"Hesse","aliases":["Hesse","Hessen","Hassia","Hassen","Greater-Hessen","State of Hessen","Land Hessen"],"localName":"Hessen","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[8.95873,50.6098],"landscape":"Hesse is one of Germany's most wooded states, with low ranges such as the Taunus and the Vogelsberg, an old and very broad volcano, rising between river valleys. The Rhine and the Main meet at its western edge.","names":"Hesse is labelled Hessen in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include German. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Frankfurt's airport is among the busiest in Europe and its banks handle money from across the continent, yet much of Hesse is villages and forest. A state's best-known city is often unlike the rest of it.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1199","regional-wd-Q188","regional-wd-Q1721","regional-wd-Q164076","regional-wiki-DE-HE"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-NI","code":"DE-NI","parentId":"DEU","name":"Lower Saxony","aliases":["Lower Saxony","Niedersachsen","DE-NI"],"localName":"Niedersachsen","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[8.86184,52.775],"landscape":"Lower Saxony stretches from the Wadden Sea and the East Frisian Islands in the north-west to the Harz mountains in the south-east. Much of it is flat, and the Lüneburg Heath in the middle is sandy ground that turns purple with flowering heather in late summer.","names":"The name marks this low-lying Saxony off from the state called Saxony far to the east; the two are different places. Low German is widely known, and Saterland Frisian is used by a small community in the north-west.","culture":"Twice a day the Wadden Sea drains away, and people walk out across the mud flats toward the islands with a guide, watching the clock. Doing that safely means reading a timetable of the sea.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1197","regional-wd-Q1693","regional-wd-Q321837","regional-wd-Q1715","regional-wd-Q101985","regional-wiki-DE-NI"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-MV","code":"DE-MV","parentId":"DEU","name":"Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania","aliases":["Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania","Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","Mecklenburg-West Pomerania","Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania"],"localName":"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[12.5647,53.7528],"landscape":"Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has a long Baltic coast of sandy spits, lagoons and islands, the largest being Rügen, where white chalk cliffs drop into the sea. Inland lies a district of more than a thousand lakes, and the Müritz is the largest lake lying entirely in Germany.","names":"The name joins two historic regions, Mecklenburg and Vorpommern, which means the nearer part of Pomerania. Low German is used by some people here alongside standard German.","culture":"Many towns along this coast are built in brick Gothic, a style that developed where there was plenty of clay but very little building stone. What lies under the ground can decide what the old buildings look like.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1196","regional-wd-Q545","regional-wd-Q1709","regional-wiki-DE-MV"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-NW","code":"DE-NW","parentId":"DEU","name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","aliases":["North Rhine-Westphalia","Nordrhein-Westfalen"],"localName":"Nordrhein-Westfalen","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[7.65708,51.6146],"landscape":"North Rhine-Westphalia is Germany's most populous state, with the Rhine running through the middle and hill country in the Sauerland and the Eifel to the south. Along the Ruhr valley the cities grew so close together that they now almost touch.","names":"The name joins the northern Rhineland with Westphalia, two regions with quite different histories. Ways of speaking differ across the state, and Kölsch in Cologne sounds unlike the Low German heard further north.","culture":"Coal was mined here for around two centuries, and the last hard-coal mine closed in 2018. Some pit heads and steelworks are now parks, museums and climbing walls, so the region is still working out what to do with what mining left behind.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1198","regional-wd-Q1718","regional-wd-Q15837030","regional-wd-Q829718","regional-wiki-DE-NW"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-RP","code":"DE-RP","parentId":"DEU","name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","aliases":["Rhineland-Palatinate","Rheinland-Pfalz","RP","RLP","DE-RP"],"localName":"Rheinland-Pfalz","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[7.36974,49.8685],"landscape":"Rhineland-Palatinate is cut by the Rhine, which carves a steep castle-lined gorge between Bingen and Koblenz. The Moselle loops through slate hills to join it, and the Palatinate Forest in the south is one of the largest woodlands in Germany.","names":"Pfalz, the German word behind Palatinate, goes back to the Latin word for palace and once described land held on the emperor's behalf. Mainz, the capital, stands where the Main joins the Rhine.","culture":"The slate slopes above the Rhine and Moselle carry vineyards so steep that grapes must be picked by hand, sometimes with a small rail hoist to carry the load down. Geography can decide how a job is done.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1200","regional-wd-Q1720","regional-wd-Q152243","regional-wd-Q326359","regional-wiki-DE-RP"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-SL","code":"DE-SL","parentId":"DEU","name":"Saarland","aliases":["Saarland","DE-SL"],"localName":"Saarland","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[6.86625,49.4026],"landscape":"Saarland is the smallest state that is not a city, pressed against the French border, with the River Saar swinging through a great bend at Mettlach before heading north to the Moselle. Wooded hills cover much of it.","names":"The state is named after its river. It was governed separately from the rest of West Germany after the Second World War and voted to join in 1957, which is part of why French is taught here more than in most of the country.","culture":"The ironworks at Völklingen made steel for a century and are now kept as a monument that visitors can climb through. Keeping a factory instead of clearing it away is one way of remembering what people did for a living.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1201","regional-wd-Q1724","regional-wd-Q153972","regional-wiki-DE-SL"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-SN","code":"DE-SN","parentId":"DEU","name":"Saxony","aliases":["Saxony","Sachsen","Free State of Saxony","Sakska","Swobodny stat Sakska","DE-SN"],"localName":"Sachsen","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[13.4596,51.0053],"landscape":"Saxony includes the Elbe valley and upland country near the Czech border. Rivers and hills create different local settings.","names":"Sachsen is the German name for Saxony. Sorbian languages are also connected with communities in Lusatia, which extends beyond Saxony.","culture":"Meissen porcelain is associated with the town of Meissen in Saxony. Making and decorating ceramics is a local craft history, not a statewide occupation.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1202","regional-wd-Q1731","regional-wd-Q101985","regional-topic-DE-SN","regional-wiki-DE-SN"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-ST","code":"DE-ST","parentId":"DEU","name":"Saxony-Anhalt","aliases":["Saxony-Anhalt","Sachsen-Anhalt","Land Sachsen-Anhalt","DE-ST"],"localName":"Sachsen-Anhalt","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[11.6796,51.9338],"landscape":"Saxony-Anhalt lies along the middle Elbe, with wide floodplain forest beside the river and the Harz mountains in the south-west. The Brocken, the highest point in northern Germany at 1,141 metres, stands in cloud for much of the year.","names":"The name joins two older regions. Anhalt was a small principality whose rulers gave their name to the land around Dessau, and Saxony here refers to an older use of the name than the present-day state further east.","culture":"Near Nebra, a bronze disc showing the sun, moon and stars was dug up, made about 3,600 years ago and among the oldest known pictures of the night sky. It was taken illegally and only recovered later, which is why archaeologists ask people to leave finds where they lie.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1206","regional-wd-Q1733","regional-wd-Q27916627","regional-wiki-DE-ST"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-SH","code":"DE-SH","parentId":"DEU","name":"Schleswig-Holstein","aliases":["Schleswig-Holstein","Slesvig-Holstein","DE-SH"],"localName":"Schleswig-Holstein","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[9.84605,54.1315],"landscape":"Schleswig-Holstein lies between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Its coasts contrast with Bavaria’s southern Alpine areas.","names":"German, Low German, Danish, and North Frisian have roles in different communities in Schleswig-Holstein. Not every resident speaks every language.","culture":"North Frisian language traditions are part of cultural life along sections of the North Sea coast. Cultural regions need not follow a whole state’s boundary.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1194","regional-wd-Q1707","regional-topic-DE-SH","regional-wiki-DE-SH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"DEU:DE-TH","code":"DE-TH","parentId":"DEU","name":"Thuringia","aliases":["Thuringia","Thüringen","Free State of Thuringia","Thüringia","DE-TH"],"localName":"Thüringen","type":"state (Land)","coordinate":[11.0976,50.9052],"landscape":"Thuringia sits in the middle of Germany and is often called its green heart, with the Thuringian Forest running across the south-west. The Rennsteig, a ridge path along the top of that forest, marks a line where the way people speak changes from one side to the other.","names":"The name comes from the Thuringii, a people recorded here more than fifteen hundred years ago. Erfurt is the capital, while Weimar and Jena are smaller but widely known.","culture":"Thuringian bratwurst has a protected recipe and is grilled over beech charcoal at stands along the roads. Above Eisenach stands the Wartburg, the castle where a German translation of the New Testament was made in the 1520s.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1205","regional-wd-Q1729","regional-wd-Q160892","regional-wiki-DE-TH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"DEU-regional-landscape","placeId":"DEU","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["DEU:DE-SH","DEU:DE-SN","DEU:DE-BY"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1194","regional-wd-Q1707","regional-topic-DE-SH","regional-wiki-DE-SH","regional-wd-Q1202","regional-wd-Q1731","regional-wd-Q101985","regional-topic-DE-SN","regional-wiki-DE-SN","regional-wd-Q980","regional-wd-Q279350","regional-wd-Q1726","regional-wd-Q156740","regional-topic-DE-BY","regional-wiki-DE-BY"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 lies between two seas, with a canal cut across it. Which state?","answer":"Schleswig-Holstein","others":["Saxony","Bavaria","Lower Saxony"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: Schleswig-Holstein is Germany's northernmost state, lying between the North Sea and the Baltic, with the Kiel Canal cut across it so ships can avoid sailing right around Denmark. On the North Sea side the Wadden Sea drains out at low tide and fills again twice a day. Its coasts contrast with Bavaria's Alpine south. Saxony: Saxony includes the Elbe valley through Dresden and upland country along the Czech border, where the Ore Mountains were mined for silver and tin for centuries. Rivers and hills create different local settings. Bavaria: Bavaria is Germany's largest state by area, reaching from the Alps and their lakes in the south to the Franconian hills and the Danube plain further north. Not all Bavarian communities are Alpine villages.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Which one has salt water on two sides?","studyMap":{"title":"Germany · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Schleswig-Holstein","coordinate":[9.84605,54.1315]},{"label":"Saxony","coordinate":[13.4596,51.0053]},{"label":"Bavaria","coordinate":[11.3966,49.0056]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 has mountains that were mined for silver along a national border. Which state?","answer":"Saxony","others":["Schleswig-Holstein","Bavaria","Thuringia"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: Schleswig-Holstein is Germany's northernmost state, lying between the North Sea and the Baltic, with the Kiel Canal cut across it so ships can avoid sailing right around Denmark. On the North Sea side the Wadden Sea drains out at low tide and fills again twice a day. Its coasts contrast with Bavaria's Alpine south. Saxony: Saxony includes the Elbe valley through Dresden and upland country along the Czech border, where the Ore Mountains were mined for silver and tin for centuries. Rivers and hills create different local settings. Bavaria: Bavaria is Germany's largest state by area, reaching from the Alps and their lakes in the south to the Franconian hills and the Danube plain further north. Not all Bavarian communities are Alpine villages.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the entry that mentions mining.","studyMap":{"title":"Germany · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Schleswig-Holstein","coordinate":[9.84605,54.1315]},{"label":"Saxony","coordinate":[13.4596,51.0053]},{"label":"Bavaria","coordinate":[11.3966,49.0056]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 is Germany's largest state by area. Which is it?","answer":"Bavaria","others":["Schleswig-Holstein","Saxony","Hesse"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: Schleswig-Holstein is Germany's northernmost state, lying between the North Sea and the Baltic, with the Kiel Canal cut across it so ships can avoid sailing right around Denmark. On the North Sea side the Wadden Sea drains out at low tide and fills again twice a day. Its coasts contrast with Bavaria's Alpine south. Saxony: Saxony includes the Elbe valley through Dresden and upland country along the Czech border, where the Ore Mountains were mined for silver and tin for centuries. Rivers and hills create different local settings. Bavaria: Bavaria is Germany's largest state by area, reaching from the Alps and their lakes in the south to the Franconian hills and the Danube plain further north. Not all Bavarian communities are Alpine villages.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Compare how much of the map each one covers.","studyMap":{"title":"Germany · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Schleswig-Holstein","coordinate":[9.84605,54.1315]},{"label":"Saxony","coordinate":[13.4596,51.0053]},{"label":"Bavaria","coordinate":[11.3966,49.0056]}]}}]},{"id":"DEU-regional-names","placeId":"DEU","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["DEU:DE-SH","DEU:DE-SN","DEU:DE-BY"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1194","regional-wd-Q1707","regional-topic-DE-SH","regional-wiki-DE-SH","regional-wd-Q1202","regional-wd-Q1731","regional-wd-Q101985","regional-topic-DE-SN","regional-wiki-DE-SN","regional-wd-Q980","regional-wd-Q279350","regional-wd-Q1726","regional-wd-Q156740","regional-topic-DE-BY","regional-wiki-DE-BY"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state has communities using Danish and North Frisian?","answer":"Schleswig-Holstein","others":["Saxony","Bavaria","Brandenburg"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: German, Low German, Danish and North Frisian all have roles in different communities in Schleswig-Holstein, a reminder that the border with Denmark has shifted over time. Not every resident speaks every language. Saxony: Sachsen is the German name for Saxony. The Sorbian languages, Upper and Lower Sorbian, are connected with communities in Lusatia, a region that reaches across Saxony into Brandenburg, and Sorbian appears on road signs there. Bavaria: Bayern is the German name for Bavaria, and the state contains the Franconian, Swabian and Bavarian speech and cultural regions, which do not fit one simple state-wide label. People in Nuremberg and in Munich do not sound the same.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for the entry that mentions a border that has moved."},{"question":"Which state is called Sachsen in German, and has Sorbian on some road signs?","answer":"Saxony","others":["Schleswig-Holstein","Bavaria","Hamburg"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: German, Low German, Danish and North Frisian all have roles in different communities in Schleswig-Holstein, a reminder that the border with Denmark has shifted over time. Not every resident speaks every language. Saxony: Sachsen is the German name for Saxony. The Sorbian languages, Upper and Lower Sorbian, are connected with communities in Lusatia, a region that reaches across Saxony into Brandenburg, and Sorbian appears on road signs there. Bavaria: Bayern is the German name for Bavaria, and the state contains the Franconian, Swabian and Bavarian speech and cultural regions, which do not fit one simple state-wide label. People in Nuremberg and in Munich do not sound the same.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry names the languages of Lusatia."},{"question":"Which state is called Bayern, and holds Franconia and Swabia inside it?","answer":"Bavaria","others":["Schleswig-Holstein","Saxony","Rhineland-Palatinate"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: German, Low German, Danish and North Frisian all have roles in different communities in Schleswig-Holstein, a reminder that the border with Denmark has shifted over time. Not every resident speaks every language. Saxony: Sachsen is the German name for Saxony. The Sorbian languages, Upper and Lower Sorbian, are connected with communities in Lusatia, a region that reaches across Saxony into Brandenburg, and Sorbian appears on road signs there. Bavaria: Bayern is the German name for Bavaria, and the state contains the Franconian, Swabian and Bavarian speech and cultural regions, which do not fit one simple state-wide label. People in Nuremberg and in Munich do not sound the same.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One state contains several speech regions that do not match its outline."}]},{"id":"DEU-regional-culture","placeId":"DEU","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["DEU:DE-SH","DEU:DE-SN","DEU:DE-BY"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-DEU","voyage-DEU","regional-wd-Q1194","regional-wd-Q1707","regional-topic-DE-SH","regional-wiki-DE-SH","regional-wd-Q1202","regional-wd-Q1731","regional-wd-Q101985","regional-topic-DE-SN","regional-wiki-DE-SN","regional-wd-Q980","regional-wd-Q279350","regional-wd-Q1726","regional-wd-Q156740","regional-topic-DE-BY","regional-wiki-DE-BY"],"steps":[{"question":"Which state's example is a language that changes from island to island?","answer":"Schleswig-Holstein","others":["Saxony","Bavaria","Bremen"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: North Frisian is spoken by a small number of people along parts of the North Sea coast and on islands such as Föhr and Sylt, and it has several varieties that differ from one island to the next. Cultural regions need not follow a whole state's boundary. Saxony: Meissen porcelain is associated with the town of Meissen in Saxony, where a hard white porcelain was first made in Europe in the early 1700s and marked with crossed blue swords. Making and decorating ceramics is a local craft history, not a state-wide occupation. Bavaria: Maypole traditions occur in parts of Bavaria and beyond, where a tall painted pole is raised in spring, often carrying carved signs for the trades of the village. Neighbouring villages sometimes try to steal one another's pole before it goes up, and each community's practice differs.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Which example is spoken rather than made?"},{"question":"Which state's example carries a maker's mark of crossed blue swords?","answer":"Saxony","others":["Schleswig-Holstein","Bavaria","Saarland"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: North Frisian is spoken by a small number of people along parts of the North Sea coast and on islands such as Föhr and Sylt, and it has several varieties that differ from one island to the next. Cultural regions need not follow a whole state's boundary. Saxony: Meissen porcelain is associated with the town of Meissen in Saxony, where a hard white porcelain was first made in Europe in the early 1700s and marked with crossed blue swords. Making and decorating ceramics is a local craft history, not a state-wide occupation. Bavaria: Maypole traditions occur in parts of Bavaria and beyond, where a tall painted pole is raised in spring, often carrying carved signs for the trades of the village. Neighbouring villages sometimes try to steal one another's pole before it goes up, and each community's practice differs.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the entry about a workshop and its mark."},{"question":"What can the carved signs on a Bavarian maypole show?","answer":"Trades practised in the village","others":["Heights of nearby mountains","The route of a river","A railway timetable"],"reading":"Schleswig-Holstein: North Frisian is spoken by a small number of people along parts of the North Sea coast and on islands such as Föhr and Sylt, and it has several varieties that differ from one island to the next. Cultural regions need not follow a whole state's boundary. Saxony: Meissen porcelain is associated with the town of Meissen in Saxony, where a hard white porcelain was first made in Europe in the early 1700s and marked with crossed blue swords. Making and decorating ceramics is a local craft history, not a state-wide occupation. Bavaria: Maypole traditions occur in parts of Bavaria and beyond, where a tall painted pole is raised in spring, often carrying carved signs for the trades of the village. Neighbouring villages sometimes try to steal one another's pole before it goes up, and each community's practice differs.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 16 subdivisions of Germany. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. Land means a member state of Germany’s federation; Länder is the plural.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/DEU.geojson"},{"placeId":"JPN","name":"Japan","regions":[{"id":"JPN:JP-23","code":"JP-23","parentId":"JPN","name":"Aichi Prefecture","aliases":["Aichi Prefecture","Aichi","愛知県","Aichi-ken"],"localName":"愛知県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[137.214,34.9973],"landscape":"Aichi lies on the Nōbi plain around Nagoya, with the Chita and Atsumi peninsulas reaching into Ise Bay and hills to the east. Its coast has been much extended by reclaimed industrial land.","names":"愛知県 means love and knowledge, chosen from an old poem. Nagoya speech is well known for its distinctive vowels.","culture":"Aichi has more manufacturing output than any other prefecture, much of it vehicles and machinery. Arimatsu shibori is a tie-dye tradition in which cloth is bound, stitched or clamped before dyeing so patterns appear where the dye cannot reach.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q80434","regional-wd-Q11751","regional-wd-Q552687","regional-wiki-JP-23"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-05","code":"JP-05","parentId":"JPN","name":"Akita Prefecture","aliases":["Akita Prefecture","Akita","秋田県"],"localName":"秋田県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[140.334,39.7318],"landscape":"Akita lies on the Sea of Japan coast with the Ōu mountains behind it. Lake Tazawa in its east is the deepest lake in Japan at about 423 metres, deep enough that it never freezes over, and winters bring heavy snow off the sea.","names":"秋田県 means autumn rice field. Akita speech is one of the varieties furthest from standard Japanese, and the Akita dog breed also takes its name from here.","culture":"At Namahage in the new year, men in straw capes and fierce masks visit houses to ask whether the children have been lazy, and are met with food and drink. Akita is also known for its rice and for sake brewed from it.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q81863","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q1513968","regional-wd-Q17139","regional-wiki-JP-05"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-02","code":"JP-02","parentId":"JPN","name":"Aomori Prefecture","aliases":["Aomori Prefecture","Aomori","青森県"],"localName":"青森県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[140.769,40.6385],"landscape":"Aomori is the northern tip of Honshu, split into two arms around Mutsu Bay, with the Tsugaru Strait separating it from Hokkaido. It receives some of the heaviest snow in the world, and the Shirakami mountains hold an old beech forest that was never logged.","names":"青森県 means blue forest, said to come from a wooded rise that sailors used as a landmark. Tsugaru speech in the west is famously hard for other Japanese speakers to follow, and Ainu place names are found across the prefecture.","culture":"The Nebuta festival each August parades enormous illuminated paper figures on floats through Aomori city, built over months on wire frames. Aomori grows more apples than any other prefecture.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q71699","regional-wd-Q146790","regional-wd-Q146790","regional-wiki-JP-02"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-12","code":"JP-12","parentId":"JPN","name":"Chiba Prefecture","aliases":["Chiba Prefecture","Chiba","千葉県","Prefecture of Chiba"],"localName":"千葉県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[140.318,35.489],"landscape":"Chiba is almost entirely a peninsula, wrapped around the eastern side of Tokyo Bay with the Pacific on its other shore. It is low and hilly rather than mountainous, and its climate is milder than the plain inland.","names":"千葉県 means a thousand leaves. Bōsō speech varies between the coast and the interior.","culture":"Narita Airport, Japan's main international gateway, is here, as is a temple at Narita that has drawn pilgrims for a thousand years. Chiba also produces large amounts of soy sauce, brewed at Noda and Chōshi.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q80011","regional-wd-Q141017","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q170616","regional-wd-Q5095301","regional-wiki-JP-12"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-38","code":"JP-38","parentId":"JPN","name":"Ehime Prefecture","aliases":["Ehime Prefecture","Ehime","愛媛県"],"localName":"愛媛県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[132.916,33.8141],"landscape":"Ehime occupies north-western Shikoku, facing the Inland Sea across a scatter of islands, with the Ishizuchi mountains inland holding the highest peak in western Japan. The Sadamisaki peninsula reaches out as a long thin finger toward Kyushu.","names":"愛媛県 means lovely princess, taken from a very old chronicle. Its old name, Iyo, is still widely used.","culture":"Dōgo Onsen in Matsuyama is one of the oldest hot springs in Japan, with a wooden bathhouse built in 1894. A cycling route crosses six islands to Honshu on a chain of bridges, each with its own cycle lane.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q123376","regional-wd-Q231312","regional-wd-Q11449152","regional-wd-Q200022","regional-wd-Q119904463","regional-wiki-JP-38"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-18","code":"JP-18","parentId":"JPN","name":"Fukui Prefecture","aliases":["Fukui Prefecture","Fukui","福井県"],"localName":"福井県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[136.316,35.9297],"landscape":"Fukui faces the Sea of Japan with a rocky coast at Tōjinbō, where columns of rock drop straight into the water. Inland are basins and mountains, and the prefecture has more nuclear power stations along its coast than any other.","names":"福井県 means fortune well. Its speech sits between the eastern and western groups.","culture":"Some of Japan's most important dinosaur fossils have been dug from Fukui, and a large museum at Katsuyama is built around them. Echizen washi paper has been made here for around 1,500 years.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q133879","regional-wd-Q11616636","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q201618","regional-wd-Q1073692","regional-wiki-JP-18"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-40","code":"JP-40","parentId":"JPN","name":"Fukuoka Prefecture","aliases":["Fukuoka Prefecture","Fukuoka","福岡県"],"localName":"福岡県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[130.616,33.4906],"landscape":"Fukuoka is the gateway to Kyushu, facing the Korea Strait to the north with the Kanmon Strait separating it from Honshu. Its plains hold most of the population, and the Chikugo river drains a wide farming basin in the south.","names":"福岡県 means fortune hill. Fukuoka city grew from two settlements, Fukuoka and Hakata, and Hakata's name survives in its food, its festivals and its main station.","culture":"Hakata's Yamakasa festival in July races teams carrying heavy decorated floats through the streets against the clock. Tonkotsu ramen, in a cloudy broth simmered from pork bones, comes from this area.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q123258","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q11633308","regional-wd-Q26600","regional-wd-Q208766","regional-wiki-JP-40"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-07","code":"JP-07","parentId":"JPN","name":"Fukushima Prefecture","aliases":["Fukushima Prefecture","Fukushima","福島県","JP-07"],"localName":"福島県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[140.099,37.4153],"landscape":"Fukushima is the third largest prefecture and falls into three bands: a Pacific coast, a central valley of towns and rice fields, and a high snowy west around Lake Inawashiro and the Aizu basin.","names":"福島県 means fortune island. Its three regions, Hamadōri, Nakadōri and Aizu, have long been described separately because the mountains between them made travel slow.","culture":"Aizu is known for lacquerware and for painted papier-mâché cows that nod their heads. The prefecture is still rebuilding after the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident of 2011, and parts of the coast are being restored.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q71707","regional-wd-Q161176","regional-wd-Q11288319","regional-wiki-JP-07"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-21","code":"JP-21","parentId":"JPN","name":"Gifu Prefecture","aliases":["Gifu Prefecture","Gifu","岐阜県"],"localName":"岐阜県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[136.941,35.8522],"landscape":"Gifu reaches from the flat Nōbi plain in the south, where three rivers run close together and villages were once ringed with their own embankments against flooding, up to the high Hida mountains in the north.","names":"岐阜県 was named in the 1500s by a warlord who took the characters from Chinese history. The prefecture divides into northern Hida and southern Mino, which differ in climate and in speech.","culture":"Shirakawa-gō's farmhouses have steep thatched roofs shaped like hands pressed together, built to shed several metres of snow. Cormorant fishing on the Nagara river, in which trained birds catch fish for a handler, has been practised for well over a thousand years.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q131277","regional-wd-Q45798","regional-wd-Q45798","regional-wiki-JP-21"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-10","code":"JP-10","parentId":"JPN","name":"Gunma Prefecture","aliases":["Gunma Prefecture","Gunma","群馬県","Gumma Prefecture"],"localName":"群馬県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[139.025,36.5592],"landscape":"Gunma is landlocked, mountainous in the north and west with active volcanoes including Asama and Kusatsu-Shirane, and flat in the south-east. Winter winds coming down off the mountains are dry and strong.","names":"群馬県 means herd of horses, recalling an old horse-raising district. Its speech belongs to the eastern group.","culture":"Kusatsu's spring water is so hot and acidic that it is cooled by stirring with long wooden paddles rather than by adding water. At Tomioka, a silk mill built in 1872 with French machinery started Japan's modern silk industry.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q129499","regional-wd-Q201613","regional-wd-Q5617131","regional-wiki-JP-10"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-34","code":"JP-34","parentId":"JPN","name":"Hiroshima Prefecture","aliases":["Hiroshima Prefecture","Hiroshima","広島県"],"localName":"広島県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[132.853,34.6067],"landscape":"Hiroshima sits on a delta of six river channels at the head of a bay on the Inland Sea, with mountains close behind. Miyajima lies offshore, and much of the prefecture's flat land was built by its rivers.","names":"広島県 means broad island, describing the delta the city was built on. Its speech belongs to the Chūgoku group.","culture":"The Itsukushima shrine gate on Miyajima stands in the water at high tide and on wet sand at low tide. Hiroshima was destroyed by an atomic bomb in 1945, and one ruined dome left standing is kept as a memorial.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q617375","regional-wd-Q231312","regional-wd-Q34664","regional-wd-Q34664","regional-wiki-JP-34"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-01","code":"JP-01","parentId":"JPN","name":"Hokkaido","aliases":["Hokkaido","Hokkaidō","北海道","Hokkaido Island","Jesso","Yeso","Eso","Jesse","Jeso","Yesso","Ieso","Iesso","Land of Iesso","Aynu Mosir","Ainu Mosir","Yaun Mosir","Akor Mosir"],"localName":"北海道","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[142.805,43.37],"landscape":"Hokkaido is Japan’s large northern island and surrounding islands. Its northern location contrasts with subtropical Okinawa.","names":"北海道 is the Japanese written name Hokkaido. Many local place names have Ainu origins; Ainu is a distinct language.","culture":"Upopoy in Shiraoi presents Ainu culture through a museum and cultural activities. A museum introduction cannot represent every Ainu person’s experience.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q35581","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-topic-JP-01","regional-wiki-JP-01"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-28","code":"JP-28","parentId":"JPN","name":"Hyōgo Prefecture","aliases":["Hyōgo Prefecture","Hyōgo","兵庫県","Hyogo-ken","Hyōgo-ken","Hyogo Prefecture","Hyogo","Hyougo-ken"],"localName":"兵庫県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[134.837,35.063],"landscape":"Hyōgo is unusual in reaching from the Sea of Japan in the north to the Inland Sea in the south, so it has two coasts with very different weather. Awaji Island lies off its southern shore, joined by one of the world's longest suspension bridges.","names":"兵庫県 means weapons storehouse, from an armoury that once stood near the port. Kobe, its capital, is the largest city in the prefecture.","culture":"Himeji Castle, white-plastered and never destroyed by war or fire, is the largest surviving castle in Japan. Kobe was badly damaged by an earthquake in 1995, and the rebuilt city keeps a section of broken quayside exactly as it was left.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q130290","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q231312","regional-wd-Q48320","regional-wd-Q11392838","regional-wiki-JP-28"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-08","code":"JP-08","parentId":"JPN","name":"Ibaraki Prefecture","aliases":["Ibaraki Prefecture","Ibaraki","茨城県"],"localName":"茨城県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[140.257,36.2773],"landscape":"Ibaraki has a long flat Pacific coast and, inland, Lake Kasumigaura, the second largest lake in Japan, shallow and fringed with reeds. Mount Tsukuba rises alone from the plain with two peaks.","names":"茨城県 means thorn castle, from an old story about a barrier of brambles. Its speech is close to that of the Kantō plain around Tokyo.","culture":"Tsukuba was built from the 1960s as a science city, gathering research institutes and a university into one planned town. Ibaraki produces more natto, fermented soybeans, than anywhere else in Japan.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q83273","regional-wd-Q204249","regional-wd-Q11617829","regional-wiki-JP-08"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-17","code":"JP-17","parentId":"JPN","name":"Ishikawa Prefecture","aliases":["Ishikawa Prefecture","Ishikawa","石川県"],"localName":"石川県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[136.677,36.5654],"landscape":"Ishikawa is shaped like a hook, with the Noto peninsula reaching north into the Sea of Japan and the Hakusan mountains in the south. The Noto coast has terraced salt fields and rice terraces running down to the water.","names":"石川県 means stone river. Kanazawa, its capital, was the seat of one of the wealthiest domains in Japan outside the shogun's own lands.","culture":"Kanazawa produces most of Japan's gold leaf, beaten thin enough to be applied to lacquer, ceramics and even food. Kenrokuen, its garden, is roped into cones each winter to hold the pine branches up under the snow.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q131281","regional-wd-Q191130","regional-wd-Q1155548","regional-wiki-JP-17"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-03","code":"JP-03","parentId":"JPN","name":"Iwate Prefecture","aliases":["Iwate Prefecture","Iwate","岩手県"],"localName":"岩手県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[141.364,39.5715],"landscape":"Iwate is the largest prefecture on Honshu, with the Kitakami mountains inland and a deeply notched coast in the south where valleys were drowned by the sea. Mount Iwate, a volcano, stands above the Kitakami basin.","names":"岩手県 means rock hand, from a legend about a demon pressing a handprint into stone as a promise never to return. The Tōhoku speech here differs noticeably from Tokyo Japanese.","culture":"Nanbu ironware is cast in Morioka and Mizusawa: heavy kettles with pebbled surfaces that hold their heat for a long time. Hiraizumi's temples and gardens were laid out to represent a Buddhist paradise on the ground.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q48326","regional-wd-Q200077","regional-wd-Q786450","regional-wiki-JP-03"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-37","code":"JP-37","parentId":"JPN","name":"Kagawa Prefecture","aliases":["Kagawa Prefecture","Kagawa","香川県"],"localName":"香川県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[134.001,34.2162],"landscape":"Kagawa is the smallest prefecture, a strip of plain along the Inland Sea backed by low mountains, with many small islands offshore. It gets little rain, so thousands of irrigation ponds were dug across the plain, one of them more than a thousand years ago.","names":"香川県 means fragrant river. Its old name, Sanuki, is used for its best-known food.","culture":"Sanuki udon are thick wheat noodles, kneaded firmly and served in self-service shops where customers add their own broth and toppings. Naoshima and other islands here have been given over to contemporary art museums and outdoor works.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q161454","regional-wd-Q231312","regional-wd-Q200707","regional-wd-Q1155934","regional-wiki-JP-37"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-46","code":"JP-46","parentId":"JPN","name":"Kagoshima Prefecture","aliases":["Kagoshima Prefecture","Kagoshima","鹿児島県"],"localName":"鹿児島県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[129.601,29.4572],"landscape":"Kagoshima wraps around a bay with Sakurajima, one of the world's most active volcanoes, sitting in it and dusting the city with ash. The prefecture reaches south through a long chain of islands, including Yakushima and the Amami group, into subtropical waters.","names":"鹿児島県 means deer child island. Its old name, Satsuma, is known abroad through the citrus fruit named after it.","culture":"Yakushima's cedars grow in a forest so wet that some trees there are thousands of years old. Fried fish cakes and shōchū distilled from sweet potatoes are local staples, and Amami's Ōshima tsumugi silk is dyed with mud.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q15701","regional-wd-Q15674","regional-wd-Q15674","regional-wiki-JP-46"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-14","code":"JP-14","parentId":"JPN","name":"Kanagawa Prefecture","aliases":["Kanagawa Prefecture","Kanagawa","神奈川県"],"localName":"神奈川県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[139.344,35.4378],"landscape":"Kanagawa faces both Sagami Bay and Tokyo Bay, with the Tanzawa mountains inland and the Hakone volcano crater in the west, where hot springs steam out of a valley. The Miura peninsula reaches south between the two bays.","names":"神奈川県 takes its name from a small river near an old post town. Yokohama, its capital, is Japan's second largest city by population.","culture":"Yokohama opened as one of the first ports to foreign trade in 1859, and the Chinatown that grew there is the largest in Japan. Kamakura was the seat of government in the 1200s and keeps a great bronze Buddha that has sat in the open since the hall around it was washed away.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q127513","regional-wd-Q38283","regional-wd-Q65288279","regional-wiki-JP-14"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-43","code":"JP-43","parentId":"JPN","name":"Kumamoto Prefecture","aliases":["Kumamoto Prefecture","Kumamoto","熊本県"],"localName":"熊本県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[130.834,32.588],"landscape":"Kumamoto is built around Mount Aso, whose caldera is one of the largest in the world with towns and railways inside it, and reaches west to the Ariake Sea and the Amakusa islands. Groundwater filtered through volcanic rock supplies the city's drinking water.","names":"熊本県 means bear origin. Its old name, Higo, is used for local crafts and produce.","culture":"Kumamoto Castle has curved stone walls built to be almost unclimbable, and it is being repaired after an earthquake in 2016. Higo zōgan is a craft of inlaying gold and silver into blackened iron.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q130308","regional-wd-Q45341","regional-wd-Q199889","regional-wd-Q1194248","regional-wiki-JP-43"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-26","code":"JP-26","parentId":"JPN","name":"Kyōto Prefecture","aliases":["Kyōto Prefecture","Kyōto","京都府","Kyoto-fu","Kyōto-fu","Kyoto","Kyouto-fu"],"localName":"京都府","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[135.451,35.2117],"landscape":"Kyoto Prefecture is long and narrow, running from a mountain-ringed basin in the south, where the city sits, up to the Sea of Japan coast at Amanohashidate, a pine-covered sandbar stretching across a bay.","names":"Kyōto Prefecture is labelled 京都府 in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Japanese. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Kyoto was the imperial capital for over a thousand years, and its grid of streets still follows the plan laid out in 794. Nishijin weaving, Kiyomizu pottery and Kyō-yūzen dyeing are among the crafts that once supplied the court and continue today.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q120730","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q5287","regional-wd-Q34600","regional-wd-Q740246","regional-wiki-JP-26"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-39","code":"JP-39","parentId":"JPN","name":"Kōchi Prefecture","aliases":["Kōchi Prefecture","Kōchi","高知県","Kochi Prefecture","Kōchi-ken"],"localName":"高知県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[133.442,33.6129],"landscape":"Kochi takes up the whole southern side of Shikoku, facing the Pacific with mountains right behind the coast, so flat land is scarce. It gets more rain than almost anywhere else in Japan, and the Shimanto is often called the last clear river because no large dam blocks its main stream.","names":"高知県 means high knowledge. Its old name, Tosa, appears in the names of local foods and crafts.","culture":"Katsuo no tataki is bonito seared hard over burning straw so the outside chars while the inside stays raw. Low bridges without railings cross the Shimanto, built so floodwater passes over them instead of sweeping them away.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q134093","regional-wd-Q11423037","regional-wd-Q200251","regional-wd-Q1189704","regional-wiki-JP-39"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-24","code":"JP-24","parentId":"JPN","name":"Mie Prefecture","aliases":["Mie Prefecture","Mie","三重県"],"localName":"三重県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[136.386,34.5679],"landscape":"Mie runs down the eastern side of the Kii peninsula, with a coast of drowned valleys in the south and the flat Ise plain in the north. Mountains cover much of the interior, and the Kumano coast gets very heavy rain.","names":"三重県 means threefold. The prefecture contains Ise, whose shrine is among the most important in Japan.","culture":"The inner shrine buildings at Ise are rebuilt on an adjacent site every twenty years, so the carpentry is passed on by doing rather than only by record. Ama divers along this coast, most of them women, gather shellfish by holding their breath.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q128196","regional-wd-Q1368308","regional-wd-Q11568930","regional-wd-Q203027","regional-wd-Q1130983","regional-wiki-JP-24"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-04","code":"JP-04","parentId":"JPN","name":"Miyagi Prefecture","aliases":["Miyagi Prefecture","Miyagi","宮城県"],"localName":"宮城県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[140.972,38.5307],"landscape":"Miyagi faces the Pacific, with the Ōu mountains along its western edge and a broad rice plain through the middle. Matsushima Bay is scattered with hundreds of small pine-topped islands, and this coast was struck hard by the tsunami of 2011.","names":"宮城県 joins characters for shrine and castle. Sendai is the largest city in the Tōhoku region, and the local speech belongs to the northern group.","culture":"Sendai's Tanabata festival hangs enormous paper streamers through the shopping arcades each August. Zunda, a bright green paste of mashed young soybeans, is used here on rice cakes and in ice cream.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q47896","regional-wd-Q46747","regional-wd-Q1131751","regional-wiki-JP-04"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-45","code":"JP-45","parentId":"JPN","name":"Miyazaki Prefecture","aliases":["Miyazaki Prefecture","Miyazaki","宮崎県"],"localName":"宮崎県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[131.286,32.0981],"landscape":"Miyazaki runs down the south-east of Kyushu with a warm Pacific coast and mountains behind it. Takachiho gorge is a narrow cut where a river runs between columns of volcanic rock, and the coast takes heavy rain and typhoons.","names":"宮崎県 means shrine cape. Its old name, Hyūga, means facing the sun, since this coast looks east.","culture":"Kagura dances telling stories of the gods are performed through the night in Takachiho villages in winter, moving between houses. Mild winters let Miyazaki grow vegetables and mangoes when other regions cannot.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q130300","regional-wd-Q7440098","regional-wd-Q204308","regional-wd-Q1132017","regional-wiki-JP-45"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-20","code":"JP-20","parentId":"JPN","name":"Nagano Prefecture","aliases":["Nagano Prefecture","Nagano","長野県"],"localName":"長野県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[138.019,36.0666],"landscape":"Nagano is landlocked and the most mountainous prefecture, holding most of the Japanese Alps and many peaks above three thousand metres. Rivers rising here flow out to both coasts, and the basins between the ranges are cold in winter and hot in summer.","names":"長野県 means long field. Its old provincial name, Shinano, still appears in place names and product names.","culture":"Zenkōji temple in Nagano city has drawn pilgrims for centuries, and its main image is never put on show. Buckwheat grows where rice will not, so soba noodles are a staple here, and the Winter Olympics were held in the prefecture in 1998.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q127877","regional-wd-Q128849","regional-wd-Q11654093","regional-wiki-JP-20"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-42","code":"JP-42","parentId":"JPN","name":"Nagasaki Prefecture","aliases":["Nagasaki Prefecture","Nagasaki","長崎県"],"localName":"長崎県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[128.755,32.6745],"landscape":"Nagasaki has more islands than any other prefecture, nearly a thousand of them, and an extremely long, intricate coastline for its size. The Shimabara peninsula holds Unzen, a volcano that erupted destructively in the 1990s.","names":"長崎県 means long cape. Its islands include the Gotō chain and Tsushima, which lies closer to Korea than to the Japanese mainland.","culture":"For over two centuries Dejima in Nagasaki was the only place Dutch traders could enter Japan, and the city's food and buildings still show those connections. Nagasaki was destroyed by an atomic bomb in 1945 and keeps a memorial park below the point of the explosion.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q169376","regional-wd-Q45341","regional-wd-Q38234","regional-wd-Q3181438","regional-wiki-JP-42"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-29","code":"JP-29","parentId":"JPN","name":"Nara Prefecture","aliases":["Nara Prefecture","Nara","奈良県"],"localName":"奈良県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[135.877,34.2815],"landscape":"Nara is landlocked, with a small basin in the north where most people live and steep forested mountains covering the whole south. The Yoshino hills are planted with cherry trees in their thousands.","names":"奈良県 keeps a very old place name whose meaning is uncertain. It contains the site of Japan's first permanent capital.","culture":"Tōdaiji in Nara holds a bronze Buddha cast in the 700s inside a wooden hall, and deer wander freely in the park around it. Yoshino cedar has been grown here in dense stands for centuries to produce straight, fine-grained timber.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q131287","regional-wd-Q169134","regional-wd-Q11444975","regional-wiki-JP-29"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-15","code":"JP-15","parentId":"JPN","name":"Niigata Prefecture","aliases":["Niigata Prefecture","Niigata","新潟県","JP-15"],"localName":"新潟県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[139.005,37.5471],"landscape":"Niigata runs a long way along the Sea of Japan coast, with the Echigo plain, one of Japan's biggest rice areas, behind it and mountains rising sharply inland. Sado Island lies offshore, and snow piles metres deep in the mountain towns.","names":"新潟県 means new lagoon. Its speech is grouped with the eastern varieties, though the far north sounds closer to Tōhoku.","culture":"Heavy snow and clean meltwater help make this Japan's leading rice prefecture, and a great deal of that rice is brewed into sake. On Sado, the crested ibis was brought back from extinction in the wild through captive breeding and release.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q132705","regional-wd-Q179691","regional-wd-Q179691","regional-wiki-JP-15"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-33","code":"JP-33","parentId":"JPN","name":"Okayama Prefecture","aliases":["Okayama Prefecture","Okayama","岡山県"],"localName":"岡山県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[133.831,34.8521],"landscape":"Okayama faces the Inland Sea, sheltered from both the Pacific and the Sea of Japan by mountains, so it has more clear days than most of Japan. Rivers run south off the Chūgoku mountains across a plain much of which was reclaimed from shallow sea.","names":"岡山県 means hill mountain, after a rise in the castle town. Its old provincial names, Bizen, Bitchū and Mimasaka, are still used for crafts and foods.","culture":"Bizen pottery is fired without glaze for a week or more, so its colours come from ash and flame rather than from anything applied. The Seto Ōhashi bridges link Okayama to Shikoku by road and rail across a chain of islands.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q132936","regional-wd-Q231312","regional-wd-Q200078","regional-wd-Q200078","regional-wiki-JP-33"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-47","code":"JP-47","parentId":"JPN","name":"Okinawa","aliases":["Okinawa","沖縄県","Uchina"],"localName":"沖縄県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[123.802,24.3349],"landscape":"Okinawa Prefecture consists of subtropical islands extending southwest of Japan’s main islands. It is not just Okinawa Island.","names":"沖縄県 identifies Okinawa Prefecture. Ryukyuan languages are distinct from Japanese and from one another; their use varies between island communities.","culture":"The sanshin is a three-string instrument associated with Okinawa and Ryukyuan music. Musical traditions differ among the islands and performers.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q766445","regional-wd-Q45341","regional-wd-Q159183","regional-wd-Q181966","regional-wd-Q600614","regional-topic-JP-47","regional-wiki-JP-47"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-41","code":"JP-41","parentId":"JPN","name":"Saga Prefecture","aliases":["Saga Prefecture","Saga","佐賀県"],"localName":"佐賀県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[130.147,33.0097],"landscape":"Saga lies between two seas, the Genkai to the north and the shallow Ariake to the south, where the tide goes out across kilometres of mud. The Saga plain is flat, low-lying and criss-crossed with drainage channels.","names":"佐賀県 keeps an old place name. The prefecture is small and sits between Fukuoka and Nagasaki.","culture":"Arita and Imari have made porcelain since the early 1600s, when a white clay was found nearby, and their wares were shipped to Europe in quantity. On the Ariake mud flats, people ride wooden boards across the mud to gather shellfish.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q160420","regional-wd-Q498047","regional-wd-Q49557","regional-wd-Q209766","regional-wd-Q1049340","regional-wiki-JP-41"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-11","code":"JP-11","parentId":"JPN","name":"Saitama Prefecture","aliases":["Saitama Prefecture","Saitama","埼玉県","Prefecture of Saitama","Saitama prefecture"],"localName":"埼玉県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[139.287,36.0173],"landscape":"Saitama is landlocked, flat in the south-east where it merges into the Tokyo suburbs and mountainous in the west around Chichibu. The Arakawa runs south through it toward Tokyo Bay.","names":"Saitama Prefecture is labelled 埼玉県 in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Japanese. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Kawagoe keeps a street of fireproof clay-walled merchant houses from the Edo period, and a bell tower that still sounds four times a day. Chichibu's December night festival hauls tall floats up a slope by rope.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q128186","regional-wd-Q5287","regional-wd-Q134635","regional-wd-Q11427160","regional-wd-Q2213580","regional-wiki-JP-11"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-25","code":"JP-25","parentId":"JPN","name":"Shiga Prefecture","aliases":["Shiga Prefecture","Shiga","滋賀県"],"localName":"滋賀県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[136.093,35.1832],"landscape":"Shiga is built around Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan, which takes up about a sixth of the whole prefecture. Mountains ring the lake, and its water supplies cities downstream including Kyoto and Osaka.","names":"滋賀県 is often traced to words for a stony beach. Its old name, Ōmi, means the nearer freshwater sea, as against a further one.","culture":"Lake Biwa holds fish found nowhere else, and funazushi, fish fermented with rice for months, is an old preserving method still made here. Hikone keeps one of only a handful of original castle keeps left standing in Japan.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q131358","regional-wd-Q202907","regional-wd-Q7496289","regional-wiki-JP-25"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-32","code":"JP-32","parentId":"JPN","name":"Shimane Prefecture","aliases":["Shimane Prefecture","Shimane","島根県"],"localName":"島根県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[132.603,35.0972],"landscape":"Shimane is long and narrow along the Sea of Japan, with mountains close behind the coast and two large brackish lagoons, Shinji and Nakaumi, connected to the sea. The Oki Islands lie well offshore.","names":"島根県 means island root. The region's old name, Izumo, appears in some of Japan's oldest recorded stories.","culture":"Izumo Taisha is one of the oldest shrines in Japan, and by tradition the gods gather there in the tenth lunar month, which is why that month carries a different name in this region. Iwami Ginzan was a silver mine that supplied a large share of the world's silver in the 1500s and 1600s.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q132751","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q207321","regional-wd-Q11052337","regional-wiki-JP-32"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-22","code":"JP-22","parentId":"JPN","name":"Shizuoka Prefecture","aliases":["Shizuoka Prefecture","Shizuoka","静岡県"],"localName":"静岡県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[138.306,35.0359],"landscape":"Shizuoka stretches along the Pacific with Mount Fuji on its northern border and Suruga Bay, one of the deepest bays in Japan, cutting into it. The Izu peninsula reaches south, built of volcanic rock and full of hot springs.","names":"静岡県 means quiet hill. It sits on the old road between Tokyo and Kyoto, and many of its towns were post stations along that route.","culture":"Shizuoka grows more tea than any other prefecture, on hillsides where cold air drains away from the bushes. Hamamatsu is a centre for making musical instruments, and its kite festival flies enormous kites that fight one another in the air.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q131320","regional-wd-Q174691","regional-wd-Q11635100","regional-wd-Q54050","regional-wiki-JP-22"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-09","code":"JP-09","parentId":"JPN","name":"Tochigi Prefecture","aliases":["Tochigi Prefecture","Tochigi","栃木県"],"localName":"栃木県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[139.786,36.6593],"landscape":"Tochigi is inland with no coast, rising from the Kantō plain to volcanic mountains in the north around Nikkō, where Lake Chūzenji sits above the Kegon falls. The Kinugawa cuts a gorge on its way south.","names":"栃木県 takes its name from the tochi, the horse chestnut tree. It is one of eight prefectures with no sea at all.","culture":"The shrine complex at Nikkō is covered in carved and painted detail, including the three monkeys who cover eyes, ears and mouth. Mashiko potters have made everyday tableware here since the 1850s from local clay.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q44843","regional-wd-Q200589","regional-wd-Q44830","regional-wiki-JP-09"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-36","code":"JP-36","parentId":"JPN","name":"Tokushima Prefecture","aliases":["Tokushima Prefecture","Tokushima","徳島県"],"localName":"徳島県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[134.2,33.8546],"landscape":"Tokushima is on the eastern side of Shikoku, mountainous inland with the Yoshino river running across it to the sea. Whirlpools form in the Naruto Strait when the tide pushes water between the Inland Sea and the Pacific through a narrow gap.","names":"徳島県 means virtue island. Its old name, Awa, appears in the name of its best-known dance.","culture":"Awa Odori fills the streets each August with groups dancing to drums and shamisen, and anyone who wants to join in may. Indigo dyeing has been a Tokushima trade for centuries, using leaves fermented into a paste.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q160734","regional-wd-Q1069095","regional-wd-Q207309","regional-wd-Q207309","regional-wiki-JP-36"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-13","code":"JP-13","parentId":"JPN","name":"Tokyo","aliases":["Tokyo","東京都","Tôkyô","Tokyo-to","Tokyo Metropolitan prefecture","Tōkyō-to","Tôkyô-to","Tokyo Metropolis","Tokio","Tokyo Prefecture","Tokyo, Japan","Tokei","Tokyo (Japan)","Edo","Jedo","Yedo"],"localName":"東京都","type":"metropolis","coordinate":[139.407,35.6578],"landscape":"Tokyo includes a dense metropolitan area, western mountains, and islands far to the south. A metropolis can include many landscapes.","names":"東京都 identifies Tokyo Metropolis. Edo is an older name associated with the city, and it remains in names of crafts and traditions.","culture":"Edo kiriko is cut-glass work associated with Tokyo. Craftspeople cut patterns into glass; the craft’s name preserves a connection with Edo.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q1490","regional-wd-Q141017","regional-wd-Q179645","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-wd-Q684","regional-topic-JP-13","regional-wiki-JP-13"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-31","code":"JP-31","parentId":"JPN","name":"Tottori Prefecture","aliases":["Tottori Prefecture","Tottori","鳥取県"],"localName":"鳥取県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[133.819,35.3657],"landscape":"Tottori is the least populous prefecture, a strip along the Sea of Japan backed by mountains, with Mount Daisen rising in the west. Sand blown up from the sea has built dunes near Tottori city, the largest in Japan.","names":"鳥取県 means bird catching, from an old occupation recorded here. Its speech belongs to the western group.","culture":"Pears grow well in the sandy soil behind the coast and are a mainstay of local farming. Tottori also has a museum of sand sculpture, where large works are carved each year and then returned to plain sand.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q133935","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q200731","regional-wd-Q1073699","regional-wiki-JP-31"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-16","code":"JP-16","parentId":"JPN","name":"Toyama Prefecture","aliases":["Toyama Prefecture","Toyama","富山県"],"localName":"富山県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[137.246,36.596],"landscape":"Toyama is a bowl facing Toyama Bay, ringed by the steep Tateyama range of the Northern Alps. A mountain road is dug out each spring to leave walls of packed snow many metres high on either side, and the bay floor drops away steeply close to shore.","names":"富山県 means wealthy mountain. Local speech belongs to the Hokuriku group.","culture":"Toyama has a long tradition of travelling medicine sellers who left boxes of remedies in households and returned later to charge only for what had been used. Gokayama's steep thatched farmhouses were built to shed heavy snow.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q132929","regional-wd-Q489472","regional-wd-Q204266","regional-wd-Q1088437","regional-wiki-JP-16"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-30","code":"JP-30","parentId":"JPN","name":"Wakayama Prefecture","aliases":["Wakayama Prefecture","Wakayama","和歌山県","JP-30","Wakayama-ken"],"localName":"和歌山県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[135.401,33.93],"landscape":"Wakayama covers the south-western side of the Kii peninsula, mountainous and heavily forested, with a warm coast and some of the heaviest rainfall in Japan. Nachi falls drops 133 metres in a single plunge.","names":"和歌山県 was named after a castle hill. The peninsula's old provincial name survives in the name of its mountain range.","culture":"Pilgrimage routes called the Kumano Kodō have been walked through these mountains for over a thousand years, linking three great shrines. Wakayama grows more mandarin oranges and ume plums than any other prefecture.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q131314","regional-wd-Q231312","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q200747","regional-wd-Q1151269","regional-wiki-JP-30"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-06","code":"JP-06","parentId":"JPN","name":"Yamagata Prefecture","aliases":["Yamagata Prefecture","Yamagata","山形県"],"localName":"山形県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[140.084,38.4024],"landscape":"Yamagata is ringed by mountains with the Mogami river running through its middle to the Sea of Japan. The Dewa Sanzan, three sacred peaks, rise in the west, and summers in the inland basin are unusually hot for northern Japan.","names":"山形県 means mountain shape. Shōnai speech on the coast and Murayama speech inland differ from one another within the same prefecture.","culture":"Pilgrims have walked between the three Dewa mountains for centuries, and a long stone stairway climbs through cedar to a temple at Yamadera. Yamagata grows most of Japan's cherries.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q125863","regional-wd-Q205526","regional-wd-Q205526","regional-wiki-JP-06"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-35","code":"JP-35","parentId":"JPN","name":"Yamaguchi Prefecture","aliases":["Yamaguchi Prefecture","Yamaguchi","山口県"],"localName":"山口県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[131.645,34.2154],"landscape":"Yamaguchi is the western tip of Honshu, with coasts on the Sea of Japan and the Inland Sea and the Kanmon Strait, only about six hundred metres wide, separating it from Kyushu. The Akiyoshidai plateau is limestone, pitted with sinkholes and holding Japan's largest cave.","names":"山口県 means mountain entrance. The old provincial name, Chōshū, is still used when speaking of the region's history.","culture":"Fugu, a pufferfish that must be prepared by a licensed cook, is landed and traded at Shimonoseki. Hagi ware is fired to a soft pale finish that changes colour slowly as tea soaks into fine cracks in the glaze.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q127264","regional-wd-Q231312","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q207876","regional-wd-Q11044745","regional-wiki-JP-35"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-19","code":"JP-19","parentId":"JPN","name":"Yamanashi Prefecture","aliases":["Yamanashi Prefecture","Yamanashi","山梨県"],"localName":"山梨県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[138.645,35.6149],"landscape":"Yamanashi is a landlocked basin surrounded by mountains, with Mount Fuji on its southern border and the Southern Alps to the west. The basin floor is warm and sunny, and rivers run down into it from every side.","names":"山梨県 means mountain pear. The prefecture is also widely known by its old provincial name, Kai.","culture":"Yamanashi grows more grapes and peaches than any other prefecture, and Japan's wine industry began in the Kōfu basin in the 1870s. Five lakes at the foot of Fuji are among the usual places to see the mountain reflected.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q132720","regional-wd-Q201932","regional-wd-Q11469930","regional-wiki-JP-19"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-44","code":"JP-44","parentId":"JPN","name":"Ōita Prefecture","aliases":["Ōita Prefecture","Ōita","大分県","Oita-ken","Oita ken","Ōita-ken","Oita Prefecture","Ooita-ken"],"localName":"大分県","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[131.449,33.2006],"landscape":"Oita is on the eastern side of Kyushu, mountainous inland with a coast on the Inland Sea and the Bungo Channel. It produces more hot spring water than any other prefecture, and at Beppu steam rises from vents all over the town.","names":"大分県 means great division. Its old provincial name, Bungo, still appears on foods and in the name of the strait.","culture":"Several of Beppu's pools are far too hot to bathe in and are visited only to be looked at, one of them deep blue and another red with iron. Cooking food in steam rising from the ground is a local method still in use.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q133924","regional-wd-Q11633308","regional-wd-Q1197171","regional-wd-Q199609","regional-wd-Q8081521","regional-wiki-JP-44"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"JPN:JP-27","code":"JP-27","parentId":"JPN","name":"Ōsaka Prefecture","aliases":["Ōsaka Prefecture","Ōsaka","大阪府","Ōsaka-fu","Osaka-fu","Osaka","Osaka Urban Prefecture","Oosaka-fu"],"localName":"大阪府","type":"prefecture","coordinate":[135.519,34.5993],"landscape":"Osaka sits on a plain at the head of Osaka Bay where several rivers meet, and much of the older city was built among canals. Land reclaimed in the bay carries an airport built on an artificial island.","names":"大阪府 means large slope. Osaka is one of only two prefectures designated fu rather than ken, a label left over from its earlier status.","culture":"Osaka is known for street food including takoyaki and okonomiyaki, and for a joking, direct manner of speech. Bunraku puppet theatre, in which three operators work one large puppet in full view of the audience, took its present form here.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q122723","regional-wd-Q999162","regional-wd-Q35765","regional-wd-Q11439906","regional-wiki-JP-27"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"JPN-regional-landscape","placeId":"JPN","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["JPN:JP-01","JPN:JP-13","JPN:JP-47"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q35581","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-topic-JP-01","regional-wiki-JP-01","regional-wd-Q1490","regional-wd-Q141017","regional-wd-Q179645","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-wd-Q684","regional-topic-JP-13","regional-wiki-JP-13","regional-wd-Q766445","regional-wd-Q45341","regional-wd-Q159183","regional-wd-Q181966","regional-wd-Q600614","regional-topic-JP-47","regional-wiki-JP-47"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 is reached from the main island through an undersea tunnel. Which is it?","answer":"Hokkaido","others":["Tokyo","Okinawa","Nagano"],"reading":"Hokkaido: Hokkaido is Japan's large northern island together with smaller islands around it, separated from Honshu by the Tsugaru Strait and reached through a long undersea tunnel. Winters bring heavy snow off the Sea of Japan, and the island has wide farmland and active volcanoes. Its northern position contrasts with subtropical Okinawa. Tokyo: Tokyo is a metropolis rather than only a city. It includes a dense built-up area on the Kantō Plain, mountains and forest in the west, and a chain of islands running hundreds of kilometres out into the Pacific, so its southernmost point lies very far from its centre. Okinawa: Okinawa Prefecture is a chain of subtropical islands running south-west from Japan's main islands toward Taiwan, ringed by coral reefs and warm enough for sugar cane and pineapple. It is not just Okinawa Island.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the entry that names a strait.","studyMap":{"title":"Japan · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Hokkaido","coordinate":[142.805,43.37]},{"label":"Tokyo","coordinate":[139.407,35.6578]},{"label":"Okinawa","coordinate":[123.802,24.3349]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 includes a dense city, western mountains, and islands far out in the Pacific. Which is it?","answer":"Tokyo","others":["Hokkaido","Okinawa","Kyoto"],"reading":"Hokkaido: Hokkaido is Japan's large northern island together with smaller islands around it, separated from Honshu by the Tsugaru Strait and reached through a long undersea tunnel. Winters bring heavy snow off the Sea of Japan, and the island has wide farmland and active volcanoes. Its northern position contrasts with subtropical Okinawa. Tokyo: Tokyo is a metropolis rather than only a city. It includes a dense built-up area on the Kantō Plain, mountains and forest in the west, and a chain of islands running hundreds of kilometres out into the Pacific, so its southernmost point lies very far from its centre. Okinawa: Okinawa Prefecture is a chain of subtropical islands running south-west from Japan's main islands toward Taiwan, ringed by coral reefs and warm enough for sugar cane and pineapple. It is not just Okinawa Island.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One of the three covers much more than a city map would show.","studyMap":{"title":"Japan · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Hokkaido","coordinate":[142.805,43.37]},{"label":"Tokyo","coordinate":[139.407,35.6578]},{"label":"Okinawa","coordinate":[123.802,24.3349]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 is a chain of coral-ringed islands reaching toward Taiwan. Which is it?","answer":"Okinawa","others":["Hokkaido","Tokyo","Fukuoka"],"reading":"Hokkaido: Hokkaido is Japan's large northern island together with smaller islands around it, separated from Honshu by the Tsugaru Strait and reached through a long undersea tunnel. Winters bring heavy snow off the Sea of Japan, and the island has wide farmland and active volcanoes. Its northern position contrasts with subtropical Okinawa. Tokyo: Tokyo is a metropolis rather than only a city. It includes a dense built-up area on the Kantō Plain, mountains and forest in the west, and a chain of islands running hundreds of kilometres out into the Pacific, so its southernmost point lies very far from its centre. Okinawa: Okinawa Prefecture is a chain of subtropical islands running south-west from Japan's main islands toward Taiwan, ringed by coral reefs and warm enough for sugar cane and pineapple. It is not just Okinawa Island.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Which entry mentions warm water and warm-weather crops?","studyMap":{"title":"Japan · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Hokkaido","coordinate":[142.805,43.37]},{"label":"Tokyo","coordinate":[139.407,35.6578]},{"label":"Okinawa","coordinate":[123.802,24.3349]}]}}]},{"id":"JPN-regional-names","placeId":"JPN","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["JPN:JP-01","JPN:JP-13","JPN:JP-47"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q35581","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-topic-JP-01","regional-wiki-JP-01","regional-wd-Q1490","regional-wd-Q141017","regional-wd-Q179645","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-wd-Q684","regional-topic-JP-13","regional-wiki-JP-13","regional-wd-Q766445","regional-wd-Q45341","regional-wd-Q159183","regional-wd-Q181966","regional-wd-Q600614","regional-topic-JP-47","regional-wiki-JP-47"],"steps":[{"question":"Which prefecture's name means north sea road, and carries many Ainu place names?","answer":"Hokkaido","others":["Tokyo","Okinawa","Osaka"],"reading":"Hokkaido: 北海道 is the Japanese written name Hokkaido, and its three characters mean north sea road. Many local place names come from Ainu words, so names such as Sapporo and Wakkanai carry Ainu meanings; Ainu is a distinct language, unrelated to Japanese. Tokyo: 東京都 identifies Tokyo Metropolis, and 東京 means eastern capital, a name given when the emperor's court moved there in 1868. Edo is the older name for the city, and it survives in the names of crafts and traditions. Okinawa: 沖縄県 identifies Okinawa Prefecture. Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan and Miyako are related to Japanese but are not the same as it, and they differ from one another; their use varies between island communities.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Read what the characters themselves mean."},{"question":"Which prefecture's name means eastern capital?","answer":"Tokyo","others":["Hokkaido","Okinawa","Hiroshima"],"reading":"Hokkaido: 北海道 is the Japanese written name Hokkaido, and its three characters mean north sea road. Many local place names come from Ainu words, so names such as Sapporo and Wakkanai carry Ainu meanings; Ainu is a distinct language, unrelated to Japanese. Tokyo: 東京都 identifies Tokyo Metropolis, and 東京 means eastern capital, a name given when the emperor's court moved there in 1868. Edo is the older name for the city, and it survives in the names of crafts and traditions. Okinawa: 沖縄県 identifies Okinawa Prefecture. Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan and Miyako are related to Japanese but are not the same as it, and they differ from one another; their use varies between island communities.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One name was given when a court moved."},{"question":"Which prefecture has languages related to Japanese but not the same as it?","answer":"Okinawa","others":["Hokkaido","Tokyo","Aichi"],"reading":"Hokkaido: 北海道 is the Japanese written name Hokkaido, and its three characters mean north sea road. Many local place names come from Ainu words, so names such as Sapporo and Wakkanai carry Ainu meanings; Ainu is a distinct language, unrelated to Japanese. Tokyo: 東京都 identifies Tokyo Metropolis, and 東京 means eastern capital, a name given when the emperor's court moved there in 1868. Edo is the older name for the city, and it survives in the names of crafts and traditions. Okinawa: 沖縄県 identifies Okinawa Prefecture. Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan and Miyako are related to Japanese but are not the same as it, and they differ from one another; their use varies between island communities.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for the entry about a family of related languages."}]},{"id":"JPN-regional-culture","placeId":"JPN","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["JPN:JP-01","JPN:JP-13","JPN:JP-47"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-JPN","voyage-JPN","regional-wd-Q35581","regional-wd-Q98","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-topic-JP-01","regional-wiki-JP-01","regional-wd-Q1490","regional-wd-Q141017","regional-wd-Q179645","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-wd-Q684","regional-topic-JP-13","regional-wiki-JP-13","regional-wd-Q766445","regional-wd-Q45341","regional-wd-Q159183","regional-wd-Q181966","regional-wd-Q600614","regional-topic-JP-47","regional-wiki-JP-47"],"steps":[{"question":"Which prefecture's example is a place a visitor can travel to and walk around?","answer":"Hokkaido","others":["Tokyo","Okinawa","Kyoto"],"reading":"Hokkaido: Upopoy in Shiraoi is a national centre presenting Ainu culture through a museum, a rebuilt village, language classes, music and dance. Ainu people live in many parts of Japan today, and a museum introduction cannot represent every Ainu person's experience. Tokyo: Edo kiriko is cut-glass work associated with Tokyo, in which a craftsperson grinds fine lines into a thin coloured layer laid over clear glass, so the cut lines show up pale against the colour. The craft's name preserves the connection with Edo. Okinawa: The sanshin is a three-stringed instrument with a body traditionally covered in snakeskin, played with a pick worn on the finger and central to Ryukyuan song. Musical traditions differ among the islands and among performers.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Two examples are objects. One is somewhere you go."},{"question":"Which prefecture's example is made by grinding lines through a coloured surface?","answer":"Tokyo","others":["Hokkaido","Okinawa","Miyagi"],"reading":"Hokkaido: Upopoy in Shiraoi is a national centre presenting Ainu culture through a museum, a rebuilt village, language classes, music and dance. Ainu people live in many parts of Japan today, and a museum introduction cannot represent every Ainu person's experience. Tokyo: Edo kiriko is cut-glass work associated with Tokyo, in which a craftsperson grinds fine lines into a thin coloured layer laid over clear glass, so the cut lines show up pale against the colour. The craft's name preserves the connection with Edo. Okinawa: The sanshin is a three-stringed instrument with a body traditionally covered in snakeskin, played with a pick worn on the finger and central to Ryukyuan song. Musical traditions differ among the islands and among performers.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the entry about cutting."},{"question":"What kind of instrument is Okinawa's sanshin?","answer":"A three-stringed instrument","others":["A large brass horn","A set of tuned stone blocks","A frame drum without strings"],"reading":"Hokkaido: Upopoy in Shiraoi is a national centre presenting Ainu culture through a museum, a rebuilt village, language classes, music and dance. Ainu people live in many parts of Japan today, and a museum introduction cannot represent every Ainu person's experience. Tokyo: Edo kiriko is cut-glass work associated with Tokyo, in which a craftsperson grinds fine lines into a thin coloured layer laid over clear glass, so the cut lines show up pale against the colour. The craft's name preserves the connection with Edo. Okinawa: The sanshin is a three-stringed instrument with a body traditionally covered in snakeskin, played with a pick worn on the finger and central to Ryukyuan song. Musical traditions differ among the islands and among performers.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 47 subdivisions of Japan. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. Prefecture is the general English term; Tokyo is a metropolis within the same first-level collection.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/JPN.geojson"},{"placeId":"ARE","name":"United Arab Emirates","regions":[{"id":"ARE:AE-AZ","code":"AE-AZ","parentId":"ARE","name":"Abu Dhabi","aliases":["Abu Dhabi","إمارة أبوظبي","The Emirate of Abu Dhabi","Abu Dhabi (Emirate)","Abu Dhabi Emirate","Abu Zaby (emirate)","Abu Ẓaby (emirate)","Abu Dhabi emirate","Abū Z̧aby (emirate)","Abu Dhabi (emirate)","أبو ظبي"],"localName":"أبو ظبي","type":"emirate","coordinate":[54.0817,23.5238],"landscape":"Abu Dhabi includes desert areas, an extensive coast, and islands. The emirate is much larger than Abu Dhabi city.","names":"أبو ظبي is an Arabic name form for Abu Dhabi. The same name can identify a city or the wider emirate.","culture":"Al Sadu weaving is associated with Bedouin heritage, including in Abu Dhabi. Woven patterns and making skills are passed between people, not determined by a border.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q187712","regional-wd-Q1519","regional-topic-AE-AZ","regional-wiki-AE-AZ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"ARE:AE-DU","code":"AE-DU","parentId":"ARE","name":"Dubai","aliases":["Dubai","Dubay","إمارة دبي","Dubai (emirate)","دبي"],"localName":"دبي","type":"emirate","coordinate":[55.3436,24.9508],"landscape":"Dubai includes a coastal city and inland desert areas. Dubai Creek is a particular waterway within the emirate.","names":"دبي is Dubai written in Arabic. Residents also use many other languages in everyday life.","culture":"Abra boats carry passengers across Dubai Creek. This local transport practice provides a contrast with desert travel and with modern city railways.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q613","regional-wd-Q612","regional-topic-AE-DU","regional-wiki-AE-DU"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"ARE:AE-AJ","code":"AE-AJ","parentId":"ARE","name":"Emirate of Ajman","aliases":["Emirate of Ajman","Ajman","عجمان"],"localName":"عجمان","type":"emirate","coordinate":[55.5411,25.3971],"landscape":"Ajman is the smallest emirate, a short stretch of Arabian Gulf coast with a creek running inland behind the town. Two further pieces of Ajman, Masfout and Manama, sit away from the sea among hills and farmland.","names":"عجمان is the Arabic name form for Ajman. Arabic is the official language, and residents also use Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, Tagalog and English at work and at home.","culture":"Ajman's creek holds one of the region's busiest dhow yards, where builders still shape wooden hulls by eye rather than from drawings. One boatyard is a part of local working life, not a picture of everyone's.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q159477","regional-wd-Q530171","regional-wiki-AE-AJ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"ARE:AE-RK","code":"AE-RK","parentId":"ARE","name":"Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah","aliases":["Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah","Ras Al Khaymah","رأس الخيمة","Ras Al Khaimah","Ras Al-Khaimah","RAK","Ras Al Khaimah Emirate","Ra’s Al Khaimah","Rasul Khayma","Rasool Khyma"],"localName":"رأس الخيمة","type":"emirate","coordinate":[55.9791,25.6964],"landscape":"Ras Al Khaimah is the northernmost emirate, where the Hajar Mountains come down to a sandy Gulf coast. Jebel Jais, the country's highest mountain at about 1,934 metres, rises here, and dry wadis fill with rushing water for a few hours after a storm.","names":"رأس الخيمة is often read as the headland of the tent, after a landmark sailors once steered by. Arabic is used officially, alongside the many other languages spoken by people who live and work here.","culture":"Date palms and mountain terraces have been farmed here for a very long time, and the old port of Julfar traded across the Gulf for centuries. Archaeologists still dig at these sites, so the history of this coast is something people are actively working out.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q170024","regional-wd-Q2126436","regional-wiki-AE-RK"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"ARE:AE-SH","code":"AE-SH","parentId":"ARE","name":"Emirate of Sharjah","aliases":["Emirate of Sharjah","Sharjah","إمارة الشارقة","Sharjah Emirate"],"localName":"إمارة الشارقة","type":"emirate","coordinate":[55.7788,25.172],"landscape":"Sharjah is the only emirate with land on both of the country's coasts: its main area faces the Arabian Gulf, while Kalba, Khor Fakkan and Dibba Al-Hisn lie across the mountains on the Gulf of Oman.","names":"الشارقة is the Arabic name form for Sharjah, and it shares a root with the word for east, or the rising sun. Arabic is the official language, and many others are heard in its streets and schools.","culture":"Sharjah runs a large group of public museums covering art, science, calligraphy and marine life, and holds a well-known children's reading festival each year. What a place collects and puts on show is a choice it makes about what to keep.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q188810","regional-wd-Q289693","regional-wiki-AE-SH"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"ARE:AE-UQ","code":"AE-UQ","parentId":"ARE","name":"Emirate of Umm Al Quwain","aliases":["Emirate of Umm Al Quwain","Umm Al Qaywayn","أم القيوين","Imārat Umm al-Qaywayn","Umm al-Qaywayn"],"localName":"أم القيوين","type":"emirate","coordinate":[55.7217,25.5218],"landscape":"Umm Al Quwain sits on a low sandy spit beside a wide lagoon, with mangroves and Al Sinniyah Island just offshore. Shallow water and shifting sandbanks decide where boats can go.","names":"أم القيوين is the Arabic name form for Umm Al Quwain, often read as mother of two powers, a phrase linked to skill on land and at sea. Arabic is official here, and other languages are widely used.","culture":"Fishing, and long ago pearl diving, were central to this emirate, and small boats still work the lagoon. Nearby, the ancient site of Ed-Dur shows that people were trading from this coast around two thousand years ago.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q175021","regional-wd-Q2788830","regional-wiki-AE-UQ"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"ARE:AE-FU","code":"AE-FU","parentId":"ARE","name":"Fujairah","aliases":["Fujairah","Fujayrah","الفجيرة"],"localName":"الفجيرة","type":"emirate","coordinate":[56.2221,25.4752],"landscape":"Fujairah lies on the Gulf of Oman side of the UAE, beside the Hajar Mountains. Its east-coast setting differs from Dubai’s Gulf coast.","names":"الفجيرة is an Arabic name form for Fujairah. Transliteration can produce more than one English spelling for the same Arabic name.","culture":"Al-Bidya Mosque in Fujairah is an example of local architectural heritage. A building’s materials and form can prompt questions about how people built in a particular place.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q4091","regional-wd-Q4045","regional-topic-AE-FU","regional-wiki-AE-FU"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"ARE-regional-landscape","placeId":"ARE","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["ARE:AE-AZ","ARE:AE-DU","ARE:AE-FU"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q187712","regional-wd-Q1519","regional-topic-AE-AZ","regional-wiki-AE-AZ","regional-wd-Q613","regional-wd-Q612","regional-topic-AE-DU","regional-wiki-AE-DU","regional-wd-Q4091","regional-wd-Q4045","regional-topic-AE-FU","regional-wiki-AE-FU"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 covers by far the most land of the three. Which emirate is it?","answer":"Abu Dhabi","others":["Dubai","Fujairah","Sharjah"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi covers most of the country's land area, with desert, a long Arabian Gulf coast and many islands, and the Liwa Oasis lies deep in its southern sands. The emirate is much larger than Abu Dhabi city. Dubai: Dubai includes a coastal city and inland desert. Dubai Creek is a natural saltwater inlet reaching in from the coast, and boats used it long before the modern port was built. Fujairah: Fujairah's coast faces the Gulf of Oman rather than the Arabian Gulf, with the rocky Hajar Mountains rising behind it. Those mountains catch more rain than the deserts to the west.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry says the emirate is much bigger than the city that shares its name.","studyMap":{"title":"United Arab Emirates · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Abu Dhabi","coordinate":[54.0817,23.5238]},{"label":"Dubai","coordinate":[55.3436,24.9508]},{"label":"Fujairah","coordinate":[56.2221,25.4752]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 has a saltwater inlet reaching in from the coast. Which emirate is it?","answer":"Dubai","others":["Abu Dhabi","Fujairah","Ajman"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi covers most of the country's land area, with desert, a long Arabian Gulf coast and many islands, and the Liwa Oasis lies deep in its southern sands. The emirate is much larger than Abu Dhabi city. Dubai: Dubai includes a coastal city and inland desert. Dubai Creek is a natural saltwater inlet reaching in from the coast, and boats used it long before the modern port was built. Fujairah: Fujairah's coast faces the Gulf of Oman rather than the Arabian Gulf, with the rocky Hajar Mountains rising behind it. Those mountains catch more rain than the deserts to the west.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the waterway that let boats reach into the city.","studyMap":{"title":"United Arab Emirates · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Abu Dhabi","coordinate":[54.0817,23.5238]},{"label":"Dubai","coordinate":[55.3436,24.9508]},{"label":"Fujairah","coordinate":[56.2221,25.4752]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 lies on the eastern side of the country, with mountains behind it. Which emirate is it?","answer":"Fujairah","others":["Abu Dhabi","Dubai","Ras Al Khaimah"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi covers most of the country's land area, with desert, a long Arabian Gulf coast and many islands, and the Liwa Oasis lies deep in its southern sands. The emirate is much larger than Abu Dhabi city. Dubai: Dubai includes a coastal city and inland desert. Dubai Creek is a natural saltwater inlet reaching in from the coast, and boats used it long before the modern port was built. Fujairah: Fujairah's coast faces the Gulf of Oman rather than the Arabian Gulf, with the rocky Hajar Mountains rising behind it. Those mountains catch more rain than the deserts to the west.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Only one of the three faces away from the Arabian Gulf.","studyMap":{"title":"United Arab Emirates · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Abu Dhabi","coordinate":[54.0817,23.5238]},{"label":"Dubai","coordinate":[55.3436,24.9508]},{"label":"Fujairah","coordinate":[56.2221,25.4752]}]}}]},{"id":"ARE-regional-names","placeId":"ARE","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["ARE:AE-AZ","ARE:AE-DU","ARE:AE-FU"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q187712","regional-wd-Q1519","regional-topic-AE-AZ","regional-wiki-AE-AZ","regional-wd-Q613","regional-wd-Q612","regional-topic-AE-DU","regional-wiki-AE-DU","regional-wd-Q4091","regional-wd-Q4045","regional-topic-AE-FU","regional-wiki-AE-FU"],"steps":[{"question":"Which emirate's name means something close to father of the gazelle?","answer":"Abu Dhabi","others":["Dubai","Fujairah","Umm Al Quwain"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: أبو ظبي is the Arabic name form for Abu Dhabi, written from right to left, and the words mean something close to father of the gazelle. The same name can identify a city or the wider emirate. Dubai: دبي is Dubai written in Arabic, using just three letters. Arabic is the official language, and residents also use many others in daily life, among them Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, Tagalog and English. Fujairah: الفجيرة begins with al-, the Arabic word for the. Turning Arabic writing into Latin letters can give more than one English spelling of the same name, so this one is sometimes written Fujayrah.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry explains what the words in the name mean."},{"question":"Which emirate's Arabic name form is written with only three letters?","answer":"Dubai","others":["Abu Dhabi","Fujairah","Sharjah"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: أبو ظبي is the Arabic name form for Abu Dhabi, written from right to left, and the words mean something close to father of the gazelle. The same name can identify a city or the wider emirate. Dubai: دبي is Dubai written in Arabic, using just three letters. Arabic is the official language, and residents also use many others in daily life, among them Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, Tagalog and English. Fujairah: الفجيرة begins with al-, the Arabic word for the. Turning Arabic writing into Latin letters can give more than one English spelling of the same name, so this one is sometimes written Fujayrah.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Count the letters in each Arabic name form."},{"question":"Which emirate's Arabic name begins with al-, the word for the?","answer":"Fujairah","others":["Abu Dhabi","Dubai","Ajman"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: أبو ظبي is the Arabic name form for Abu Dhabi, written from right to left, and the words mean something close to father of the gazelle. The same name can identify a city or the wider emirate. Dubai: دبي is Dubai written in Arabic, using just three letters. Arabic is the official language, and residents also use many others in daily life, among them Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, Tagalog and English. Fujairah: الفجيرة begins with al-, the Arabic word for the. Turning Arabic writing into Latin letters can give more than one English spelling of the same name, so this one is sometimes written Fujayrah.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for the name that starts with a small extra word."}]},{"id":"ARE-regional-culture","placeId":"ARE","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["ARE:AE-AZ","ARE:AE-DU","ARE:AE-FU"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-ARE","voyage-ARE","regional-wd-Q187712","regional-wd-Q1519","regional-topic-AE-AZ","regional-wiki-AE-AZ","regional-wd-Q613","regional-wd-Q612","regional-topic-AE-DU","regional-wiki-AE-DU","regional-wd-Q4091","regional-wd-Q4045","regional-topic-AE-FU","regional-wiki-AE-FU"],"steps":[{"question":"Which emirate's example is a craft worked on a loom laid out on the ground?","answer":"Abu Dhabi","others":["Dubai","Fujairah","Ras Al Khaimah"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: Al Sadu weaving is associated with Bedouin heritage, including in Abu Dhabi. Weavers work wool, goat hair and camel hair on a loom pegged out on the ground, making narrow bands of geometric pattern. Woven patterns and making skills are passed between people, not determined by a border. Dubai: Small wooden boats called abra carry passengers back and forth across Dubai Creek, and they remain one of the cheapest ways to cross. This local transport practice contrasts with desert travel and with the city's modern railway. Fujairah: Al-Bidya Mosque in Fujairah is the oldest known mosque in the country, built of mud brick and stone with four small domes resting on one central pillar. A building's materials and form can prompt questions about how people built in a particular place.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Think about what is being made, not where."},{"question":"Which emirate's example is a way of crossing water for a small fare?","answer":"Dubai","others":["Abu Dhabi","Fujairah","Sharjah"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: Al Sadu weaving is associated with Bedouin heritage, including in Abu Dhabi. Weavers work wool, goat hair and camel hair on a loom pegged out on the ground, making narrow bands of geometric pattern. Woven patterns and making skills are passed between people, not determined by a border. Dubai: Small wooden boats called abra carry passengers back and forth across Dubai Creek, and they remain one of the cheapest ways to cross. This local transport practice contrasts with desert travel and with the city's modern railway. Fujairah: Al-Bidya Mosque in Fujairah is the oldest known mosque in the country, built of mud brick and stone with four small domes resting on one central pillar. A building's materials and form can prompt questions about how people built in a particular place.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Which example is about getting from one side to the other?"},{"question":"What supports Al-Bidya Mosque's four small domes in this description?","answer":"One central pillar","others":["Four wooden boat hulls","A line of railway arches","Woven tent bands"],"reading":"Abu Dhabi: Al Sadu weaving is associated with Bedouin heritage, including in Abu Dhabi. Weavers work wool, goat hair and camel hair on a loom pegged out on the ground, making narrow bands of geometric pattern. Woven patterns and making skills are passed between people, not determined by a border. Dubai: Small wooden boats called abra carry passengers back and forth across Dubai Creek, and they remain one of the cheapest ways to cross. This local transport practice contrasts with desert travel and with the city's modern railway. Fujairah: Al-Bidya Mosque in Fujairah is the oldest known mosque in the country, built of mud brick and stone with four small domes resting on one central pillar. A building's materials and form can prompt questions about how people built in a particular place.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 7 subdivisions of United Arab Emirates. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. An emirate is a constituent unit of the UAE, with its own ruler. Small neutral-zone fragments in the source are not treated as extra emirates.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/ARE.geojson"},{"placeId":"KOR","name":"South Korea","regions":[{"id":"KOR:KR-26","code":"KR-26","parentId":"KOR","name":"Busan","aliases":["Busan","부산광역시","Busan Metropolitan City","Pusan Metropolitan City","Fuzan","Pusan"],"localName":"부산광역시","type":"metropolitan city","coordinate":[129.082,35.1928],"landscape":"Busan sits where mountains meet the sea at the south-eastern corner of the country, so its neighbourhoods climb steep slopes and its roads twist between ridges. The Nakdong River reaches the sea here through a wide delta.","names":"부산 can be read as cauldron mountain, after the shape of a peak behind the old town. The speech of the south-east has its own rise and fall, and a Busan accent is recognisable anywhere in the country.","culture":"Jagalchi is Korea's largest fish market, and much of the selling there has long been done by women whose families have held the same stalls for generations. The city also hosts a large international film festival each autumn.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q16520","regional-wd-Q52055","regional-wd-Q12438381","regional-wd-Q50422","regional-wiki-KR-26"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-27","code":"KR-27","parentId":"KOR","name":"Daegu","aliases":["Daegu","대구광역시","Taegu","Daegu Metropolitan City"],"localName":"대구광역시","type":"metropolitan city","coordinate":[128.631,35.9034],"landscape":"Daegu lies in a basin ringed by mountains in the south-east, and because the hills trap warm air it is often the hottest city in the country in summer. The Geumho River runs through it to join the Nakdong.","names":"대구 is written with characters meaning large hill. Its speech belongs to the Gyeongsang group and sounds noticeably different from Seoul's.","culture":"Seomun Market in Daegu is associated with textiles and other goods. A market offers one setting for investigating trade, craft materials, and everyday shopping.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q20927","regional-topic-KR-27","regional-wiki-KR-27"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-30","code":"KR-30","parentId":"KOR","name":"Daejeon","aliases":["Daejeon","대전광역시","Taejŏn"],"localName":"대전광역시","type":"metropolitan city","coordinate":[127.401,36.3563],"landscape":"Daejeon sits near the middle of the country where several valleys meet, which is why the main railway and motorway lines cross here. Gyeryongsan, whose peaks were likened to a dragon wearing a rooster's crest, rises on its western side.","names":"대전 means large field, and an older name for the same place, Hanbat, means the same thing using native Korean words instead of Chinese characters. Both are still heard around the city.","culture":"Daejeon’s National Science Museum is part of the city’s public learning culture. Museums can explore science and technology as well as older objects and art.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q20921","regional-topic-KR-30","regional-wiki-KR-30"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-42","code":"KR-42","parentId":"KOR","name":"Gangwon","aliases":["Gangwon","강원도","Gangwon State, South Korea","Gangwon-do","Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province","Gangwon Province, South Korea","강원특별자치도"],"localName":"강원특별자치도","type":"special self-governing province","coordinate":[128.22,37.7951],"landscape":"Gangwon includes mountain country and an east coast. Mountain communities and coastal cities have different local settings.","names":"강원특별자치도 names Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province. Its special status dates from 2023; older maps may simply say Gangwon Province.","culture":"Gangneung Danoje is a festival tradition associated with Gangneung in Gangwon. Its rituals and performances belong to a particular local history.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41071","regional-wd-Q42148","regional-topic-KR-42","regional-wiki-KR-42"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-29","code":"KR-29","parentId":"KOR","name":"Gwangju","aliases":["Gwangju","광주광역시","Gwangju City"],"localName":"광주광역시","type":"metropolitan city","coordinate":[126.929,35.1989],"landscape":"Gwangju lies on a plain in the south-west with Mudeungsan rising to its east, a mountain whose summit carries tall stone columns formed as lava cooled and cracked. The Yeongsan River begins nearby and flows west to the sea.","names":"광주 is written with characters meaning bright province. Gwangju is a metropolitan city, so it counts as a first-level subdivision even though the province of South Jeolla surrounds it.","culture":"The Gwangju Biennale is an art event associated with Gwangju. Contemporary artists can bring local experiences into conversation with work from other places.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41283","regional-topic-KR-29","regional-wiki-KR-29"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-41","code":"KR-41","parentId":"KOR","name":"Gyeonggi","aliases":["Gyeonggi","경기도","Gyeonggi-do"],"localName":"경기도","type":"province","coordinate":[127.205,37.2562],"landscape":"Gyeonggi wraps almost entirely around Seoul and Incheon, running from the Yellow Sea coast to hills in the east and up to the heavily guarded border in the north. The Han and Imjin rivers meet near that border and reach the sea together.","names":"경기 means the region around the capital, a name used for this area for many centuries. More people live here than in any other province.","culture":"At Suwon a city wall built in the 1790s runs for nearly six kilometres, with gates, watchtowers and a floodgate over a stream. The plans and accounts for the work survive, so we know who built it and what they were paid.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q20937","regional-wd-Q20714","regional-wiki-KR-41"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-28","code":"KR-28","parentId":"KOR","name":"Incheon","aliases":["Incheon","인천광역시","Inchon","Inch'on","Chemulpo","Jemulpo"],"localName":"인천광역시","type":"metropolitan city","coordinate":[126.507,37.4983],"landscape":"Incheon faces the Yellow Sea west of Seoul and includes more than a hundred islands, some lying far out toward the maritime boundary. Its tidal range is among the largest anywhere, so mud flats stretch far out at low tide, and the airport was built on land reclaimed between two islands.","names":"Incheon is labelled 인천광역시 in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Korean. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Incheon’s Chinatown reflects a history of migration and port connections. Neighbourhood histories help explain variation within a city as well as between provinces.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q20934","regional-wd-Q9176","regional-topic-KR-28","regional-wiki-KR-28"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-49","code":"KR-49","parentId":"KOR","name":"Jeju","aliases":["Jeju","제주특별자치도","Jeju Special Autonomous Province","Jeju Special Self-governing Province","Jeju-do","Cheju T'ŭkpyŏl Chach'ido"],"localName":"제주특별자치도","type":"special self-governing province","coordinate":[126.557,33.3741],"landscape":"Jeju is an island province with volcanic landscapes, south of the Korean peninsula. Its island setting differs from mainland Gangwon.","names":"제주특별자치도 identifies Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. Jeju language traditions are distinct from standard Korean.","culture":"Jeju’s haenyeo are women divers with knowledge of marine gathering. Their skills and community practices are one specific part of island life.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41164","regional-wd-Q42142","regional-topic-KR-49","regional-wiki-KR-49"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-45","code":"KR-45","parentId":"KOR","name":"Jeonbuk","aliases":["Jeonbuk","North Jeolla","전라북도","Jeollabuk-do","Jeonbuk State","North Jeolla Province","North Jeolla Special Self-Governing Province","Jeonbuk Province","Jeonbuk Special Self-governing Province","North Jeolla","Jeollabuk-do","Jeonbuk Special Self-Governing Province"],"localName":"전라북도","type":"special self-governing province","coordinate":[127.081,35.679],"landscape":"Jeonbuk holds part of the broad Honam plain, some of the best rice country in Korea, between the Noryeong mountains and the Yellow Sea. Along that coast the Saemangeum seawall runs for about thirty-three kilometres, the longest of its kind in the world.","names":"전라북도 means North Jeolla Province, and Jeolla was built from the first syllables of Jeonju and Naju. The province became a special self-governing province in 2024.","culture":"Jeonju keeps a large district of hanok houses that people live in, and the city is known for bibimbap, a bowl of rice topped with separate vegetables and sauce that the person eating it mixes at the table.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41157","regional-wd-Q42140","regional-wiki-KR-45"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-43","code":"KR-43","parentId":"KOR","name":"North Chungcheong","aliases":["North Chungcheong","충청북도","Chungcheongbuk-do","Chungbuk","North Chungcheong Province"],"localName":"충청북도","type":"province","coordinate":[127.668,36.7476],"landscape":"North Chungcheong is the only province with no coastline. The Sobaek Mountains run along its southern edge, limestone caves open near Danyang, and Chungju Lake, made by damming the Han, fills long branching valleys.","names":"충청북도 means North Chungcheong Province, and Chungcheong itself was made from the first syllables of two old towns, Chungju and Cheongju. Cheongju is the provincial capital today.","culture":"Ginseng grown in this province is shaded under low black netting for several years before it is lifted, so the fields look quite unlike ordinary farmland. A slow crop needs patient farmers and long planning.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41066","regional-wd-Q42147","regional-wiki-KR-43"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-47","code":"KR-47","parentId":"KOR","name":"North Gyeongsang","aliases":["North Gyeongsang","경상북도","Gyeongsangbuk-do","Gyeongbuk","North Gyeongsang Province"],"localName":"경상북도","type":"province","coordinate":[128.708,36.3396],"landscape":"North Gyeongsang is the largest province by area, running from the Taebaek and Sobaek mountains down to an east-coast shore, with the Nakdong River rising in its north. The steep volcanic island of Ulleungdo lies far out in the East Sea.","names":"경상북도 means North Gyeongsang Province, and Gyeongsang comes from the first syllables of Gyeongju and Sangju. The provincial government moved to a newly built town near Andong in 2016.","culture":"Gyeongju was the capital of the Silla kingdom for close to a thousand years, and grass-covered royal mounds still rise between its streets. At Hahoe near Andong, a village of tiled and thatched houses keeps a mask dance that once let villagers poke fun at the powerful.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41154","regional-wd-Q42116","regional-wiki-KR-47"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-50","code":"KR-50","parentId":"KOR","name":"Sejong","aliases":["Sejong","세종특별자치시","Sejong City","Sejong Special Self-Governing City","Sejong smart city"],"localName":"세종특별자치시","type":"special self-governing city","coordinate":[127.229,36.4974],"landscape":"Sejong sits near the middle of the country on the Geum River, among low hills that were farmland until recently. It is the smallest of the first-level subdivisions by area.","names":"세종특별자치시 is named after King Sejong, in whose reign Hangul was created. It was made a subdivision in 2012.","culture":"Sejong was planned and built so that many government ministries could move out of Seoul, and its main government complex carries a long green roof that people can walk along. A city built on purpose grows differently from one that grew slowly.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q20929","regional-wd-Q37682","regional-wiki-KR-50"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-11","code":"KR-11","parentId":"KOR","name":"Seoul","aliases":["Seoul","서울특별시","Seoul Special City","Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi","Wiryeseong","Namgyeong","Hanseong","Hanyang","Keijō","Keijou","Gyeongseong","서울"],"localName":"서울","type":"special city","coordinate":[126.994,37.5408],"landscape":"Seoul lies on the Han River in northwestern South Korea. A river can divide and connect neighbourhoods within one city.","names":"서울 is Seoul written in Hangul. The special city is a first-level subdivision as well as an urban place.","culture":"Bukchon in Seoul contains hanok houses. Historic housing and present-day neighbourhood life share space, so buildings are more than scenery.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q8684","regional-wd-Q55500","regional-wd-Q495437","regional-wd-Q9176","regional-wd-Q50441","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-topic-KR-11","regional-wiki-KR-11"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-44","code":"KR-44","parentId":"KOR","name":"South Chungcheong","aliases":["South Chungcheong","충청남도","Chungcheongnam-do","Chungnam","South Chungcheong Province"],"localName":"충청남도","type":"province","coordinate":[126.874,36.4602],"landscape":"South Chungcheong faces the Yellow Sea with a ragged coast of bays, islands and wide tidal flats where the water withdraws a long way at low tide. Inland it is mostly low hills and rice fields.","names":"충청남도 means South Chungcheong Province. Its government moved to Hongseong in 2012, after the earlier provincial capital, Daejeon, became a separate metropolitan city.","culture":"Gongju and Buyeo were capitals of the Baekje kingdom more than fourteen hundred years ago, and royal tombs, temple sites and city walls survive at both. Buildings tell part of that story, and what was buried with people tells another part.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41070","regional-wd-Q50343","regional-wiki-KR-44"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-48","code":"KR-48","parentId":"KOR","name":"South Gyeongsang","aliases":["South Gyeongsang","경상남도","Gyeongsangnam-do","Gyeongnam","South Gyeongsang Province","Kyŏngsang-namdo"],"localName":"경상남도","type":"province","coordinate":[128.217,35.3192],"landscape":"South Gyeongsang has a broken southern coast of bays and islands, among them Geoje and Namhae, and mountains inland including Jirisan, the highest peak on the mainland. The Nakdong River reaches the sea along its eastern edge.","names":"경상남도 means South Gyeongsang Province. Changwon, its capital, was laid out as a planned industrial city in the 1970s and later merged with neighbouring cities.","culture":"Some of the world's largest shipyards are on Geoje Island, where vessels are built in sections and joined together in dry docks. Inland at Haeinsa temple, more than eighty thousand carved wooden printing blocks have been stored in wooden halls since the 1200s without rotting.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41151","regional-wd-Q243327","regional-wiki-KR-48"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-46","code":"KR-46","parentId":"KOR","name":"South Jeolla","aliases":["South Jeolla","전라남도","Jeollanam","Jeonnam"],"localName":"전라남도","type":"province","coordinate":[126.884,34.8166],"landscape":"South Jeolla has more islands than any other province, over two thousand of them scattered along a deeply indented southern and western coast. At Suncheon Bay a great reed marsh fills with birds each winter.","names":"전라남도 means South Jeolla Province. Its government sits at Muan on the coast rather than in the region's largest city, since Gwangju is a separate metropolitan city.","culture":"Green tea grows in long curving rows on the hillsides at Boseong, and salt is still made on the tidal flats by letting seawater dry in shallow ponds under the sun. Both depend on the weather playing its part.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41161","regional-wd-Q50241","regional-wiki-KR-46"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"},{"id":"KOR:KR-31","code":"KR-31","parentId":"KOR","name":"Ulsan","aliases":["Ulsan","울산광역시"],"localName":"울산광역시","type":"metropolitan city","coordinate":[129.232,35.4997],"landscape":"Ulsan lies on the south-east coast where the Taehwa River reaches the sea, with mountains behind it and a deep, sheltered harbour. That harbour is much of the reason the city grew the way it did.","names":"Ulsan is labelled 울산광역시 in another name form. Recorded official-language examples include Korean. Official status does not tell us every language used at home.","culture":"Oegosan Onggi Village in Ulsan is associated with earthenware vessels. Pottery links skilled making with everyday tasks such as storing and fermenting food.","sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q41278","regional-wd-Q27092","regional-wd-Q9176","regional-topic-KR-31","regional-institution-KR-31","regional-wiki-KR-31"],"reviewedOn":"2026-09-04"}],"missions":[{"id":"KOR-regional-landscape","placeId":"KOR","kind":"regional","topic":"landscape","title":"Compare landscapes","regionIds":["KOR:KR-11","KOR:KR-42","KOR:KR-49"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q8684","regional-wd-Q55500","regional-wd-Q495437","regional-wd-Q9176","regional-wd-Q50441","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-topic-KR-11","regional-wiki-KR-11","regional-wd-Q41071","regional-wd-Q42148","regional-topic-KR-42","regional-wiki-KR-42","regional-wd-Q41164","regional-wd-Q42142","regional-topic-KR-49","regional-wiki-KR-49"],"steps":[{"question":"Marker 1 is divided and joined by a river with more than twenty bridges. Which is it?","answer":"Seoul","others":["Gangwon","Jeju","Busan"],"reading":"Seoul: Seoul lies on the Han River in the north-west of South Korea, with the river running west through the middle of the city and more than twenty bridges crossing it. Mountains such as Bukhansan rise right at the city's edge. A river can divide and connect neighbourhoods within one city. Gangwon: Gangwon holds the Taebaek Mountains, which run close to the east coast so that steep slopes drop quickly to the sea and leave only a narrow coastal strip. Mountain communities and coastal cities have different local settings, and the province gets heavy winter snow. Jeju: Jeju is a volcanic island province south of the peninsula, built around Hallasan, South Korea's highest mountain, with lava tubes underground and porous rock that lets rain sink away instead of running in surface rivers.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry counts its bridges.","studyMap":{"title":"South Korea · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Seoul","coordinate":[126.994,37.5408]},{"label":"Gangwon","coordinate":[128.22,37.7951]},{"label":"Jeju","coordinate":[126.557,33.3741]}]}},{"question":"Marker 2 has mountains dropping steeply to an eastern coast. Which is it?","answer":"Gangwon","others":["Seoul","Jeju","Gyeonggi"],"reading":"Seoul: Seoul lies on the Han River in the north-west of South Korea, with the river running west through the middle of the city and more than twenty bridges crossing it. Mountains such as Bukhansan rise right at the city's edge. A river can divide and connect neighbourhoods within one city. Gangwon: Gangwon holds the Taebaek Mountains, which run close to the east coast so that steep slopes drop quickly to the sea and leave only a narrow coastal strip. Mountain communities and coastal cities have different local settings, and the province gets heavy winter snow. Jeju: Jeju is a volcanic island province south of the peninsula, built around Hallasan, South Korea's highest mountain, with lava tubes underground and porous rock that lets rain sink away instead of running in surface rivers.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"One entry leaves only a narrow strip beside the sea.","studyMap":{"title":"South Korea · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Seoul","coordinate":[126.994,37.5408]},{"label":"Gangwon","coordinate":[128.22,37.7951]},{"label":"Jeju","coordinate":[126.557,33.3741]}]}},{"question":"Marker 3 is built around a volcano, with rain sinking straight through the rock. Which is it?","answer":"Jeju","others":["Seoul","Gangwon","Incheon"],"reading":"Seoul: Seoul lies on the Han River in the north-west of South Korea, with the river running west through the middle of the city and more than twenty bridges crossing it. Mountains such as Bukhansan rise right at the city's edge. A river can divide and connect neighbourhoods within one city. Gangwon: Gangwon holds the Taebaek Mountains, which run close to the east coast so that steep slopes drop quickly to the sea and leave only a narrow coastal strip. Mountain communities and coastal cities have different local settings, and the province gets heavy winter snow. Jeju: Jeju is a volcanic island province south of the peninsula, built around Hallasan, South Korea's highest mountain, with lava tubes underground and porous rock that lets rain sink away instead of running in surface rivers.","heading":"Compare landscapes","hint":"Look for the lava tubes.","studyMap":{"title":"South Korea · three regional locations","text":"Numbered markers identify the comparison regions. They are study locations, not travel routes.","points":[{"label":"Seoul","coordinate":[126.994,37.5408]},{"label":"Gangwon","coordinate":[128.22,37.7951]},{"label":"Jeju","coordinate":[126.557,33.3741]}]}}]},{"id":"KOR-regional-names","placeId":"KOR","kind":"regional","topic":"names","title":"Compare names and languages","regionIds":["KOR:KR-11","KOR:KR-42","KOR:KR-49"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q8684","regional-wd-Q55500","regional-wd-Q495437","regional-wd-Q9176","regional-wd-Q50441","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-topic-KR-11","regional-wiki-KR-11","regional-wd-Q41071","regional-wd-Q42148","regional-topic-KR-42","regional-wiki-KR-42","regional-wd-Q41164","regional-wd-Q42142","regional-topic-KR-49","regional-wiki-KR-49"],"steps":[{"question":"Which subdivision's name has no Chinese characters behind it, and simply means capital?","answer":"Seoul","others":["Gangwon","Jeju","Busan"],"reading":"Seoul: 서울 is Seoul written in Hangul. It is unusual among Korean place names in having no Chinese characters behind it, and the word simply means capital. The special city is a first-level subdivision as well as an urban place. Gangwon: 강원특별자치도 names Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province. Its special status dates from 2023, so older maps may simply say Gangwon Province, and the name itself joins the first syllables of the cities Gangneung and Wonju. Jeju: 제주특별자치도 identifies Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, which took that status in 2006. Jeju speech traditions are distinct enough from standard Korean that a visitor from the mainland may not follow them.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One name is native Korean all the way through."},{"question":"Which subdivision's name joins the first syllables of two of its own cities?","answer":"Gangwon","others":["Seoul","Jeju","Incheon"],"reading":"Seoul: 서울 is Seoul written in Hangul. It is unusual among Korean place names in having no Chinese characters behind it, and the word simply means capital. The special city is a first-level subdivision as well as an urban place. Gangwon: 강원특별자치도 names Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province. Its special status dates from 2023, so older maps may simply say Gangwon Province, and the name itself joins the first syllables of the cities Gangneung and Wonju. Jeju: 제주특별자치도 identifies Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, which took that status in 2006. Jeju speech traditions are distinct enough from standard Korean that a visitor from the mainland may not follow them.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"Look for a name built out of two other names."},{"question":"Which subdivision has speech a mainland visitor may struggle to follow?","answer":"Jeju","others":["Seoul","Gangwon","Daejeon"],"reading":"Seoul: 서울 is Seoul written in Hangul. It is unusual among Korean place names in having no Chinese characters behind it, and the word simply means capital. The special city is a first-level subdivision as well as an urban place. Gangwon: 강원특별자치도 names Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province. Its special status dates from 2023, so older maps may simply say Gangwon Province, and the name itself joins the first syllables of the cities Gangneung and Wonju. Jeju: 제주특별자치도 identifies Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, which took that status in 2006. Jeju speech traditions are distinct enough from standard Korean that a visitor from the mainland may not follow them.","heading":"Compare names and languages","hint":"One entry is about being hard to understand."}]},{"id":"KOR-regional-culture","placeId":"KOR","kind":"regional","topic":"culture","title":"Compare everyday culture","regionIds":["KOR:KR-11","KOR:KR-42","KOR:KR-49"],"sources":["natural-earth-admin1","regional-coverage-KOR","voyage-KOR","regional-wd-Q8684","regional-wd-Q55500","regional-wd-Q495437","regional-wd-Q9176","regional-wd-Q50441","regional-wd-Q5119","regional-topic-KR-11","regional-wiki-KR-11","regional-wd-Q41071","regional-wd-Q42148","regional-topic-KR-42","regional-wiki-KR-42","regional-wd-Q41164","regional-wd-Q42142","regional-topic-KR-49","regional-wiki-KR-49"],"steps":[{"question":"Which subdivision's example is a place where people still live rather than only visit?","answer":"Seoul","others":["Gangwon","Jeju","Busan"],"reading":"Seoul: Bukchon in Seoul is a neighbourhood of hanok, traditional houses with tiled roofs, wooden frames and an ondol floor warmed from underneath. People live in them today, so historic housing and present-day neighbourhood life share the same streets, and the buildings are more than scenery. Gangwon: Gangneung Danoje is a festival held around the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar, with rituals, mask drama, wrestling, swinging and a locally brewed sacred wine. Its rituals belong to a particular local history. Jeju: Jeju's haenyeo are women divers who gather shellfish and seaweed by holding their breath, without air tanks, often continuing into old age and organising their work through village diving groups.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Two examples are things people do. One is where people are."},{"question":"Which subdivision's example is timed by the lunar calendar?","answer":"Gangwon","others":["Seoul","Jeju","Gyeonggi"],"reading":"Seoul: Bukchon in Seoul is a neighbourhood of hanok, traditional houses with tiled roofs, wooden frames and an ondol floor warmed from underneath. People live in them today, so historic housing and present-day neighbourhood life share the same streets, and the buildings are more than scenery. Gangwon: Gangneung Danoje is a festival held around the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar, with rituals, mask drama, wrestling, swinging and a locally brewed sacred wine. Its rituals belong to a particular local history. Jeju: Jeju's haenyeo are women divers who gather shellfish and seaweed by holding their breath, without air tanks, often continuing into old age and organising their work through village diving groups.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the entry that names a month by the moon."},{"question":"How do Jeju's haenyeo gather food underwater?","answer":"They hold their breath to dive","others":["They breathe from air tanks","They collect only from dry beaches","They lower baskets without entering the water"],"reading":"Seoul: Bukchon in Seoul is a neighbourhood of hanok, traditional houses with tiled roofs, wooden frames and an ondol floor warmed from underneath. People live in them today, so historic housing and present-day neighbourhood life share the same streets, and the buildings are more than scenery. Gangwon: Gangneung Danoje is a festival held around the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar, with rituals, mask drama, wrestling, swinging and a locally brewed sacred wine. Its rituals belong to a particular local history. Jeju: Jeju's haenyeo are women divers who gather shellfish and seaweed by holding their breath, without air tanks, often continuing into old age and organising their work through village diving groups.","heading":"Compare everyday culture","hint":"Look for the tools, actions or community details in the third example."}]}],"note":"Explore 17 subdivisions of South Korea. Administrative boundaries and cultural patterns are different things. The maps use simplified boundaries from 2022, with reviewed names and administrative types. Provinces and first-level cities have distinct administrative types; special self-governing status is labelled explicitly. The source boundary map predates Gunwi’s 2023 transfer to Daegu; that small internal boundary is historical. Gangwon and Jeonbuk’s newer special self-governing names are used.","related":[],"geometry":"content/regions/KOR.geojson"}]},"earth":{"schemaVersion":1,"convention":"We use seven continents and five named ocean basins. Other school traditions join Europe and Asia as Eurasia, or join North and South America as America. Australia is the continent label here; Oceania is the broader region in our country atlas. These names are useful models, not national boundaries. All five oceans are connected.","entries":[{"id":"earth-afr","name":"Africa","kind":"continent","coordinate":[20,0],"aliases":[],"location":"Africa crosses the Equator. The Atlantic lies to its west and the Indian Ocean to its east.","variation":"Compare the Sahara with the Congo Basin: a dry desert and a wet forest region belong to the same continent.","people":"Africa contains many languages and communities. A continent name cannot tell you what language a particular family speaks.","related":["NGA","EGY","ZAF"],"sources":["wiki-earth-AFR","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-afr-journey","placeId":"earth-afr","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Africa","sources":["wiki-earth-AFR","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"The Equator crosses Africa. What follows from that?","answer":"Africa has land north and south of it","others":["Africa lies entirely north of it","The Equator forms Africa's coastline"],"reading":"Africa crosses the Equator, so part of it lies north of that line and part lies south. The Atlantic Ocean is to its west and the Indian Ocean to its east. The Mediterranean Sea runs along the north, and the Red Sea separates the north-east from Asia. Africa is the second largest continent after Asia, and more countries sit inside it than inside any other.","earthMap":true},{"question":"The dry Sahara and the wet Congo Basin sit on one continent. What does that show?","answer":"One continent can hold very different climates","others":["A continent's name predicts its weather","Deserts and forests lie on separate continents"],"reading":"The Sahara spreads across northern Africa and is the largest hot desert on Earth. Far to its south, the Congo Basin is drained by the Congo River and holds a huge area of rainforest. Between them lies the Sahel, a belt of drier grassland. Africa also has snow-capped peaks, highlands, and a long chain of lakes in the Great Rift Valley."},{"question":"You know only that a family lives somewhere in Africa. What can you say about their language?","answer":"Very little, because many languages are used","others":["They speak the one African language","They speak whatever the map is printed in"],"reading":"More than a thousand languages are used across Africa, grouped into several large families. Many people speak two, three or more: a home language, a wider regional language such as Swahili or Hausa, and sometimes a language used by their government. Knowing that a family lives in Africa tells you almost nothing about which of these they use."}]}},{"id":"earth-asi","name":"Asia","kind":"continent","coordinate":[90,42],"aliases":[],"location":"Asia reaches from Arctic shores to tropical islands. The Pacific lies to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south.","variation":"The Himalayas and low coastal plains give us very different landforms to compare.","people":"Asia is not a single culture. Compare names and everyday life in Nepal, Japan and Taiwan; Taiwan keeps its own atlas entry.","related":["NPL","JPN","TWN"],"sources":["wiki-earth-ASI","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-asi-journey","placeId":"earth-asi","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Asia","sources":["wiki-earth-ASI","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"One ship sails south from Asia's coast and another sails east. Which oceans do they reach?","answer":"The Indian Ocean, then the Pacific","others":["The Pacific, then the Indian Ocean","The Atlantic, then the Southern Ocean"],"reading":"Asia reaches from Arctic shores in the north to tropical islands near the Equator. The Pacific lies to its east and the Indian Ocean to its south, with the Arctic Ocean along the top. It is the largest continent, both in land area and in the number of people living there. Its highest peak, Mount Everest, and the lowest dry land on Earth, beside the Dead Sea, are both in Asia.","earthMap":true},{"question":"Why are the Himalayas and the coastal plains a useful pair to compare?","answer":"They show very high and very low land together","others":["They are the only landforms in Asia","They sit at the same height above the sea"],"reading":"The Himalayas rose where two great pieces of the Earth's crust pushed together, and they are still being lifted today. Rivers such as the Ganges and the Brahmaputra begin in those mountains, carrying broken rock downhill. Where they slow near the sea, they drop that material and build wide, flat plains barely above sea level."},{"question":"Which of these places has no ocean coast?","answer":"Nepal","others":["Japan","Taiwan"],"reading":"Asia is not a single culture. Hundreds of languages are spoken across it, written in many different systems. Nepal is a mountainous country with no coast, Japan is a chain of islands, and Taiwan is an island; each has its own languages, foods and daily routines. Taiwan keeps its own atlas entry in this collection."}]}},{"id":"earth-eur","name":"Europe","kind":"continent","coordinate":[15,53],"aliases":[],"location":"Europe lies west of much of Asia. The two share a continuous landmass often called Eurasia.","variation":"The Alps have steep mountain landscapes; the Netherlands includes broad lowlands.","people":"Europe is larger than the European Union. Its many countries and communities do not share one language or way of life.","related":["CHE","NLD","IRL"],"sources":["wiki-earth-EUR","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-eur-journey","placeId":"earth-eur","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Europe","sources":["wiki-earth-EUR","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"Europe and Asia are counted as two continents. What is unusual about that?","answer":"They sit on one continuous landmass","others":["A wide ocean lies between them","They are the two smallest continents"],"reading":"Europe lies west of much of Asia, and the two share one continuous landmass often called Eurasia. The line between them is a convention agreed by people rather than a coastline: it usually follows the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus. That is why a traveller can cross from one continent to the other without ever leaving dry land.","earthMap":true},{"question":"The Alps are steep and much of the Netherlands is low. What does the pair show?","answer":"The height of the land varies across Europe","others":["Flat land cannot lie near mountains","A continent must sit at one height"],"reading":"The Alps rise above four kilometres at their highest, and glaciers carved their steep valleys over long stretches of cold time. Much of the Netherlands, by contrast, lies close to sea level, and some of it sits below the level of the nearby sea, kept dry by dikes and pumps. Both belong to the same continent."},{"question":"Why is a map of the European Union not a map of Europe?","answer":"Europe includes countries outside the Union","others":["Europe is smaller than the Union","The Union has no member countries"],"reading":"Europe is larger than the European Union. The Union is a group of member countries that agreed to work together on some matters; several European countries, including Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, are not members. Dozens of languages are used across the continent, and its many communities do not share one way of life."}]}},{"id":"earth-nam","name":"North America","kind":"continent","coordinate":[-105,45],"aliases":[],"location":"North America lies between the Pacific and Atlantic. This collection includes Central America and the Caribbean in its regional view.","variation":"Compare Arctic shores, Mexican deserts and Caribbean islands. Latitude alone does not describe every local climate.","people":"Indigenous peoples and many other communities speak diverse languages here. North America is more than the United States and Canada.","related":["CAN","USA","MEX"],"sources":["wiki-earth-NAM","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-nam-journey","placeId":"earth-nam","kind":"earth","title":"Discover North America","sources":["wiki-earth-NAM","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"Which oceans lie to the west and to the east of North America?","answer":"The Pacific and the Atlantic","others":["The Pacific and the Arctic","The Indian and the Southern"],"reading":"North America lies between the Pacific and the Atlantic, with the Arctic Ocean along its northern edge. The Rocky Mountains run down the west, the older, lower Appalachians down the east, and the Great Plains stretch between them. A narrow strip of land, the Isthmus of Panama, joins the continent to South America. This collection includes Central America and the Caribbean in its regional view.","earthMap":true},{"question":"Besides Canada and the United States, what does this regional view include?","answer":"Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean","others":["Mexico but no islands or other countries","The Caribbean islands and nothing else"],"reading":"This regional view runs from Arctic shores in the far north, through Canada and the United States, to Mexico, the countries of Central America, and the islands of the Caribbean. Height above sea level and nearby ocean currents shape local weather as much as distance from the Equator does, so latitude alone does not describe every climate."},{"question":"Why is North America more than the two countries people name most often?","answer":"Many countries and communities share the region","others":["Only Canada and the United States have residents","A continent is always a single country"],"reading":"Many Indigenous nations live across this region, and their languages include Inuktitut, Cree, Diné bizaad and Nahuatl among many more. Spanish, English and French are all widely used, along with Creole languages in parts of the Caribbean. North America is far more than the United States and Canada."}]}},{"id":"earth-sam","name":"South America","kind":"continent","coordinate":[-60,-15],"aliases":[],"location":"South America lies between the Pacific to the west and the Atlantic to the east. The Equator crosses its northern part.","variation":"Follow the Andes along the western side, then compare them with the Amazon Basin farther east.","people":"Portuguese, Spanish and Indigenous languages are among the languages used here. A national border does not show every language community.","related":["BRA","PER","ARG"],"sources":["wiki-earth-SAM","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-sam-journey","placeId":"earth-sam","kind":"earth","title":"Discover South America","sources":["wiki-earth-SAM","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"A traveller starts at the Pacific coast and walks east. What is met first?","answer":"The Andes","others":["The Amazon Basin","The Atlantic coast"],"reading":"South America lies between the Pacific to the west and the Atlantic to the east, with the Caribbean Sea to the north. The Andes run almost the whole length of its western side, making the longest continental mountain range on Earth. The Equator crosses the northern part, while the far south reaches toward the cold waters of the Southern Ocean.","earthMap":true},{"question":"The Andes and the Amazon Basin lie side by side. What contrast do they show?","answer":"High mountains beside a huge low basin","others":["Two ranges of the same mountains","Two names for one river"],"reading":"Rain and melting snow in the Andes feed streams that flow eastward and join to form the Amazon and its many tributaries. The Amazon carries more water than any other river, and the basin it drains holds the largest rainforest on Earth. High, steep mountains and a vast, low, flat basin sit side by side on one continent."},{"question":"Why can a national border not show every language community?","answer":"A language can be used on both sides of it","others":["Borders are always drawn in one colour","Each continent uses only one language"],"reading":"Portuguese is used in Brazil and Spanish in most neighbouring countries, while Dutch is used in Suriname, English in Guyana and French in French Guiana. Indigenous languages including Quechua, Aymara and Guaraní are spoken by many people, and their speakers live on both sides of national borders. A border line does not show every language community."}]}},{"id":"earth-aus","name":"Australia","kind":"continent","coordinate":[134,-25],"aliases":["Oceania","Australia and Oceania"],"location":"Australia is both a country name and a continent name in this seven-continent convention. Oceania is a broader region that also includes many Pacific islands.","variation":"Dry inland areas and wetter coastal areas offer contrasting environments. The map pin is a locator, not a geological boundary.","people":"Aboriginal peoples have many distinct communities and languages. Torres Strait Islander peoples have their own diverse identities. Do not describe them as one interchangeable culture.","related":["AUS","NZL","PNG"],"sources":["wiki-earth-AUS","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-aus-journey","placeId":"earth-aus","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Australia","sources":["wiki-earth-AUS","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"Australia names a country and a continent. Which name covers many more Pacific islands?","answer":"Oceania","others":["Australia","Southeast Asia"],"reading":"Australia is both a country name and a continent name in this seven-continent convention. Oceania is a broader region that also takes in New Zealand and many Pacific islands, often grouped as Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Different atlases count and name continents differently, so it is worth checking which convention a map is using.","earthMap":true},{"question":"Two Australian towns share one country. Why can their surroundings still differ?","answer":"Inland and coastal areas are not alike","others":["A national border decides the weather","Every continent has a single climate"],"reading":"Much of inland Australia is dry, with low rainfall and long distances between towns. Wetter country lies near the coasts, and most people live there. The Great Dividing Range runs down the eastern side, and the tropical north has a wet season and a dry season rather than four even ones. The map pin is a locator, not a boundary."},{"question":"Why should a notebook name particular First Nations communities?","answer":"Communities have their own languages and identities","others":["One community can speak for all the others","A continent name is the more exact label"],"reading":"Aboriginal peoples belong to many distinct nations with their own languages, laws and connections to Country. Hundreds of languages were spoken across the continent before 1788, and many are still used or are being brought back into daily use. Torres Strait Islander peoples, from the islands between Cape York and New Guinea, have their own diverse identities. They should not be described as one interchangeable culture."}]}},{"id":"earth-ant","name":"Antarctica","kind":"continent","coordinate":[0,-80],"aliases":[],"location":"Antarctica is land around the South Pole, surrounded by the Southern Ocean. An ice sheet covers most of the continent.","variation":"A continent can be icy and very dry: much of Antarctica is a polar desert.","people":"Antarctica has no Indigenous population. People from different countries work at research stations; their temporary communities differ from cities elsewhere.","related":["ATA"],"sources":["wiki-earth-ANT","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-ant-journey","placeId":"earth-ant","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Antarctica","sources":["wiki-earth-ANT","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"Antarctica's ice sheet rests on top of what?","answer":"Continental land","others":["Floating sea ice","Open ocean water"],"reading":"Antarctica is land around the South Pole, surrounded by the Southern Ocean. An ice sheet covers almost all of it, on average around two kilometres thick and deeper still in places. Underneath are rock, mountain ranges such as the Transantarctic Mountains, and lakes of liquid water sealed in by the ice above. The weight of the ice presses the land down beneath it.","earthMap":true},{"question":"Antarctica is covered in ice, yet it counts as a desert. Why?","answer":"Very little new water falls there","others":["Sand lies under all of the ice","Deserts must be hot places"],"reading":"A continent can be icy and very dry at the same time. A desert is a place where very little water falls, and much of inland Antarctica receives less snow each year than some hot deserts receive rain. The snow that does fall almost never melts, so it piles up slowly over thousands of years. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, hardly any snow settles at all."},{"question":"How do the communities at Antarctic research stations differ from a town elsewhere?","answer":"People come to work for a while, then leave","others":["Families have lived there for generations","Nobody has ever reached the continent"],"reading":"Antarctica has no Indigenous population and no permanent towns. People from many countries work at research stations, staying for a season or a year before going home. The number of people rises to a few thousand in summer and drops to around a thousand through the dark winter. An international treaty sets the continent aside for peaceful scientific work."}]}},{"id":"earth-pac","name":"Pacific Ocean","kind":"ocean","coordinate":[-145,0],"aliases":[],"location":"The Pacific lies between Asia and Australia on one side and the Americas on the other. It is the largest ocean basin.","variation":"On this flat map the Pacific appears at both edges. Join those edges mentally: they are parts of one ocean.","people":"Pacific islands are home to distinct communities and languages. Sea routes connect people, but shared water does not mean a shared culture.","related":["TWN","JPN","NZL"],"sources":["wiki-earth-PAC","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-pac-journey","placeId":"earth-pac","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Pacific Ocean","sources":["wiki-earth-PAC","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"Which ocean is the largest basin and also lies between Asia and the Americas?","answer":"The Pacific","others":["The Atlantic","The Indian Ocean"],"reading":"The Pacific lies between Asia and Australia on one side and the Americas on the other. It is the largest ocean basin, covering roughly a third of the Earth's surface, which is more area than all the land put together. Its deepest known point, in the Mariana Trench, lies about eleven kilometres down. Volcanoes and earthquakes are common around its rim.","earthMap":true},{"question":"The Pacific appears at the left edge and the right edge of this flat map. Why?","answer":"The map cuts one connected ocean apart","others":["There are two separate Pacific oceans","The map draws the world twice over"],"reading":"A flat map has to cut the round Earth open somewhere, and many world maps make that cut through the Pacific. That is why the same ocean appears at the left edge and again at the right. Join those edges in your mind and the ocean becomes whole. A globe has no seam, and a map cut somewhere else would split a different ocean instead."},{"question":"Which clues did Pacific navigators use before modern instruments?","answer":"Stars, ocean swells, clouds and birds","others":["Only lines printed on a world map","Only the colour of beach sand"],"reading":"Pacific islands include high volcanic islands with mountains and low coral atolls barely above the waves. Hundreds of languages are spoken across them. Navigators crossed enormous distances long before modern instruments, reading stars, ocean swells, clouds and birds. Sea routes connect people, but shared water does not mean a shared culture."}]}},{"id":"earth-atl","name":"Atlantic Ocean","kind":"ocean","coordinate":[-35,10],"aliases":[],"location":"The Atlantic separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. It connects with other parts of the global ocean.","variation":"A route across the North Atlantic and a route across the South Atlantic connect different shores.","people":"Ports and islands around the Atlantic have different histories, languages and livelihoods. Pick particular communities when comparing them.","related":["IRL","PRT","BRA"],"sources":["wiki-earth-ATL","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-atl-journey","placeId":"earth-atl","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Atlantic Ocean","sources":["wiki-earth-ATL","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"A ship leaves western Africa and sails west across one ocean. Where can it arrive?","answer":"The Americas","others":["Europe","Australia"],"reading":"The Atlantic separates the Americas from Europe and Africa, and its coastlines curve to give it a rough S shape. Down its middle runs the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a mountain chain on the sea floor where new crust forms and the ocean slowly widens. Iceland sits on top of that ridge. The Atlantic joins the other oceans, so its water is part of one connected global ocean.","earthMap":true},{"question":"Why can two Atlantic crossings finish on very different shores?","answer":"The ocean stretches a long way north to south","others":["There are two separate Atlantic oceans","Every crossing ends at the same port"],"reading":"The Atlantic is narrowest between north-east Brazil and West Africa, and much wider farther north. Currents such as the warm Gulf Stream carry water north-eastward, and the winds turn in great loops over the ocean. Sailing crews once planned crossings around those winds and currents, so a northern route and a southern route led to quite different shores."},{"question":"Which pair belongs in a study of islands far out in the Atlantic?","answer":"The Azores and Cabo Verde","others":["Lisbon and Dakar","Recife and Halifax"],"reading":"Ports and islands around the Atlantic have very different histories, languages and livelihoods. Reykjavík, Lisbon, Dakar, Recife and Halifax all face the same ocean and are unlike one another. Island groups such as the Azores and Cabo Verde sit far out in open water. Facing one ocean is a starting point for a comparison, not the answer to it."}]}},{"id":"earth-ind","name":"Indian Ocean","kind":"ocean","coordinate":[75,-20],"aliases":[],"location":"Look south of Asia, east of Africa and west of Australia to find the Indian Ocean.","variation":"Monsoon winds change with the seasons in parts of this ocean region. Sailors have long paid attention to these patterns.","people":"Travel and trade connected many Indian Ocean ports. Compare named coastal communities rather than imagining that all shores have one culture.","related":["IND","ZAF","AUS"],"sources":["wiki-earth-IND","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-ind-journey","placeId":"earth-ind","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Indian Ocean","sources":["wiki-earth-IND","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"Which set of directions places the Indian Ocean correctly?","answer":"South of Asia, east of Africa, west of Australia","others":["North of Asia, west of Africa, east of Australia","South of Africa, east of Australia, west of Asia"],"reading":"Look south of Asia, east of Africa and west of Australia to find the Indian Ocean. It is the third largest of the ocean basins, and its southern edge meets the Southern Ocean. The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are parts of it, and the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf reach in from the north-west.","earthMap":true},{"question":"Why would a sailor here plan a voyage around the time of year?","answer":"Monsoon winds change with the seasons","others":["The ocean turns to land each winter","Ships cannot sail while it is raining"],"reading":"Monsoon winds in this region reverse with the seasons. In summer the land heats faster than the sea, and moist air blows in from the ocean, bringing heavy rain. In winter the pattern turns around and drier air moves out from the land. Sailing crews learned to travel one way with one season's wind and return with the next."},{"question":"What helped dhow crews plan crossings between Indian Ocean ports?","answer":"Seasonal monsoon winds","others":["The spelling of each port's name","A rule that the wind never changes"],"reading":"For many centuries, ships crossed this ocean carrying spices, cloth, timber, grain and ideas between ports such as Mombasa, Muscat, Kochi and Malacca. Sailing vessels including dhows used the monsoon winds for the journey. The communities at those ports built their own languages, foods and buildings. Compare named places rather than imagining that all shores share one culture."}]}},{"id":"earth-arc","name":"Arctic Ocean","kind":"ocean","coordinate":[0,84],"aliases":[],"location":"The Arctic Ocean surrounds the North Pole. It is the smallest of the five named ocean basins.","variation":"Sea ice floats on ocean water here. Compare that with Antarctica’s ice sheet resting mostly on land.","people":"Indigenous communities live around Arctic shores, with distinct languages and knowledge. The Arctic is not an empty version of Antarctica.","related":["CAN","RUS","NOR"],"sources":["wiki-earth-ARC","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-arc-journey","placeId":"earth-arc","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Arctic Ocean","sources":["wiki-earth-ARC","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"Which description of the Arctic Ocean is completely correct?","answer":"It surrounds the North Pole and is the smallest basin","others":["It surrounds the North Pole and is the largest basin","It surrounds the South Pole and is the smallest basin"],"reading":"The Arctic Ocean surrounds the North Pole. It is the smallest of the five named ocean basins, and also the shallowest. Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia and Alaska ring its shores. It joins the Atlantic between Greenland and Europe, and squeezes through the narrow Bering Strait to reach the Pacific.","earthMap":true},{"question":"Imagine a patch of Arctic sea ice melts away one summer. What is left there?","answer":"Ocean water","others":["Bare land","A new continent"],"reading":"Sea ice here forms when the surface of the ocean itself freezes. It floats because ice is lighter than the same amount of water, and it spreads in winter and shrinks back in summer. Antarctica's ice sheet is different: it is built from fallen snow and rests on land. Melting floating ice barely changes sea level, while melting land ice adds water that was not in the ocean before."},{"question":"The Arctic and Antarctica are both cold. How do they differ in who lives there?","answer":"Arctic shores have long-settled communities","others":["Both have only temporary research stations","Antarctica has the larger towns"],"reading":"Indigenous peoples have lived around Arctic shores for thousands of years, among them Inuit, Sámi, Chukchi and many others, with their own languages and knowledge of ice, weather and animals. There are also towns and cities, including Nuuk, Tromsø and Murmansk. People travel by boat, snowmobile and aircraft. The Arctic is not an empty version of Antarctica."}]}},{"id":"earth-sou","name":"Southern Ocean","kind":"ocean","coordinate":[20,-62],"aliases":["Antarctic Ocean"],"location":"The Southern Ocean circles Antarctica and links the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. It is also called the Antarctic Ocean.","variation":"This atlas follows the common boundary convention at 60° south. Ocean currents and water continue across lines drawn on a map.","people":"Research crews study these waters and their wildlife. There is no single ocean culture, and a research station does not represent everyone who visits.","related":["ATA"],"sources":["wiki-earth-SOU","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"mission":{"id":"earth-sou-journey","placeId":"earth-sou","kind":"earth","title":"Discover Southern Ocean","sources":["wiki-earth-SOU","earth-models","earth-oceans","natural-earth","map-skills"],"steps":[{"question":"The Southern Ocean links three other oceans. Which three?","answer":"The Atlantic, Pacific and Indian","others":["The Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic","The Indian, Arctic and Atlantic"],"reading":"The Southern Ocean circles Antarctica and links the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. It is also called the Antarctic Ocean. Because no land blocks its path, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current can flow right around the continent from west to east, carrying more water than any other current on Earth.","earthMap":true},{"question":"What does the line drawn at 60° south actually do?","answer":"Marks where mapmakers agree to change the name","others":["Stops seawater passing from one ocean to another","Marks the coastline of Antarctica"],"reading":"This atlas follows the common convention of drawing the Southern Ocean's northern edge at 60° south. Not everyone uses that line: some define the boundary at the Antarctic Convergence, where cold polar water meets warmer water and sinks beneath it. Either way, currents, water and animals continue straight across a line drawn on a map."},{"question":"Why would studying krill help scientists understand Southern Ocean wildlife?","answer":"Krill feed whales, seals, penguins and seabirds","others":["Krill build the research stations","Krill stop ocean currents from flowing"],"reading":"These waters support enormous swarms of krill, which feed whales, seals, penguins and seabirds such as albatrosses. Research crews study them from ships, from stations on shore and from instruments moored in the water, and fishing here is limited by international agreement. There is no single ocean culture, and one research station does not represent everyone who comes."}]}}]}}